Therapists in Plano, TX

Photo of Karen Giddings, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Karen Giddings
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75074  (Online Only)
Whether you're facing anxiety, navigating life changes, or healing from trauma, my strengths-based and trauma-informed approach is tailored to your journey. You’ll have a warm, nonjudgmental space to safely share your thoughts and experiences. Together, we'll explore your emotions, build resilience, and foster growth. You hold the power to your healing, and I’m here to guide and support you at every step—at a pace that feels right, with deep compassion and unwavering support.
Whether you're facing anxiety, navigating life changes, or healing from trauma, my strengths-based and trauma-informed approach is tailored to your journey. You’ll have a warm, nonjudgmental space to safely share your thoughts and experiences. Together, we'll explore your emotions, build resilience, and foster growth. You hold the power to your healing, and I’m here to guide and support you at every step—at a pace that feels right, with deep compassion and unwavering support.
(469) 966-5483 View (469) 966-5483
Photo of Grace Graham, PsyD, Psychologist
Grace Graham
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
I am a Licensed psychologist who wants to be a voice and a healing agent for children and their families caught in prolonged family discord and meaningless litigation. Many people come to me feeling frustrated, and helplessly in search of relief from their emotional distress and/or family turmoil. It is my goal to help children and their families in high conflict situations find creative solutions, healing, and growth in a private setting."
I am a Licensed psychologist who wants to be a voice and a healing agent for children and their families caught in prolonged family discord and meaningless litigation. Many people come to me feeling frustrated, and helplessly in search of relief from their emotional distress and/or family turmoil. It is my goal to help children and their families in high conflict situations find creative solutions, healing, and growth in a private setting."
(469) 454-8934 View (469) 454-8934
Photo of Christopher B Meador, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher B Meador
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Psychotherapy consists of learning new ways of thinking, feeling & communicating in order to bring about life changing experiences. I assist you in navigating life's challenges in a place of acceptance, warmth, creativity and peacefulness. Motivational, Cognitive Behavioral & Solution Focused Therapy are just a few of the treatment approaches I incorporate into your individualized treatment. I accept you where you are & help you to gain insight. I offer suggestions & together we work to find the best "fit" for you.
Psychotherapy consists of learning new ways of thinking, feeling & communicating in order to bring about life changing experiences. I assist you in navigating life's challenges in a place of acceptance, warmth, creativity and peacefulness. Motivational, Cognitive Behavioral & Solution Focused Therapy are just a few of the treatment approaches I incorporate into your individualized treatment. I accept you where you are & help you to gain insight. I offer suggestions & together we work to find the best "fit" for you.
(214) 519-8863 View (214) 519-8863
Photo of Turquoise E. Pipes, MS, LPC-S, LCDC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Turquoise E. Pipes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Welcome! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor in the State of Texas, Georgia, and South Carolina. I believe that every person has the ability to reach to their fullest potential in life with the right support network and guidance. I have a broad range of counseling experience working with young children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I use EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy and to assist clients who are interested in establishing better communication skills, have a desire to build healthier relationships, and want to learn positive strategies when dealing with life's day to day challenges.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor in the State of Texas, Georgia, and South Carolina. I believe that every person has the ability to reach to their fullest potential in life with the right support network and guidance. I have a broad range of counseling experience working with young children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I use EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy and to assist clients who are interested in establishing better communication skills, have a desire to build healthier relationships, and want to learn positive strategies when dealing with life's day to day challenges.
(214) 978-3879 View (214) 978-3879
Photo of Dr. Nicole Fisher, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Nicole Fisher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy can be an intimidating and difficult endeavor, but often with worthwhile results. Sometimes we simply want to understand ourselves better, improve our relationships, or find more balance in our lives, and other times we have serious concerns with our mood, anxiety, or current behavioral patterns. I use a personable, humorous approach in therapy to assist in navigating some of the discomfort inherent in the therapeutic process. Therapy is a place of non-judgment, and I am open and accepting of all persons and identities.
Therapy can be an intimidating and difficult endeavor, but often with worthwhile results. Sometimes we simply want to understand ourselves better, improve our relationships, or find more balance in our lives, and other times we have serious concerns with our mood, anxiety, or current behavioral patterns. I use a personable, humorous approach in therapy to assist in navigating some of the discomfort inherent in the therapeutic process. Therapy is a place of non-judgment, and I am open and accepting of all persons and identities.
(469) 529-6622 View (469) 529-6622
Photo of Ellery Wren, MA
Ellery Wren
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
Therapy can help you get unstuck and empower you to take action on the things you've been wanting to do but have felt unable to achieve. Low self-esteem can trap you in a cycle of self-doubt and missed opportunities. It’s time to break free. Whether you’re struggling with negative self-talk, lack of confidence, or feelings of inadequacy, you can reclaim your self-worth and live a life that feels worth living. Imagine feeling empowered to pursue opportunities without the weight of self-doubt holding you back. I specialize in guiding individuals to overcome low self-esteem and discover a stronger, more confident self.
Therapy can help you get unstuck and empower you to take action on the things you've been wanting to do but have felt unable to achieve. Low self-esteem can trap you in a cycle of self-doubt and missed opportunities. It’s time to break free. Whether you’re struggling with negative self-talk, lack of confidence, or feelings of inadequacy, you can reclaim your self-worth and live a life that feels worth living. Imagine feeling empowered to pursue opportunities without the weight of self-doubt holding you back. I specialize in guiding individuals to overcome low self-esteem and discover a stronger, more confident self.
(972) 435-6472 View (972) 435-6472
Photo of May Ukiri - Verve Counseling & Wellness, PhD, MS, LPC, MFT, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Verve Counseling & Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC, MFT, NCC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75075
We specialize in OCD & Trauma treatment; we also have several years of experience treating hundreds of clients for PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, & weight loss counseling. Our mission is to bring you affordable and quality mental health services. You might feel like you have no one to turn to who can understand what you’re going through, but you are not alone. Our services will promote an increase in life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-respect, respect of others, a healthier lifestyle, and address issues that relate to improving ones quality of life.
We specialize in OCD & Trauma treatment; we also have several years of experience treating hundreds of clients for PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, & weight loss counseling. Our mission is to bring you affordable and quality mental health services. You might feel like you have no one to turn to who can understand what you’re going through, but you are not alone. Our services will promote an increase in life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-respect, respect of others, a healthier lifestyle, and address issues that relate to improving ones quality of life.
(469) 772-9335 View (469) 772-9335
Photo of Stephanie Paredes, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie Paredes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75075  (Online Only)
Something seems–off. Your energy is low, or you’re staying in bed just a little bit longer. It’s easier for you to listen to your inner critic than to accept compassion and empathy. You can’t remember the last time you felt relaxed or content with yourself. It’s harder to find the words to express your emotions and experience. You don’t ask for help since you are the one that no one has to worry about, because you take care of everyone else. You are in need of a different kind of support, one that helps you heal and learn to live again. Email me today for more information!
Something seems–off. Your energy is low, or you’re staying in bed just a little bit longer. It’s easier for you to listen to your inner critic than to accept compassion and empathy. You can’t remember the last time you felt relaxed or content with yourself. It’s harder to find the words to express your emotions and experience. You don’t ask for help since you are the one that no one has to worry about, because you take care of everyone else. You are in need of a different kind of support, one that helps you heal and learn to live again. Email me today for more information!
(833) 958-1492 View (833) 958-1492
Photo of Tasha Willens, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tasha Willens
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75075  (Online Only)
I believe in counseling and the therapeutic relationship. I recognize it as a very personal process and will do my best to assist you. Sometimes in life we need a little extra help, and that’s okay. Counseling can act as a resource to help manage the commotion in our lives. I approach my clients through the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) because it is evidence-based, and it helps challenge the patterns and cognitive distortions that have been established over time. I also use a person-centered approach to meet the client’s needs.
I believe in counseling and the therapeutic relationship. I recognize it as a very personal process and will do my best to assist you. Sometimes in life we need a little extra help, and that’s okay. Counseling can act as a resource to help manage the commotion in our lives. I approach my clients through the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) because it is evidence-based, and it helps challenge the patterns and cognitive distortions that have been established over time. I also use a person-centered approach to meet the client’s needs.
(972) 596-7229 View (972) 596-7229
Photo of Bond Buchanan, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bond Buchanan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75023  (Online Only)
Welcome! Whether you are struggling with a temporary setback, or an ongoing problem, I can assist you. It is my experience that, as human beings, we all face life challenges, be they relational, personal, emotional, or physical, and our mental health affects how we respond to those challenges. I offer counseling to all ages (children, teens, adults) and provide services to individuals, couples, and families. Therapy can be short-term/ solution-focused, or longer- term, depending on your needs and desires.
Welcome! Whether you are struggling with a temporary setback, or an ongoing problem, I can assist you. It is my experience that, as human beings, we all face life challenges, be they relational, personal, emotional, or physical, and our mental health affects how we respond to those challenges. I offer counseling to all ages (children, teens, adults) and provide services to individuals, couples, and families. Therapy can be short-term/ solution-focused, or longer- term, depending on your needs and desires.
(903) 905-8791 View (903) 905-8791
Photo of Katharine Jeray, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katharine Jeray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75093
My name is Katharine Jeray and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been providing therapy for over 20 years. My approach to therapy is simple and practical. I have experience working with all ages. I have experience working with loss, trauma, workplace issues, depression, and anxiety. I consider myself a “Generalist” therapist.
My name is Katharine Jeray and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been providing therapy for over 20 years. My approach to therapy is simple and practical. I have experience working with all ages. I have experience working with loss, trauma, workplace issues, depression, and anxiety. I consider myself a “Generalist” therapist.
(346) 559-2739 View (346) 559-2739
Photo of Amissa Sharrock, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amissa Sharrock
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093  (Online Only)
Over 25 years clinical experience in helping adults struggling with workplace issues, everyday stressors, depression, anxiety/obsessive worry/panic attacks, relationship issues, divorce, unhealthy boundaries, toxic boss, job burnout, lack of work/life balance, conflict/criticism/difficult people, dysfunctional family, shame/guilt, healing past pain/hurts & losses, Trauma/PTSD, decreased self-esteem/confidence & chronic pain. I also have in-depth experience/insight into the specialized field of working with all types of First Responders & their family members related to the job, crisis situations, secondary trauma & family issues.
Over 25 years clinical experience in helping adults struggling with workplace issues, everyday stressors, depression, anxiety/obsessive worry/panic attacks, relationship issues, divorce, unhealthy boundaries, toxic boss, job burnout, lack of work/life balance, conflict/criticism/difficult people, dysfunctional family, shame/guilt, healing past pain/hurts & losses, Trauma/PTSD, decreased self-esteem/confidence & chronic pain. I also have in-depth experience/insight into the specialized field of working with all types of First Responders & their family members related to the job, crisis situations, secondary trauma & family issues.
(214) 817-2327 View (214) 817-2327
Photo of Jessica Anna Russell - Olive Branch Counseling, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Olive Branch Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the crippling emotions you experience all too often? Does it feel like everyone is coasting through life while you keep getting stuck in all the things life throws at you? We, at Olive Branch Counseling, will help you to find peace by breaking away from the habitual sadness, frustration, or anxiety with proven skills. We will help you to try and try again until you find the things that work to help you feel better.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the crippling emotions you experience all too often? Does it feel like everyone is coasting through life while you keep getting stuck in all the things life throws at you? We, at Olive Branch Counseling, will help you to find peace by breaking away from the habitual sadness, frustration, or anxiety with proven skills. We will help you to try and try again until you find the things that work to help you feel better.
(940) 236-2631 View (940) 236-2631
Photo of Crystal Dao, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crystal Dao
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
I specialize in treating adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and PTSD. I have experience working with individuals with Bipolar Disorder, self-harm, and disordered eating. My approach combines various therapeutic techniques to assist you in achieving your goals and finding healing.
I specialize in treating adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and PTSD. I have experience working with individuals with Bipolar Disorder, self-harm, and disordered eating. My approach combines various therapeutic techniques to assist you in achieving your goals and finding healing.
(469) 966-1734 View (469) 966-1734
Photo of Sara E. Aguilar, M Ed, LPCA, NCC
Sara E. Aguilar
LPC-Associate, M Ed, LPCA, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck or uncertain? You don't have to face it alone. I can provide a safe, compassionate space to explore and overcome these challenges. Whether you're dealing with the overwhelming weight of anxiety, the darkness of depression, or the deep sorrow of grief, I'm here to support you on your journey to healing. Take the first step towards a brighter, more hopeful future.
Are you feeling stuck or uncertain? You don't have to face it alone. I can provide a safe, compassionate space to explore and overcome these challenges. Whether you're dealing with the overwhelming weight of anxiety, the darkness of depression, or the deep sorrow of grief, I'm here to support you on your journey to healing. Take the first step towards a brighter, more hopeful future.
(972) 236-5696 View (972) 236-5696
Photo of Michelle Shannon, MA, LPC, MedFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Shannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MedFT
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
I believe life’s ups and downs give depth and meaning to life, however, as these occur, a person's unique inner rhythm may become unbalanced. If you are experiencing infertility or a medical illness, stress, anxiety, loss, or relationship issues, your life may feel unsettled. Counseling can help calm the chaos by helping you to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors not serving you well and replace them with healthy productive ones. You can develop acceptance and skills, grieve and process difficult emotions, and problem-solve to move forward in life. We can work together to restore your inner balance and bring you inner peace.
I believe life’s ups and downs give depth and meaning to life, however, as these occur, a person's unique inner rhythm may become unbalanced. If you are experiencing infertility or a medical illness, stress, anxiety, loss, or relationship issues, your life may feel unsettled. Counseling can help calm the chaos by helping you to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors not serving you well and replace them with healthy productive ones. You can develop acceptance and skills, grieve and process difficult emotions, and problem-solve to move forward in life. We can work together to restore your inner balance and bring you inner peace.
(469) 789-1274 View (469) 789-1274
Photo of Melanie R Davis, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melanie R Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Plano, TX 75024
My name is Melanie Davis, and I received my master’s in counseling degree from Lindenwood University in Saint Louis, MO. I have over 20 years’ experience working in the mental health field. I have worked for several years in community- based rehabilitation programs for adults with severe and persistent mental illness. I also have experience working within the school system providing therapy to assist children as they navigate school relationships and learning.
My name is Melanie Davis, and I received my master’s in counseling degree from Lindenwood University in Saint Louis, MO. I have over 20 years’ experience working in the mental health field. I have worked for several years in community- based rehabilitation programs for adults with severe and persistent mental illness. I also have experience working within the school system providing therapy to assist children as they navigate school relationships and learning.
(972) 433-5043 View (972) 433-5043
Photo of Nazia Hossain Marriage Family Therapist, EdD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nazia Hossain Marriage Family Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75023
Summer wedding season is here! It takes a lot of courage to ask for help. Life is filled with so many uncertainties and you do not have to do it alone. I provide a safe, warm, judgement-free space for my clients. I believe your ability to heal is already in you. I use Solution Focused Therapy techniques and am trained in EMDR. Call me for a 10 minute consultation for free!
Summer wedding season is here! It takes a lot of courage to ask for help. Life is filled with so many uncertainties and you do not have to do it alone. I provide a safe, warm, judgement-free space for my clients. I believe your ability to heal is already in you. I use Solution Focused Therapy techniques and am trained in EMDR. Call me for a 10 minute consultation for free!
(972) 703-5134 View (972) 703-5134
Photo of Ursula Alford, PhD, Psychologist
Ursula Alford
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75093
Waitlist for new clients
Have you/your loved one experienced a medical event or new diagnosis? Are you having a difficult time adjusting? It is common to experience both physical and emotional struggles following stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, cancer diagnoses, dementia, and other illness onset. Often our roles within our family transition from caregiver to the one who needs to be cared for. Decreased independence and being more dependent on others often makes us feel like a burden. Fears related to these diagnoses can cause anxiety and depression. Role change may place stress on relationships and family dynamics.
Have you/your loved one experienced a medical event or new diagnosis? Are you having a difficult time adjusting? It is common to experience both physical and emotional struggles following stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, cancer diagnoses, dementia, and other illness onset. Often our roles within our family transition from caregiver to the one who needs to be cared for. Decreased independence and being more dependent on others often makes us feel like a burden. Fears related to these diagnoses can cause anxiety and depression. Role change may place stress on relationships and family dynamics.
(940) 204-0615 View (940) 204-0615
Photo of Rochell Garza Torris, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rochell Garza Torris
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Plano, TX 75024
Welcome our new team member and certified therapy dog, Twiggy! Rochell's therapeutic approach is heavy in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness. She enjoys working with adults and adolescents. She has experience working with eating disorders, OCD, trauma, personality disorders, mood disorders, depression, and anxiety.
Welcome our new team member and certified therapy dog, Twiggy! Rochell's therapeutic approach is heavy in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Mindfulness. She enjoys working with adults and adolescents. She has experience working with eating disorders, OCD, trauma, personality disorders, mood disorders, depression, and anxiety.
(469) 573-3031 View (469) 573-3031
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Plano, TX

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Plano, TX who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
72% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Plano, TX see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Plano?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.