Therapists in Metuchen, NJ
![Photo of Ann Silvestri, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42a99d92-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/5/320x400.jpeg)
With hundreds of studies indicating that practical problem solving counseling works most effectively, I utilize with my clients a highly effective form of therapy. Get some of the most effective types of assistance with your depression, anxiety or relationship concerns. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy provides support for your concerns from the beginning. Assisting with pragmatic, enriching treatment. Whether it is that your are feeling blue, concerned with anxiety and worries or relationship problems, call today to speak with me about how you can apply highly effective easy to utilize approaches to making improvements in your life.
With hundreds of studies indicating that practical problem solving counseling works most effectively, I utilize with my clients a highly effective form of therapy. Get some of the most effective types of assistance with your depression, anxiety or relationship concerns. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy provides support for your concerns from the beginning. Assisting with pragmatic, enriching treatment. Whether it is that your are feeling blue, concerned with anxiety and worries or relationship problems, call today to speak with me about how you can apply highly effective easy to utilize approaches to making improvements in your life.
![Photo of Maria Cacace, LAC, NBCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a8ca3f26-0099-4c7f-baa0-86935eedda07/1/320x400.jpeg)
Life can be challenging and it is my strength to help others struggling with their mental health or any life issues affecting day to day functioning. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, and 30+ adults experiencing anxiety, depression, mood disorders, personality disorders, self-esteem issues, trauma, relationship issues, addictions and more. I am down to earth and meet my client's where they're at with their mental health needs. I work with my clients to develop a positive rapport, trust and work towards developing and accomplishing your goals for our sessions.
Life can be challenging and it is my strength to help others struggling with their mental health or any life issues affecting day to day functioning. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, and 30+ adults experiencing anxiety, depression, mood disorders, personality disorders, self-esteem issues, trauma, relationship issues, addictions and more. I am down to earth and meet my client's where they're at with their mental health needs. I work with my clients to develop a positive rapport, trust and work towards developing and accomplishing your goals for our sessions.
![Photo of Kathleen Reilly, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d855073-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Are challenging situations or persistent feelings and thoughts keeping you from achieving your true potential? Are they affecting your work, your relationships, or even your sleep? Together we can embark on a collaborative healing process that will bring you more peace and fulfillment. In a warm and caring environment, I can help you tap into your strengths and use them to address those areas you wish to change.
Are challenging situations or persistent feelings and thoughts keeping you from achieving your true potential? Are they affecting your work, your relationships, or even your sleep? Together we can embark on a collaborative healing process that will bring you more peace and fulfillment. In a warm and caring environment, I can help you tap into your strengths and use them to address those areas you wish to change.
![Photo of Jonathan R. Nussbaum, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c9800f9-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
"When it is dark enough, you can see the stars" -- R.W. Emerson. Sometimes life brings us to an edge that we just can't see beyond. We can linger on that edge for a lifetime, or only for another moment. No matter what, the next steps will require courage. Perhaps we can find a new trailhead and take a few steps together. The path is often wider than we know.
"When it is dark enough, you can see the stars" -- R.W. Emerson. Sometimes life brings us to an edge that we just can't see beyond. We can linger on that edge for a lifetime, or only for another moment. No matter what, the next steps will require courage. Perhaps we can find a new trailhead and take a few steps together. The path is often wider than we know.
![Photo of Therapy With Gi -, MA, LPC, NBCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a866f98b-c4d0-4de4-a377-6edb03882f27/2/320x400.jpeg)
Therapy With Gi -
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Metuchen, NJ 08840
Authenticity, honesty, empathy and creativity is what I have based my practice on. Life can be TOUGH, and it can feel difficult to get out of that loop, or I like to say, crawl out of the mud, it takes time but it's very possible and I hope to help provide you with the tools you will need to do so. I'm eclectic in my practice, using therapeutic evidenced based modalities, such as CBT (cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical behavior therapy) Art therapy/creative therapy, person centered therapy, family therapy etc. with a specialty in eating disorders/body image issues and self-esteem .
Authenticity, honesty, empathy and creativity is what I have based my practice on. Life can be TOUGH, and it can feel difficult to get out of that loop, or I like to say, crawl out of the mud, it takes time but it's very possible and I hope to help provide you with the tools you will need to do so. I'm eclectic in my practice, using therapeutic evidenced based modalities, such as CBT (cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical behavior therapy) Art therapy/creative therapy, person centered therapy, family therapy etc. with a specialty in eating disorders/body image issues and self-esteem .
![Photo of Rick Dorry, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8486b374-838c-4cb0-8004-e916f7b45a0c/2/320x400.jpeg)
Rick Dorry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Metuchen, NJ 08840
Taking the first step towards therapy can feel daunting, but you don't have to face your struggles alone. I'm Rick, a licensed clinical social worker with a passion for helping people navigate life's challenges. I strive to provide a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences, in order to promote the change you want to see. I'm here to work with you in laying the groundwork for meaningful growth. I believe in meeting you where you are and tailoring our sessions to address your unique needs and goals.
Taking the first step towards therapy can feel daunting, but you don't have to face your struggles alone. I'm Rick, a licensed clinical social worker with a passion for helping people navigate life's challenges. I strive to provide a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences, in order to promote the change you want to see. I'm here to work with you in laying the groundwork for meaningful growth. I believe in meeting you where you are and tailoring our sessions to address your unique needs and goals.
![Photo of Shontel Thomas, CLC, BAPsych, MSW, LSW, Pastoral Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/dedca458-72a1-4f9a-a317-e3740599f73d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Shontel Thomas
Pastoral Counselor, CLC, BAPsych, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Metuchen, NJ 08840 (Online Only)
Sometimes the circumstances in life are too much to handle without some help. You may feel stuck, faced with uncertainty, overwhelmed and stress. I am here to help you during this difficult time in your life. I have over 17 years of experiences working with adults, children/ adolescents and their families with a wide range of cognitive, behavioral and emotional issues in various settings. As your Christian Counselor I address the whole person emotionally, psychologically, socially, physically, and spiritually. I am dedicated and passionate about helping you through your healing journey.
Sometimes the circumstances in life are too much to handle without some help. You may feel stuck, faced with uncertainty, overwhelmed and stress. I am here to help you during this difficult time in your life. I have over 17 years of experiences working with adults, children/ adolescents and their families with a wide range of cognitive, behavioral and emotional issues in various settings. As your Christian Counselor I address the whole person emotionally, psychologically, socially, physically, and spiritually. I am dedicated and passionate about helping you through your healing journey.
![Photo of Christina Tempio, LAC, CTP, NCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a71f3afd-b766-4e3b-9630-1ed18b9f4574/1/320x400.jpeg)
If you're ready to embark on a transformative process of self-discovery, healing, and heightened well-being, I welcome you to start your journey today. Together, we can shed limiting patterns and cultivate the life you deserve to live—one of authenticity, resilience, and thriving. My approach is grounded in creating an atmosphere of warmth, safety, and complete acceptance. This is a nonjudgmental zone where you can freely explore your experiences, fears, and aspirations without criticism or shame.
If you're ready to embark on a transformative process of self-discovery, healing, and heightened well-being, I welcome you to start your journey today. Together, we can shed limiting patterns and cultivate the life you deserve to live—one of authenticity, resilience, and thriving. My approach is grounded in creating an atmosphere of warmth, safety, and complete acceptance. This is a nonjudgmental zone where you can freely explore your experiences, fears, and aspirations without criticism or shame.
![Photo of Taylor Zanon, LAMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f521a55c-e304-4278-9827-58be4a130a8c/2/320x400.jpeg)
Taylor Zanon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Metuchen, NJ 08840
Are you or your loved ones struggling to manage emotions? Does it feel like your family is in turmoil? Are you and your loved ones having difficulty seeing eye to eye? You are not the only one. On average, 1 in 5 Americans is struggling with mental health struggles, whether it be individual mental health issues or struggles in relationships. Though it may feel like you’ve tried everything under the sun, there is hope for change.
Are you or your loved ones struggling to manage emotions? Does it feel like your family is in turmoil? Are you and your loved ones having difficulty seeing eye to eye? You are not the only one. On average, 1 in 5 Americans is struggling with mental health struggles, whether it be individual mental health issues or struggles in relationships. Though it may feel like you’ve tried everything under the sun, there is hope for change.
Hundreds of research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)in working with anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, anger management and other psychological issues. As CBT has proven itself so beneficial, many therapists employ some of its techniques. But in order to have the best possible outcome with this form of psychotherapy, it is important to find a therapist who has been formally trained and certified in CBT. I am a graduate of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research, established by the founder of CBT, Dr. Aaron Beck, and a member of The Academy of Cognitive Therapy.
Hundreds of research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)in working with anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, anger management and other psychological issues. As CBT has proven itself so beneficial, many therapists employ some of its techniques. But in order to have the best possible outcome with this form of psychotherapy, it is important to find a therapist who has been formally trained and certified in CBT. I am a graduate of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research, established by the founder of CBT, Dr. Aaron Beck, and a member of The Academy of Cognitive Therapy.
![Photo of Susan Sprague-Lee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5504903c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Susan Sprague-Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Metuchen, NJ 08840 (Online Only)
Our day-to-day lives are often filled with activities and stress, both positive and negative. Therapy is often a place to explore feelings of stress and learn more effective coping skills to decrease overall negative feelings that can lead to undesired behaviors. I provide a safe and comfortable treatment setting that allows clients to work toward integrating a more balanced and healthy lifestyle. I have an eclectic treatment approach and work collaboratively with my clients to create a personalized treatment plan to achieve a decrease in distressing symptoms and increase in overall life satisfaction.
Our day-to-day lives are often filled with activities and stress, both positive and negative. Therapy is often a place to explore feelings of stress and learn more effective coping skills to decrease overall negative feelings that can lead to undesired behaviors. I provide a safe and comfortable treatment setting that allows clients to work toward integrating a more balanced and healthy lifestyle. I have an eclectic treatment approach and work collaboratively with my clients to create a personalized treatment plan to achieve a decrease in distressing symptoms and increase in overall life satisfaction.
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![Photo of Bruno Oriti, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fa7a55be-fe93-4fac-b2d6-69b12a946f5d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Oriti is a licensed Psychologist in New Jersey and New York for over 30 years with extensive experience in working with clients managing concerns throughout the lifespan, infancy through geriatrics. He specializes in working from a family or "systems" perspective that appreciates the role of gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomics, age/development, abilities, and societal stresses in managing life and family challenges.
Dr. Oriti is a licensed Psychologist in New Jersey and New York for over 30 years with extensive experience in working with clients managing concerns throughout the lifespan, infancy through geriatrics. He specializes in working from a family or "systems" perspective that appreciates the role of gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomics, age/development, abilities, and societal stresses in managing life and family challenges.
![Photo of Leigh Polin - Leigh Polin LCSW, LLC, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/59aa8eed-0e8e-4e0b-8aa2-b88ea77e5131/6/320x400.jpeg)
Leigh Polin LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Metuchen, NJ 08840
A deeper connection with self can lead to greater life satisfaction and more ease, both within yourself and in relationship with others. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Internal Family Systems (IFS) can help facilitate this process. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and an IFS trained therapist. I utilize an integrated approach, focusing on the whole person. In addition to IFS and EMDR, I utilize Mindfulness, Meditation and Polyvagal Theory. All of these modalities can help with an array of challenges including, Relationship Issues, Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD.
A deeper connection with self can lead to greater life satisfaction and more ease, both within yourself and in relationship with others. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Internal Family Systems (IFS) can help facilitate this process. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and an IFS trained therapist. I utilize an integrated approach, focusing on the whole person. In addition to IFS and EMDR, I utilize Mindfulness, Meditation and Polyvagal Theory. All of these modalities can help with an array of challenges including, Relationship Issues, Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD.
![Photo of Edward Callaghan - Integrative Therapy Institute of NJ, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ffe2e86c-9653-4c6d-b52f-5f485d23eef8/1/320x400.png)
The Integrative Therapy Institute of New Jersey (ITI-NJ) is a group practice in clinical and counseling psychology that provides psychotherapy services for individuals, couples, and families. ITI-NJ operates at a number of locations throughout the state of NJ and the great majority of our therapists are in-network with all major insurance plans.
The Integrative Therapy Institute of New Jersey (ITI-NJ) is a group practice in clinical and counseling psychology that provides psychotherapy services for individuals, couples, and families. ITI-NJ operates at a number of locations throughout the state of NJ and the great majority of our therapists are in-network with all major insurance plans.
Why are you angry? Why are you stressed? Why aren't you getting along with your spouse or significant other? I have over 20 years of experience in helping people find themselves and get to the root of the problems they may have. I believe in listening and asking questions to help you find your way out of the darkness and show you how beautiful life can be.
Why are you angry? Why are you stressed? Why aren't you getting along with your spouse or significant other? I have over 20 years of experience in helping people find themselves and get to the root of the problems they may have. I believe in listening and asking questions to help you find your way out of the darkness and show you how beautiful life can be.
![Photo of Kate Harrison, MBA, LCSW, CEC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3da7e942-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Welcome to my Psychology Today page. I am a licensed clinical social worker specializing in helping people through recovery from trauma, managing depression and anxiety, and working through career and employment changes. I have expertise in helping individuals and their families cope with relationship issues from navigating and working to resolve differences and learning to communicate better, to at times making decisions to end a relationship and helping all family members navigate through that difficult time.
Welcome to my Psychology Today page. I am a licensed clinical social worker specializing in helping people through recovery from trauma, managing depression and anxiety, and working through career and employment changes. I have expertise in helping individuals and their families cope with relationship issues from navigating and working to resolve differences and learning to communicate better, to at times making decisions to end a relationship and helping all family members navigate through that difficult time.
![Photo of Nagavalli Thiruvalluvan, DNP, APRN, ANPBC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5ce80a17-4a8b-4008-9bbb-83ee9c2e6159/1/320x400.jpeg)
My ideal clients are adults and seniors who are seeking to improve their overall health and well-being. They may be dealing with chronic conditions, weight management issues, or require preventative care. Their goals include managing comorbidities, reducing medications, and achieving a healthier lifestyle. They want compassionate, individualized care that understands their unique needs and helps them achieve their best possible health.
My ideal clients are adults and seniors who are seeking to improve their overall health and well-being. They may be dealing with chronic conditions, weight management issues, or require preventative care. Their goals include managing comorbidities, reducing medications, and achieving a healthier lifestyle. They want compassionate, individualized care that understands their unique needs and helps them achieve their best possible health.
![Photo of Yauhing Sally Lam, MA, LPC, ACS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5215d916-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Yauhing Sally Lam
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS, NCC
Verified Verified
Metuchen, NJ 08840 (Online Only)
“Learning from hindsight, gaining insight, and developing foresight” This is the motto I focus on helping my clients to achieve. I’m a compassionate person who genuinely enjoys helping and working with people. I look forward to helping individuals and families who are seeking help coping with a range of psychological, emotional, or behavioral challenges.
“Learning from hindsight, gaining insight, and developing foresight” This is the motto I focus on helping my clients to achieve. I’m a compassionate person who genuinely enjoys helping and working with people. I look forward to helping individuals and families who are seeking help coping with a range of psychological, emotional, or behavioral challenges.
![Photo of Jaunai Staton, LAMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6943a907-1ce7-4975-bdf3-7b1842523929/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jaunai Staton
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LAMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Metuchen, NJ 08840
Do you feel invalidated and misunderstood by the people in your life? Are past experiences making it difficult for you to build and keep healthy relationships? Life hasn't been easy. You're still grappling with the lingering trauma and grief from your past. Life’s painful experiences have affected relationships with your partner, children, parents, or friends. You've made efforts to improve your situation, but nothing seems to change. You might also feel like you are walking through your situation alone.
Do you feel invalidated and misunderstood by the people in your life? Are past experiences making it difficult for you to build and keep healthy relationships? Life hasn't been easy. You're still grappling with the lingering trauma and grief from your past. Life’s painful experiences have affected relationships with your partner, children, parents, or friends. You've made efforts to improve your situation, but nothing seems to change. You might also feel like you are walking through your situation alone.
![Photo of Pamela Schott, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/550c7ac6-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with more than 27 years of experience in the field. I earned my graduate degree at Rutgers University School of Social Work and my Bachelors of Science degree in education from Seton Hall University.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with more than 27 years of experience in the field. I earned my graduate degree at Rutgers University School of Social Work and my Bachelors of Science degree in education from Seton Hall University.
See more therapy options for Metuchen
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Metuchen, NJ
100+
Average cost per session
$150
Therapists in Metuchen, NJ who prioritize treating:
89% | Anxiety |
83% | Depression |
78% | Relationship Issues |
71% | Self Esteem |
66% | Coping Skills |
59% | Family Conflict |
56% | Trauma and PTSD |
Average years in practice
14 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
71% | Aetna |
69% | Cigna and Evernorth |
64% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
How Therapists in Metuchen, NJ see their clients
74% | In Person and Online | |
26% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
84% | Female | |
15% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Metuchen?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.