Therapists in Marlborough, MA

Photo of Dana Venable - CSGB,LLC: First Responder Mental Health Services, LMHC, ATR, Counselor
CSGB,LLC: First Responder Mental Health Services
Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
*Immediate openings for First Responders* At CSGB we utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to strengthen healthy decision making, establish adaptive coping mechanisms and mindfulness techniques to manage stress. With over decade of experience in community mental health clinics, we have worked with firefighters, nurses, corrections officers and EMS.
*Immediate openings for First Responders* At CSGB we utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to strengthen healthy decision making, establish adaptive coping mechanisms and mindfulness techniques to manage stress. With over decade of experience in community mental health clinics, we have worked with firefighters, nurses, corrections officers and EMS.
(508) 762-4719 x100 View (508) 762-4719 x100
Photo of Shruti Tekwani, Counselor
Shruti Tekwani
Counselor
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Shruti Tekwani! I'm excited to meet you. Together, we'll start working on your therapy goals and have you feeling more like yourself soon. An ideal client for my therapy sessions is a client dedicated to working through anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, or loss. I have a lot of experience working with people who have a sibling with a disability and am also interested in working with people who have experienced an aviation-related trauma or loss. I am certified in Choice Theory/Reality Therapy and I tend to take the approach of meeting the client where they are at and what they are ready for.
Hello, I'm Shruti Tekwani! I'm excited to meet you. Together, we'll start working on your therapy goals and have you feeling more like yourself soon. An ideal client for my therapy sessions is a client dedicated to working through anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, or loss. I have a lot of experience working with people who have a sibling with a disability and am also interested in working with people who have experienced an aviation-related trauma or loss. I am certified in Choice Theory/Reality Therapy and I tend to take the approach of meeting the client where they are at and what they are ready for.
(508) 882-2850 View (508) 882-2850
Photo of Ivy Olcott, LMHC, Counselor
Ivy Olcott
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Ivy. I work with adults with concerns such as anxiety associated with vocational, familial, academic, and relational stress; life changes, adjustment disorders, panic disorders, depression, LGBTQ+, and neurodiversity. I use Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and Positive Psychology to help clients achieve their goals.
Hello! I'm Ivy. I work with adults with concerns such as anxiety associated with vocational, familial, academic, and relational stress; life changes, adjustment disorders, panic disorders, depression, LGBTQ+, and neurodiversity. I use Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and Positive Psychology to help clients achieve their goals.
(508) 594-3295 View (508) 594-3295
Photo of Sara Murphy, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sara Murphy
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
Not accepting new clients
Not accepting new clients at this time. Welcome, I'm so glad you're here. I am an empathetic compassionate clinician dedicated to supporting individuals and couples embarking on their healing journey. I have extensive experience working with complex trauma, PTSD, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, ADHD, self harm, survivors of sexual abuse and domestic violence, survivors of narcissistic abuse, depression, and anxiety. I believe that there is no "one size fits all" to therapy so I create catered individualized treatment plans to meet each clients needs. It would be an honor to stand by your side through this journey of healing.
Not accepting new clients at this time. Welcome, I'm so glad you're here. I am an empathetic compassionate clinician dedicated to supporting individuals and couples embarking on their healing journey. I have extensive experience working with complex trauma, PTSD, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, ADHD, self harm, survivors of sexual abuse and domestic violence, survivors of narcissistic abuse, depression, and anxiety. I believe that there is no "one size fits all" to therapy so I create catered individualized treatment plans to meet each clients needs. It would be an honor to stand by your side through this journey of healing.
(508) 290-8398 View (508) 290-8398
Photo of Dana Venable - Telehealth Addictions Services, LMHC, Counselor
Telehealth Addictions Services
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
*Appointments available for immediate scheduling* CSGB, LLC's Virtual Addictions Treatment team is dedicated to examining unhealthy relationships with substances (including but not limited to alcohol, drugs, gambling, video gaming, nicotine and caffeine) and replacing coping strategies that no longer serve our clients, with empowering healthy coping skills. Our counselors are qualified to write recidivism and substance use/misuse reports for those in need.
*Appointments available for immediate scheduling* CSGB, LLC's Virtual Addictions Treatment team is dedicated to examining unhealthy relationships with substances (including but not limited to alcohol, drugs, gambling, video gaming, nicotine and caffeine) and replacing coping strategies that no longer serve our clients, with empowering healthy coping skills. Our counselors are qualified to write recidivism and substance use/misuse reports for those in need.
(508) 413-6938 x100 View (508) 413-6938 x100
Photo of Danielle Mann, Counselor
Danielle Mann
Counselor
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
I have been in the field for 10 years and received my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Bay Path University. I have worked with the LGBTQ+ community, refugees, parolees, children, teens, adults, family and couples. I have experience in treating clients with substance use issues, gambling addiction, trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, gender dysphoria, executive functions issues and other mental health concerns. I utilize a variety of interventions a few examples are mindfulness, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), talk therapy and psycho-education.
I have been in the field for 10 years and received my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Bay Path University. I have worked with the LGBTQ+ community, refugees, parolees, children, teens, adults, family and couples. I have experience in treating clients with substance use issues, gambling addiction, trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, gender dysphoria, executive functions issues and other mental health concerns. I utilize a variety of interventions a few examples are mindfulness, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), talk therapy and psycho-education.
(508) 850-0864 View (508) 850-0864
Photo of Lucia Milla-DeAngelo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lucia Milla-DeAngelo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Licensed independent clinical social worker/psychotherapist specializing in treating people ages 18 yrs old and up, college-aged students, working professionals and adults coping with loss, grief and bereavement, difficulties adjusting to life changes, relationship issues, anxiety, stress depression and personal finance/money mindset/mental health intersection. I am a bilingual and bicultural English/Spanish speaking clinician who provides BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ affirming care. My focus is to provide trauma sensitive, culturally sensitive, strength-based, person-centered, holistic treatment modalities to help you achieve your goals.
Licensed independent clinical social worker/psychotherapist specializing in treating people ages 18 yrs old and up, college-aged students, working professionals and adults coping with loss, grief and bereavement, difficulties adjusting to life changes, relationship issues, anxiety, stress depression and personal finance/money mindset/mental health intersection. I am a bilingual and bicultural English/Spanish speaking clinician who provides BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ affirming care. My focus is to provide trauma sensitive, culturally sensitive, strength-based, person-centered, holistic treatment modalities to help you achieve your goals.
(508) 960-6567 View (508) 960-6567
Photo of Maclane Walsh, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maclane Walsh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
The challenges we face in life come in all different forms. I want to help anyone who feels they could benefit from a warm, empathetic, connection with another person in order to soothe difficult emotions or try to achieve important goals. I am passionate about getting to know what makes each person unique and how to best meet their specific goals and needs in a way that works for them.
The challenges we face in life come in all different forms. I want to help anyone who feels they could benefit from a warm, empathetic, connection with another person in order to soothe difficult emotions or try to achieve important goals. I am passionate about getting to know what makes each person unique and how to best meet their specific goals and needs in a way that works for them.
(774) 238-5234 View (774) 238-5234
Photo of Evie Chase, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Evie Chase
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Heal the central nervous system…Heal the mind and body. Many mental health issues can be caused by an agitated central nervous system. Healing the body from the inside out is the key to mental health balance and longevity.
Heal the central nervous system…Heal the mind and body. Many mental health issues can be caused by an agitated central nervous system. Healing the body from the inside out is the key to mental health balance and longevity.
(508) 504-9496 View (508) 504-9496
Photo of Sarah Taggart, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarah Taggart
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
I ideally want to work with children, particularly adolescents with trauma histories. I'm open to working with adults, though my experience is mainly with children. I am a Registered Dance/Movement Therapist with a Master's degree in mental health counseling and dance/movement therapy. I have been able to use movement in various ways in the therapeutic process. One way that it can be used is to help children express themselves and to feel heard. When words don't quite say what the client is trying to convey, movement can fill in the blanks and help share the feeling that is needing to be expressed.
I ideally want to work with children, particularly adolescents with trauma histories. I'm open to working with adults, though my experience is mainly with children. I am a Registered Dance/Movement Therapist with a Master's degree in mental health counseling and dance/movement therapy. I have been able to use movement in various ways in the therapeutic process. One way that it can be used is to help children express themselves and to feel heard. When words don't quite say what the client is trying to convey, movement can fill in the blanks and help share the feeling that is needing to be expressed.
(774) 233-4154 View (774) 233-4154
Photo of James Amaral - Ellie Mental Health - Marlborough, LMHC
Ellie Mental Health - Marlborough
LMHC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
We are a group private practice clinic conveniently located off of Rt. 20 in Marlborough, right near the 495 exit. We have an experienced group of clinicians who work have worked with clients of all ages and backgrounds. If you are struggling to manage ADHD, looking for someone with whom you can safely process a traumatic experience, managing an eating disorder, or want support with depression or anxiety, we have someone who can meet your needs. We currently have immediate availability for Telehealth Sessions (any time) and a brief (2-4 week) wait for in person.
We are a group private practice clinic conveniently located off of Rt. 20 in Marlborough, right near the 495 exit. We have an experienced group of clinicians who work have worked with clients of all ages and backgrounds. If you are struggling to manage ADHD, looking for someone with whom you can safely process a traumatic experience, managing an eating disorder, or want support with depression or anxiety, we have someone who can meet your needs. We currently have immediate availability for Telehealth Sessions (any time) and a brief (2-4 week) wait for in person.
(508) 719-7220 View (508) 719-7220
Photo of Jessica Senecal-Bennett, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Senecal-Bennett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Have you been experiencing challenges related to personal relationships or workplace stress? Have you been experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, or frustration? Are you having difficulty finding happiness or fulfillment in your life? Hi, I'm Jessica, a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) with over 22 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in working with individuals on a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, relationship problems and workplace issues.
Have you been experiencing challenges related to personal relationships or workplace stress? Have you been experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, or frustration? Are you having difficulty finding happiness or fulfillment in your life? Hi, I'm Jessica, a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) with over 22 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in working with individuals on a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, relationship problems and workplace issues.
(508) 684-2349 View (508) 684-2349
Photo of Shannon Russell, MA, CAGS, LMHC
Shannon Russell
MA, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Marlborough, MA 01752
I am passionate about creating a safe and healing space for those who struggle with past traumas, depression, anxiety, existential crisis, low self esteem, and perfectionism. If you feel as though you are suffering, that life feels meaningless or hopeless, that no one understands what it is like to be you and walk in your shoes, or that other therapy modalities you have tried just haven't seemed to help, then please reach out today. There is a way to heal.
I am passionate about creating a safe and healing space for those who struggle with past traumas, depression, anxiety, existential crisis, low self esteem, and perfectionism. If you feel as though you are suffering, that life feels meaningless or hopeless, that no one understands what it is like to be you and walk in your shoes, or that other therapy modalities you have tried just haven't seemed to help, then please reach out today. There is a way to heal.
(508) 501-0487 View (508) 501-0487
Photo of Shane MacDonald - OCD Specialist, Shane MacDonald, LICSW , LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
OCD Specialist, Shane MacDonald, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Our broad goal––of course––is “the end of unnecessary suffering.” Sound about right? While we all strive for this, I specialize in helping folks with a very-unique kind of suffering: OCD. I can tell you that few people understand the pain and complexity of OCD—(even most therapists). I will listen intently to your unique story. Just know that I can introduce you to an arsenal of tools that can help: mindfulness, ERP (exposure and response prevention) and on and on. Yes, thoughts can be “sticky.” But––with hard work––if (or when) those thoughts come back around…they can be as quiet & as harmless as a yellow post-it.
Our broad goal––of course––is “the end of unnecessary suffering.” Sound about right? While we all strive for this, I specialize in helping folks with a very-unique kind of suffering: OCD. I can tell you that few people understand the pain and complexity of OCD—(even most therapists). I will listen intently to your unique story. Just know that I can introduce you to an arsenal of tools that can help: mindfulness, ERP (exposure and response prevention) and on and on. Yes, thoughts can be “sticky.” But––with hard work––if (or when) those thoughts come back around…they can be as quiet & as harmless as a yellow post-it.
(617) 675-2000 View (617) 675-2000
Photo of Alicia Anderson, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alicia Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
You might be feeling overwhelmed, alone and discouraged by the loss of a loved one, new diagnosis, career challenges and uncertainties about the future. These circumstances can cause us to have difficult emotions and may hinder us from living a more fulfilled life. I would like to support you with managing life challenges such as grief, medical diagnosis, depression, anxiety and other significant life changes.
You might be feeling overwhelmed, alone and discouraged by the loss of a loved one, new diagnosis, career challenges and uncertainties about the future. These circumstances can cause us to have difficult emotions and may hinder us from living a more fulfilled life. I would like to support you with managing life challenges such as grief, medical diagnosis, depression, anxiety and other significant life changes.
(978) 584-7611 View (978) 584-7611
Photo of Jessica Fritz - Blue Arrow Counseling, LLC, LMHC, Counselor
Blue Arrow Counseling, LLC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients! I offer virtual psychotherapy outpatient services to adults who identify as women who may feel disconnected from their true selves. This can look like constant worrying, feeling stuck in the same cycle, people pleasing, and being overwhelmed by the demands of life.
Currently accepting new clients! I offer virtual psychotherapy outpatient services to adults who identify as women who may feel disconnected from their true selves. This can look like constant worrying, feeling stuck in the same cycle, people pleasing, and being overwhelmed by the demands of life.
(774) 355-5214 View (774) 355-5214
Photo of Lauren Ineson, MA CMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lauren Ineson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA CMHC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders, anxiety and phobias, mood disorders, personality disorders, and trauma/PTSD. I have experience working with adolescents and adults, with young adults being my primary focus. I believe that every person deserves a space where they can be heard, understood, and appreciated and I hope to offer an environment that will allow client's to grow and build confidence. I have a background in sports and coaching which has taught me effective communication styles and the ability to adapt to every situation.
I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders, anxiety and phobias, mood disorders, personality disorders, and trauma/PTSD. I have experience working with adolescents and adults, with young adults being my primary focus. I believe that every person deserves a space where they can be heard, understood, and appreciated and I hope to offer an environment that will allow client's to grow and build confidence. I have a background in sports and coaching which has taught me effective communication styles and the ability to adapt to every situation.
(508) 680-0048 View (508) 680-0048
Photo of Amanda Bruce - CSGB, LLC: Virtual Addictions Treatment, LMHC, Counselor
CSGB, LLC: Virtual Addictions Treatment
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
*Immediate openings for Addictions Counseling* Counseling Services of Greater Boston proudly offers the members of our community a variety of therapeutic modalities so our clients receive the most individualized treatment possible. Our primary clinician is Amanda Bruce, LMHC. Her professional background is diverse, and she is experienced in treating the following issues and populations: family conflict, children and adolescents, eating disorders, trauma recovery, grief, parenting difficulties, depression, anxiety, ADHD, addiction, low self-esteem, and self-harm behaviors.
*Immediate openings for Addictions Counseling* Counseling Services of Greater Boston proudly offers the members of our community a variety of therapeutic modalities so our clients receive the most individualized treatment possible. Our primary clinician is Amanda Bruce, LMHC. Her professional background is diverse, and she is experienced in treating the following issues and populations: family conflict, children and adolescents, eating disorders, trauma recovery, grief, parenting difficulties, depression, anxiety, ADHD, addiction, low self-esteem, and self-harm behaviors.
(781) 519-2415 x100 View (781) 519-2415 x100
Photo of Victoria LaTronica, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Victoria LaTronica
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752  (Online Only)
As an Independently Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I view people through the lens of their intersectional identities, within the greater context of their environment. While therapy can sometimes be solely focused on the individual, even in one-on-one treatment, I believe it is important to examine the influences of the world around us on our well-being. I utilize a strengths-based, non-judgmental approach, and support you in gaining a greater understanding of yourself, your goals, and the steps you want to take moving forward. You are in control of your life, and your treatment, and I look forward to contributing as one of your
As an Independently Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I view people through the lens of their intersectional identities, within the greater context of their environment. While therapy can sometimes be solely focused on the individual, even in one-on-one treatment, I believe it is important to examine the influences of the world around us on our well-being. I utilize a strengths-based, non-judgmental approach, and support you in gaining a greater understanding of yourself, your goals, and the steps you want to take moving forward. You are in control of your life, and your treatment, and I look forward to contributing as one of your
(508) 978-6688 View (508) 978-6688
Travis J Farrar
MA, CHT, RM
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
I have worked as a psychotherapist and behavioral technician since 2018. As of 2023 I also conduct research in to ASD and associated treatments. My main specialties include Autism, eating disorders, anti-social behavior, borderline personality, PTSD and similar disorders. For moderate and severe ASD I also offer intensive therapy options. My main treatments include CBT, ACT, DBT, and Talk Therapy. I work with individuals of all ages including individuals with moderate to severe ASD and with males and females. At the moment I offer both telehealth and in person services.
I have worked as a psychotherapist and behavioral technician since 2018. As of 2023 I also conduct research in to ASD and associated treatments. My main specialties include Autism, eating disorders, anti-social behavior, borderline personality, PTSD and similar disorders. For moderate and severe ASD I also offer intensive therapy options. My main treatments include CBT, ACT, DBT, and Talk Therapy. I work with individuals of all ages including individuals with moderate to severe ASD and with males and females. At the moment I offer both telehealth and in person services.
(508) 938-8289 View (508) 938-8289

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Marlborough, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Marlborough, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
84% Depression
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills
62% Stress
61% Self Esteem
58% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Aetna
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Marlborough, MA see their clients

58% Online Only
42% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Marlborough?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.