Therapists in Bellevue, WA

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Photo of Phyllis Ann Eicher, PhD, LMHC, EMDR, Counselor
Phyllis Ann Eicher
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
I am passionate about helping clients find the awareness, insight, and resilience to live a joyful, meaningful, and fulfilling life. I respect that you are the expert of your life experience and my role as a therapist is to provide a safe and challenging environment for clients to increase their awareness, identify patterns, beliefs, and make changes. I work with teens, adults, and couples and enjoy working with diverse cultures, the LGBTQ+ community and first responders. My approach to therapy is holistic and strengths-based and comes from a systems perspective.
I am passionate about helping clients find the awareness, insight, and resilience to live a joyful, meaningful, and fulfilling life. I respect that you are the expert of your life experience and my role as a therapist is to provide a safe and challenging environment for clients to increase their awareness, identify patterns, beliefs, and make changes. I work with teens, adults, and couples and enjoy working with diverse cultures, the LGBTQ+ community and first responders. My approach to therapy is holistic and strengths-based and comes from a systems perspective.
(425) 405-6213 View (425) 405-6213
Photo of Jessica Butts, MA, LLC, MBTI
Jessica Butts
MA, LLC, MBTI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98007
Now accepting new in person in Bellevue, Washington as well as online. I see individuals and couples. Are you struggling to understand why you are the way you are? I can help you to see it clearly and then provide tangible tools to get you tools to get to a new healed place. I help with family of origin issues, codependency, menopause, all relationship issues, and have experience with plant medicine. Seeing me is a little like seeing Gaby from Shrinking, I believe deeply in compassion while also telling it like it is. I am honored to do this important work with you.
Now accepting new in person in Bellevue, Washington as well as online. I see individuals and couples. Are you struggling to understand why you are the way you are? I can help you to see it clearly and then provide tangible tools to get you tools to get to a new healed place. I help with family of origin issues, codependency, menopause, all relationship issues, and have experience with plant medicine. Seeing me is a little like seeing Gaby from Shrinking, I believe deeply in compassion while also telling it like it is. I am honored to do this important work with you.
(425) 532-3167 View (425) 532-3167
Photo of David Aisenberg, MSW, LSWAIC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Aisenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98006
Hello! I’m David, I look forward to getting to know you and partnering with you and your support systems in navigating life’s challenges to achieve your fullest potential. As a therapist, my goal is to create a compassionate, safe and inclusive environment. I am here to help guide and support you as you navigate concerns around depression, anxiety, ADHD, relationship and family dynamics, communication and more! My goal is to empower your strengths and support systems as you take those important steps towards reaching your personal goals.
Hello! I’m David, I look forward to getting to know you and partnering with you and your support systems in navigating life’s challenges to achieve your fullest potential. As a therapist, my goal is to create a compassionate, safe and inclusive environment. I am here to help guide and support you as you navigate concerns around depression, anxiety, ADHD, relationship and family dynamics, communication and more! My goal is to empower your strengths and support systems as you take those important steps towards reaching your personal goals.
(425) 332-1159 View (425) 332-1159
Photo of Alina Olaru, MA, LMHCA
Alina Olaru
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
As a long-time teacher, I love the energy that children and teens bring to their world. When changes in the family or challenges in the child or teen's social or academic world arise, difficult emotions and related behaviors can be a problem. No matter what age, children, teens, and even parents are always learning and need support to manage those challenges.
As a long-time teacher, I love the energy that children and teens bring to their world. When changes in the family or challenges in the child or teen's social or academic world arise, difficult emotions and related behaviors can be a problem. No matter what age, children, teens, and even parents are always learning and need support to manage those challenges.
(425) 278-9184 View (425) 278-9184
Photo of Nadine Paschzella - Dr. Nadine Paschzella, PhD, MD, Counselor
Dr. Nadine Paschzella
Counselor, PhD, MD
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004  (Online Only)
For over 25 years I work with adults, couples, children, and families on their journey to healing and developing coping strategies for leading fulfilling lives. My therapeutic approach draws from a diverse range of modalities, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), hypnotherapy, and mindfulness techniques, tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual or group I work with.
For over 25 years I work with adults, couples, children, and families on their journey to healing and developing coping strategies for leading fulfilling lives. My therapeutic approach draws from a diverse range of modalities, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), hypnotherapy, and mindfulness techniques, tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual or group I work with.
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Photo of Marlon Familton, MA, LMHC
Marlon Familton
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Are you in a relationship and still feel alone? Do you find yourself feeling angry all the time? Have you started to lose hope in your relationship? It doesn't have to be that way. Most couples learn that it isn't their partner they are tired of, rather the problem is the negative cycle that takes over every time they try to talk or connect. Individually, we can focus on easing anxiety and depression, boosting your self-esteem and setting boundaries where necessary.
Are you in a relationship and still feel alone? Do you find yourself feeling angry all the time? Have you started to lose hope in your relationship? It doesn't have to be that way. Most couples learn that it isn't their partner they are tired of, rather the problem is the negative cycle that takes over every time they try to talk or connect. Individually, we can focus on easing anxiety and depression, boosting your self-esteem and setting boundaries where necessary.
(425) 650-0041 View (425) 650-0041
Photo of Julie Bullock - Traverse Therapy Services, MS, LMHC, SUDP, Counselor
Traverse Therapy Services
Counselor, MS, LMHC, SUDP
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98005
We are currently accepting clients in-person and via telehealth. My name is Julie Bullock and I work with individuals struggling with substance use disorder, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, work issues and chronic illness. Through our connection you will find relief from the bondage of isolation and of habits that no longer serve you. The opportunity for healing is in the telling so together we will carve a safe space for you to tell your story. Through time linked, measurable goals you will be able to see your growth and be proud of who you are becoming.
We are currently accepting clients in-person and via telehealth. My name is Julie Bullock and I work with individuals struggling with substance use disorder, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, work issues and chronic illness. Through our connection you will find relief from the bondage of isolation and of habits that no longer serve you. The opportunity for healing is in the telling so together we will carve a safe space for you to tell your story. Through time linked, measurable goals you will be able to see your growth and be proud of who you are becoming.
(425) 264-8385 View (425) 264-8385
Photo of Susannah M Bleakley, MA, LMFTA, Couples, Gottman, EFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Susannah M Bleakley
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA, Couples, Gottman, EFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Working with individuals, couples and families struggling with interpersonal relationships, communication, boundaries, self-worth, anxiety, depression, trauma and grief and loss are my specialities. Many of the clients I see begin therapy with some insight into what's going on with them but feel uncertainty and confusion over how to address it and create the positive changes they desire. Many struggle in their social or romantic relationships, managing work related stress, or say they feel depressed, stressed, emotionally lonely, or sad.
Working with individuals, couples and families struggling with interpersonal relationships, communication, boundaries, self-worth, anxiety, depression, trauma and grief and loss are my specialities. Many of the clients I see begin therapy with some insight into what's going on with them but feel uncertainty and confusion over how to address it and create the positive changes they desire. Many struggle in their social or romantic relationships, managing work related stress, or say they feel depressed, stressed, emotionally lonely, or sad.
(206) 899-0995 View (206) 899-0995
Photo of Jessica Lamar, PsyD, LMHC, LPC, CPTT, Counselor
Jessica Lamar
Counselor, PsyD, LMHC, LPC, CPTT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98008
I specialize in providing support for grief, loss, intimate partner betrayal, and building healthier relationships. I am here to assist you in healing, whether it's from pain, grief, loneliness, or shame. Together, we will bring clarity to unresolved events from your past and work through any current relationship struggles. My focus is on exploring and identifying your internal strengths, promoting stability, and fostering personal growth. I genuinely enjoy collaborating with individuals who are seeking ways to adapt, thrive, and find meaning within themselves.
I specialize in providing support for grief, loss, intimate partner betrayal, and building healthier relationships. I am here to assist you in healing, whether it's from pain, grief, loneliness, or shame. Together, we will bring clarity to unresolved events from your past and work through any current relationship struggles. My focus is on exploring and identifying your internal strengths, promoting stability, and fostering personal growth. I genuinely enjoy collaborating with individuals who are seeking ways to adapt, thrive, and find meaning within themselves.
(425) 276-8113 View (425) 276-8113
Photo of Lingyan Linda Chen, MFTA, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Lingyan Linda Chen
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Do you feel stuck in your life and do not know how to move forward? Do you feel inadequate and find it difficult to find good in yourself and your life? Do you often try to please others while ignoring your own needs? Do you struggle to maintain intimate relationships? Do you sometimes feel confused and dissatisfied about yourself and want to know who you are and want to be? If any of these resonates with you, I may be your therapist.
Do you feel stuck in your life and do not know how to move forward? Do you feel inadequate and find it difficult to find good in yourself and your life? Do you often try to please others while ignoring your own needs? Do you struggle to maintain intimate relationships? Do you sometimes feel confused and dissatisfied about yourself and want to know who you are and want to be? If any of these resonates with you, I may be your therapist.
(425) 629-8177 View (425) 629-8177
Photo of Adam Sullivan, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Adam Sullivan
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98005
I am a person-centered therapist who sees adult individual clients in person & presently expanding my hours so there may be openings now. My approach integrates a number of perspectives, including the connection of mind, body and emotions, and empathy-based communication. As one example, I sometimes use motivational interviewing, positive psychology, non-violent communication, and mindfulness to help clients make deeper contact with feelings, identify needs, and find expression. This can help to alleviate anxiety or depression in some people, towards increased connection and satisfaction. Feel free to contact me to explore more.
I am a person-centered therapist who sees adult individual clients in person & presently expanding my hours so there may be openings now. My approach integrates a number of perspectives, including the connection of mind, body and emotions, and empathy-based communication. As one example, I sometimes use motivational interviewing, positive psychology, non-violent communication, and mindfulness to help clients make deeper contact with feelings, identify needs, and find expression. This can help to alleviate anxiety or depression in some people, towards increased connection and satisfaction. Feel free to contact me to explore more.
(425) 365-0873 View (425) 365-0873
Photo of Amy Lathrop, LMHC, MPsy, Counselor
Amy Lathrop
Counselor, LMHC, MPsy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Suffering and difficult times can be catalysts for profound change. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, or feeling stuck, you can experience a greater capacity for change, curiosity, connection, and life satisfaction. In therapy we'll address the symptoms you're experiencing, develop coping skills and tools for better living, and work to understand how you ended up where you are today. Additionally, we'll explore the root of your struggles in order to understand why you do the things you do, feel the way you do, and think the way you do as a way to create lasting change and transformation in your life.
Suffering and difficult times can be catalysts for profound change. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, or feeling stuck, you can experience a greater capacity for change, curiosity, connection, and life satisfaction. In therapy we'll address the symptoms you're experiencing, develop coping skills and tools for better living, and work to understand how you ended up where you are today. Additionally, we'll explore the root of your struggles in order to understand why you do the things you do, feel the way you do, and think the way you do as a way to create lasting change and transformation in your life.
(425) 434-5787 View (425) 434-5787
Photo of Mary-Frances Moore, MEd, LMHC, CCTP-II, Counselor
Mary-Frances Moore
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98008
When we experience challenging events in our lives, it is human nature to seek to avoid uncomfortable memories, emotions, or body sensations related to these events. Much like the body possesses the innate power to heal a cut on your leg, the mind is equipped with this same intelligence. Using suspension of judgment and psychoeducation, I provide knowledge and a safe container for clients to access their inner healing intelligence and find meaning in difficult experiences. I am also deeply passionate about harm reduction and I have dedicated many years of my career to addressing my clients' relationship with substances.
When we experience challenging events in our lives, it is human nature to seek to avoid uncomfortable memories, emotions, or body sensations related to these events. Much like the body possesses the innate power to heal a cut on your leg, the mind is equipped with this same intelligence. Using suspension of judgment and psychoeducation, I provide knowledge and a safe container for clients to access their inner healing intelligence and find meaning in difficult experiences. I am also deeply passionate about harm reduction and I have dedicated many years of my career to addressing my clients' relationship with substances.
(206) 672-6106 View (206) 672-6106
Photo of Tiffany Schlabs, LSWAIC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tiffany Schlabs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
What old patterns are you holding onto? What would you like to move towards? You are the expert of your own life. Our work together is a collaborative relationship where your goals are the heart of everything we do. I offer individual therapy for adolescents (13+) and adults, specializing in anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, perinatal mental health, and life transitions. My practice is rooted in a strengths-based approach and guided by attachment theory.
What old patterns are you holding onto? What would you like to move towards? You are the expert of your own life. Our work together is a collaborative relationship where your goals are the heart of everything we do. I offer individual therapy for adolescents (13+) and adults, specializing in anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, perinatal mental health, and life transitions. My practice is rooted in a strengths-based approach and guided by attachment theory.
(425) 295-2613 View (425) 295-2613
Photo of Emily Shirai, LMHCA, MEd, Counselor
Emily Shirai
Counselor, LMHCA, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Therapy is a space where you can fully exist and acknowledge all aspects of yourself — the parts you’re proud of, the parts you may struggle with, and the parts you’ve kept hidden from others. I honor and welcome every part of you. Together, we will explore your stories, work within your values and strengths, and help you live the life you want to live.
Therapy is a space where you can fully exist and acknowledge all aspects of yourself — the parts you’re proud of, the parts you may struggle with, and the parts you’ve kept hidden from others. I honor and welcome every part of you. Together, we will explore your stories, work within your values and strengths, and help you live the life you want to live.
(425) 264-8300 View (425) 264-8300
Photo of Brittany Rogers - Comprehensive Wellness Northwest, LMHCA, Counselor
Comprehensive Wellness Northwest
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98006
Not accepting new clients
We all experience moments in our life where things can be overwhelming. Maybe we don’t feel like ourselves anymore, or we find that our stress has been increasing more than we know what to do with. Be it anxiety, depression, or processing through difficult events, therapy can be a safe place to take care of ourselves and our mental wellbeing. My goal as a therapist is to create a compassionate and safe environment that is inclusive of all walks of life. I believe that therapy should be a personalized, collaborative experience, and that the client knows themself best.
We all experience moments in our life where things can be overwhelming. Maybe we don’t feel like ourselves anymore, or we find that our stress has been increasing more than we know what to do with. Be it anxiety, depression, or processing through difficult events, therapy can be a safe place to take care of ourselves and our mental wellbeing. My goal as a therapist is to create a compassionate and safe environment that is inclusive of all walks of life. I believe that therapy should be a personalized, collaborative experience, and that the client knows themself best.
(206) 210-2698 View (206) 210-2698
Photo of Jean Kim, PhD, Psychologist
Jean Kim
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Dr. Jean Kim is a licensed clinical psychologist (PY60847665) who values an individually tailored approach to provide scientifically-backed treatments. She specializes in providing therapy for trauma, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and other common concerns.
Accepting new clients! Dr. Jean Kim is a licensed clinical psychologist (PY60847665) who values an individually tailored approach to provide scientifically-backed treatments. She specializes in providing therapy for trauma, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and other common concerns.
(206) 278-8396 View (206) 278-8396
Photo of Kristin Park, LMFT, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristin Park
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CCTP
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98007
Are you constantly pretending you ‘have it all together,’ but secretly falling apart? Do your relationship challenges keep you up at night? Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, or unresolved trauma that keeps you stuck in unhelpful patterns? Are you a woman with ADHD looking for support from a therapist who gets it? I can help you reconnect with yourself and provide the support to shift out of survival and into growth. I create a supportive environment for clients to move beyond their challenges and embrace the best version of themselves. If you are ready to take charge of your life and start thriving, reach out today!
Are you constantly pretending you ‘have it all together,’ but secretly falling apart? Do your relationship challenges keep you up at night? Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, or unresolved trauma that keeps you stuck in unhelpful patterns? Are you a woman with ADHD looking for support from a therapist who gets it? I can help you reconnect with yourself and provide the support to shift out of survival and into growth. I create a supportive environment for clients to move beyond their challenges and embrace the best version of themselves. If you are ready to take charge of your life and start thriving, reach out today!
(425) 475-1229 View (425) 475-1229
Photo of Carla Munger, MA, LMHC
Carla Munger
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98015  (Online Only)
You’ve got a ring on your finger and a date on your calendar, but you’re quickly realizing that wedding planning isn’t as blissful as you hoped. You’re overwhelmed, irritable, anxious, and exhausted. From decision fatigue to spotlight fright; family drama to bad bridesmaids; difficult vendors to tight budgets, and of course unpacking and letting go of the emotional baggage that you don’t want to carry into your marriage… engagement and wedding planning is an emotional maze. The truth is most brides feel tired, stressed, and often times isolated. Left untreated these feelings can develop into true anxiety, depression, and burnout.
You’ve got a ring on your finger and a date on your calendar, but you’re quickly realizing that wedding planning isn’t as blissful as you hoped. You’re overwhelmed, irritable, anxious, and exhausted. From decision fatigue to spotlight fright; family drama to bad bridesmaids; difficult vendors to tight budgets, and of course unpacking and letting go of the emotional baggage that you don’t want to carry into your marriage… engagement and wedding planning is an emotional maze. The truth is most brides feel tired, stressed, and often times isolated. Left untreated these feelings can develop into true anxiety, depression, and burnout.
(425) 541-7533 View (425) 541-7533
Photo of Tobi Nussbaum, LMHCA, MEd, Counselor
Tobi Nussbaum
Counselor, LMHCA, MEd
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
Nothing is more rewarding than seeing my clients overcome challenges and grow confidently. I love helping children, adolescents, and their families feel a sense of belonging and encouragement through strength-based approaches. I am dedicated to supporting children as they navigate complex feelings, identities, anxiety, school, trauma, and other challenges. I specialize in trauma-informed neurodivergent, sensory, and gender-affirmative care. By connecting with children through fun and trusted methods, I work towards making a lasting, positive impact on their lives.
Nothing is more rewarding than seeing my clients overcome challenges and grow confidently. I love helping children, adolescents, and their families feel a sense of belonging and encouragement through strength-based approaches. I am dedicated to supporting children as they navigate complex feelings, identities, anxiety, school, trauma, and other challenges. I specialize in trauma-informed neurodivergent, sensory, and gender-affirmative care. By connecting with children through fun and trusted methods, I work towards making a lasting, positive impact on their lives.
(425) 472-4415 View (425) 472-4415
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellevue, WA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Bellevue, WA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Premera Blue Cross
56% Aetna
56% Regence

How Therapists in Bellevue, WA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellevue?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.