Therapists in West Chester, PA

Photo of Andrew Dyer, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrew Dyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
Are you experiencing depression/anxiety, career issues, substance use issues, relationship issues, and familial issues? Your needs may include identifying and implementing new ways of coping, exploring career options, finding a treatment facility, or acquiring new insights regarding your spouse/family member. A client would work with me to address areas in their life that are contributing to stressors.
Are you experiencing depression/anxiety, career issues, substance use issues, relationship issues, and familial issues? Your needs may include identifying and implementing new ways of coping, exploring career options, finding a treatment facility, or acquiring new insights regarding your spouse/family member. A client would work with me to address areas in their life that are contributing to stressors.
(484) 309-9309 View (484) 309-9309
Photo of Welsley Brutto, MSCP, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Welsley Brutto
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
There are times we can become stuck in life's challenges. We find ourselves discouraged knowing how we would like things to be or how we would like to feel but find ourselves unable to navigate the best course. I enjoy helping clients navigate such challenges and develop a greater understanding of themselves while focusing on goals.
There are times we can become stuck in life's challenges. We find ourselves discouraged knowing how we would like things to be or how we would like to feel but find ourselves unable to navigate the best course. I enjoy helping clients navigate such challenges and develop a greater understanding of themselves while focusing on goals.
(610) 365-7994 View (610) 365-7994
Photo of James William King, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
James William King
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
I am a Pennsylvania Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been in the counseling field for over 15 years, working with, teens, young adults and the elderly, who have issues ranging from anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD and Autism (ASD). I have also done extensive work with individuals and couples going through transitions and relationship issues. I also bring experience in the area of pastoral and spiritual counseling that many times is helpful to one’s mental health. I hold an MA in Theology and a Master’s degree in Divinity from Christ the King Seminary.
I am a Pennsylvania Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been in the counseling field for over 15 years, working with, teens, young adults and the elderly, who have issues ranging from anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD and Autism (ASD). I have also done extensive work with individuals and couples going through transitions and relationship issues. I also bring experience in the area of pastoral and spiritual counseling that many times is helpful to one’s mental health. I hold an MA in Theology and a Master’s degree in Divinity from Christ the King Seminary.
(484) 313-4775 View (484) 313-4775
Photo of Ketty Marquez, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ketty Marquez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19380
Does life just feel hard right now? I've got you covered. I believe in making therapy feel safe and judgement free. My goal is to support, guide, and empower my clients to trust and understand themselves and their decision making while challenging negative self-talk, self-worth, anxieties, and barriers to change.
Does life just feel hard right now? I've got you covered. I believe in making therapy feel safe and judgement free. My goal is to support, guide, and empower my clients to trust and understand themselves and their decision making while challenging negative self-talk, self-worth, anxieties, and barriers to change.
(610) 569-0901 View (610) 569-0901
Photo of Paree Stoulis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paree Stoulis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
Paree Stoulis is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who received her Master's Degree in Social Work from Rutgers University. She has been working in the mental health field for 40 years. She sees adults (over 21) who experience anxiety and depression using a Cognitive Behavioral Approach. She has worked with Delaware County Professional Services/LifeStance Health for 27 years.
Paree Stoulis is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who received her Master's Degree in Social Work from Rutgers University. She has been working in the mental health field for 40 years. She sees adults (over 21) who experience anxiety and depression using a Cognitive Behavioral Approach. She has worked with Delaware County Professional Services/LifeStance Health for 27 years.
(484) 564-5424 View (484) 564-5424
Photo of Lisa G MacMain, MSS, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa G MacMain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
I am a good fit for the client who wants to shed the burden of shame they have been carrying, make peace with the past and step into the future. I work with tweens, teens and adults navigating life transitions, struggling in relationships, trying to make sense of chaos, or dealing with grief and loss. If you are healing from attachment wounds, suffering emotional injuries caused by intimate betrayal or yearning to break free from co-dependency, let's work collaboratively to identify and develop your inherent strengths, learn coping strategies and build your capacity for resiliency in dealing with life's struggles.
I am a good fit for the client who wants to shed the burden of shame they have been carrying, make peace with the past and step into the future. I work with tweens, teens and adults navigating life transitions, struggling in relationships, trying to make sense of chaos, or dealing with grief and loss. If you are healing from attachment wounds, suffering emotional injuries caused by intimate betrayal or yearning to break free from co-dependency, let's work collaboratively to identify and develop your inherent strengths, learn coping strategies and build your capacity for resiliency in dealing with life's struggles.
(484) 729-9610 View (484) 729-9610
Photo of Bridget Carango, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bridget Carango
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
I believe in cultivating an honest and secure relationship between myself and each client. We will pay attention to relevant interpersonal dynamics that present themselves throughout our therapeutic work. Our prior experiences and significant events greatly impact the way that we relate to others and connect to the world. This can make it difficult to be transparent and vulnerable in therapy. We will first work collaboratively to establish trust and set expectations for our therapeutic work.
I believe in cultivating an honest and secure relationship between myself and each client. We will pay attention to relevant interpersonal dynamics that present themselves throughout our therapeutic work. Our prior experiences and significant events greatly impact the way that we relate to others and connect to the world. This can make it difficult to be transparent and vulnerable in therapy. We will first work collaboratively to establish trust and set expectations for our therapeutic work.
(484) 552-9237 View (484) 552-9237
Photo of Shannon P. Schiavoni, PsyD, Psychologist
Shannon P. Schiavoni
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
I help clients who are suffering from generalized anxiety, OCD, panic, hair pulling, social anxiety, phobias, PTSD, and traumatic events. I also provide CBT focused treatment for depression and daily stress. If you are struggling with uncertainty, fear, or coping with a major life event- I'm here to help! I provide the following evidence based treatments: CBT for anxiety/depression, Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and Prolonged Exposure Therapy.
I help clients who are suffering from generalized anxiety, OCD, panic, hair pulling, social anxiety, phobias, PTSD, and traumatic events. I also provide CBT focused treatment for depression and daily stress. If you are struggling with uncertainty, fear, or coping with a major life event- I'm here to help! I provide the following evidence based treatments: CBT for anxiety/depression, Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and Prolonged Exposure Therapy.
(484) 653-5124 View (484) 653-5124
Photo of Nikita Mahon, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nikita Mahon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382
Figuring it out often feels like waiting for the world to pause so we can catch-up and the pieces finally fall together. As you well know, those pauses often are not long enough and can lack the kind of tools, insights, and support needed. We are then left asking, what else is there? I believe that these curiosities, feeling all that we do, is meant to connect us to our true self by learning to know ourselves in every way and love ourselves deeply. The journey of growth and healing involves the use of many different tools, a powerful one being the tool of therapy.
Figuring it out often feels like waiting for the world to pause so we can catch-up and the pieces finally fall together. As you well know, those pauses often are not long enough and can lack the kind of tools, insights, and support needed. We are then left asking, what else is there? I believe that these curiosities, feeling all that we do, is meant to connect us to our true self by learning to know ourselves in every way and love ourselves deeply. The journey of growth and healing involves the use of many different tools, a powerful one being the tool of therapy.
(267) 204-2768 View (267) 204-2768
Photo of Patricia L Adams, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Patricia L Adams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
If you are struggling in any area of your life and/or having difficulty moving forward because you are overwhelmed, I would like to help you sort out your feelings and move forward to attain the life you deserve! Using a combination of interpersonal, cognitive and goal focused therapy, my approach is warm, compassionate, nonjudgmental and empowering.
If you are struggling in any area of your life and/or having difficulty moving forward because you are overwhelmed, I would like to help you sort out your feelings and move forward to attain the life you deserve! Using a combination of interpersonal, cognitive and goal focused therapy, my approach is warm, compassionate, nonjudgmental and empowering.
(419) 495-8035 View (419) 495-8035
Photo of Vincent Bellwoar - Springfield Psychological of West Chester, Psychologist
Springfield Psychological of West Chester
Psychologist
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
We are a friendly and professional mental health practice that has been providing outstanding and affordable therapy for adults, couples, families, teens and children since 1985. With seven locations in Havertown, King of Prussia, North Wales, Philadelphia, Sinking Spring, Springfield, and West Chester as well as flexible scheduling options, we are able to offer appointments during the daytime, evening, and weekends for your convenience. In addition, we accept most insurance plans.
We are a friendly and professional mental health practice that has been providing outstanding and affordable therapy for adults, couples, families, teens and children since 1985. With seven locations in Havertown, King of Prussia, North Wales, Philadelphia, Sinking Spring, Springfield, and West Chester as well as flexible scheduling options, we are able to offer appointments during the daytime, evening, and weekends for your convenience. In addition, we accept most insurance plans.
(610) 364-5156 View (610) 364-5156
Photo of Jeff Schweitzer, PhD, Psychologist
Jeff Schweitzer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
Welcome. If you’ve come this far, I imagine you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, and frustrated - that life lacks in the meaning, vitality, and belonging that you would desire for yourself. Sometimes, despite our best efforts to overcome our problems, we can feel lost and demoralized. Should this resonate with your experience, allow me to share about my practice and how I might help. I am a clinical psychologist with a broad range of expertise and specialize in trauma, loss, and related problems of identity, relationships, and meaning.
Welcome. If you’ve come this far, I imagine you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, and frustrated - that life lacks in the meaning, vitality, and belonging that you would desire for yourself. Sometimes, despite our best efforts to overcome our problems, we can feel lost and demoralized. Should this resonate with your experience, allow me to share about my practice and how I might help. I am a clinical psychologist with a broad range of expertise and specialize in trauma, loss, and related problems of identity, relationships, and meaning.
(484) 276-1156 View (484) 276-1156
Photo of Katie Tacchino, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katie Tacchino
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
Are you ready to invest in yourself? Do you feel stress and anxiety are limiting your potential for happiness? Often, we are asked to give, even when we do not have ‘it’ to give. This can leave us feeling overwhelmed, lonely, and downright exhausted. The good news is that it doesn't have to be that way. I can help create the safe and calm space you need to reprioritize yourself, your surroundings and your goals. My clients do not just want to survive life, they are looking to thrive!
Are you ready to invest in yourself? Do you feel stress and anxiety are limiting your potential for happiness? Often, we are asked to give, even when we do not have ‘it’ to give. This can leave us feeling overwhelmed, lonely, and downright exhausted. The good news is that it doesn't have to be that way. I can help create the safe and calm space you need to reprioritize yourself, your surroundings and your goals. My clients do not just want to survive life, they are looking to thrive!
(484) 592-2132 View (484) 592-2132
Photo of Asha Raab, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Asha Raab
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or going through a difficult transition? I am here to support you! I create a warm, empathetic environment where individuals feel safe to explore their thoughts and feelings. I have seen incredible shifts in my twenty years of doing this work. People heal. People feel happier. Their relationships improve. It’s definitely possible. I tailor my approach to meet each client’s unique needs.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or going through a difficult transition? I am here to support you! I create a warm, empathetic environment where individuals feel safe to explore their thoughts and feelings. I have seen incredible shifts in my twenty years of doing this work. People heal. People feel happier. Their relationships improve. It’s definitely possible. I tailor my approach to meet each client’s unique needs.
(484) 613-3041 View (484) 613-3041
Photo of Chris Schmidt, PhD, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Chris Schmidt
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380  (Online Only)
Chris has been specifically engaged in the profession of counseling for the past 20 years and he holds both an LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor) and an LMFT (Licensed Marriage & Family Counselor) in Pennsylvania. His practice is part time and focused on development in three main areas- personal, relational, familial. Developmental counseling/ coaching is tailored to the client's specific needs, goals, and desires and requires commitment and effort from the client and Chris in order for goals to be achieved.
Chris has been specifically engaged in the profession of counseling for the past 20 years and he holds both an LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor) and an LMFT (Licensed Marriage & Family Counselor) in Pennsylvania. His practice is part time and focused on development in three main areas- personal, relational, familial. Developmental counseling/ coaching is tailored to the client's specific needs, goals, and desires and requires commitment and effort from the client and Chris in order for goals to be achieved.
(484) 878-5283 View (484) 878-5283
Photo of Carter Weeber, LPC, MEd, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carter Weeber
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, MS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
West Chester, PA 19382
I am committed to helping you meet your goals by tailoring my therapeutic approach to fit the unique needs of each child, adolescent, couple or family. By providing a warm and empathetic environment, I will collaborate with you to identify what may be holding you back from the freedom to live a more enriching life. My mission is to help you rediscover a sense of hope and encourage you to move forward with the feeling of empowerment and a renewed ability to cope with life's challenges. If desired, I enjoy integrating Christianity into our discussions.
I am committed to helping you meet your goals by tailoring my therapeutic approach to fit the unique needs of each child, adolescent, couple or family. By providing a warm and empathetic environment, I will collaborate with you to identify what may be holding you back from the freedom to live a more enriching life. My mission is to help you rediscover a sense of hope and encourage you to move forward with the feeling of empowerment and a renewed ability to cope with life's challenges. If desired, I enjoy integrating Christianity into our discussions.
(484) 881-3995 View (484) 881-3995
Photo of Leslie Sitkoff Sheridan, LPC, CAADC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leslie Sitkoff Sheridan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAADC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Leslie. I have worked in the mental health field for ten years, serving a diverse array of clients with a variety of different mental health diagnoses. I offer a nonjudgmental healing space full of support, compassion and empathy, meeting the client where they are. My counseling style is warm but direct, interactive and collaborative- listening, validating, challenging and problem solving. Clients often present with the question “what is wrong with me?” Often a more helpful question is “what happened to you?" We can work together to set you free, allowing you to regain a sense of control and empowerment in life.
Hello, my name is Leslie. I have worked in the mental health field for ten years, serving a diverse array of clients with a variety of different mental health diagnoses. I offer a nonjudgmental healing space full of support, compassion and empathy, meeting the client where they are. My counseling style is warm but direct, interactive and collaborative- listening, validating, challenging and problem solving. Clients often present with the question “what is wrong with me?” Often a more helpful question is “what happened to you?" We can work together to set you free, allowing you to regain a sense of control and empowerment in life.
(484) 361-4661 View (484) 361-4661
Photo of Susan Genereux, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Susan Genereux
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19380
I am pre-licensed counselor working with clients seeking to change unhealthy life-style patterns attributing to feeling disconnected from intentions, core values, beliefs, character & self. Patterns and experiences may include anxiety, trauma, depression, relational and other adjustment concerns. The approaches used integrate holistic modalities with existing evidenced-based treatments & prior successes to create the client's fully equipped toolbox. These resources offer an empowering, non-judgmental approach toward sustained self-care removing the stigma of mental health being separate from body & spirit for whole self-wellness.
I am pre-licensed counselor working with clients seeking to change unhealthy life-style patterns attributing to feeling disconnected from intentions, core values, beliefs, character & self. Patterns and experiences may include anxiety, trauma, depression, relational and other adjustment concerns. The approaches used integrate holistic modalities with existing evidenced-based treatments & prior successes to create the client's fully equipped toolbox. These resources offer an empowering, non-judgmental approach toward sustained self-care removing the stigma of mental health being separate from body & spirit for whole self-wellness.
(484) 799-9098 View (484) 799-9098
Photo of Rebecca Meyer, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Meyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
Is your child/adolescent struggling with anxiety, social anxiety, self-esteem issues, life transitions or dealing with the aftermath of trauma? Are you feeling lost and unsure how to help them? Do you find yourself worrying constantly, wishing you could do more to support them but not knowing where to start? You're not alone in this. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and young adults facing these challenges, while also providing guidance and support to parents like you. Reach out today, and let's take the first step towards helping your child/adolescent and bringing peace and balance back into your lives.
Is your child/adolescent struggling with anxiety, social anxiety, self-esteem issues, life transitions or dealing with the aftermath of trauma? Are you feeling lost and unsure how to help them? Do you find yourself worrying constantly, wishing you could do more to support them but not knowing where to start? You're not alone in this. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and young adults facing these challenges, while also providing guidance and support to parents like you. Reach out today, and let's take the first step towards helping your child/adolescent and bringing peace and balance back into your lives.
(610) 549-1120 View (610) 549-1120
Photo of Jennifer D. Matzner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer D. Matzner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Chester, PA 19382  (Online Only)
I am glad you are here! If you want to make changes in your life, health, work or relationships or learn new ways to cope with stress, overcome problems, or tap into your own personal strength and resilience, you are in the right place. Maybe you are feeling stuck in negative patterns or experiencing a transition in your life that is contributing to feeling overwhelmed. I can support you with creating a safe space to process problems, and find valued solutions to moving forward. I have training in multiple modalities including CBT, ACT, DBT, and trauma informed approaches, and will collaborate with you to reach your personal goals
I am glad you are here! If you want to make changes in your life, health, work or relationships or learn new ways to cope with stress, overcome problems, or tap into your own personal strength and resilience, you are in the right place. Maybe you are feeling stuck in negative patterns or experiencing a transition in your life that is contributing to feeling overwhelmed. I can support you with creating a safe space to process problems, and find valued solutions to moving forward. I have training in multiple modalities including CBT, ACT, DBT, and trauma informed approaches, and will collaborate with you to reach your personal goals
(484) 613-3152 View (484) 613-3152
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See more therapy options for West Chester

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Chester, PA

600+

Average cost per session

$142

Therapists in West Chester, PA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
89% Depression
75% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
68% Coping Skills
65% Trauma and PTSD
61% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in West Chester, PA see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Chester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.