Therapists in Lynchburg, VA

Photo of Ken Blanchard, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ken Blanchard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24502
I am passionate about helping people. I believe strongly that the foundation of successful therapy is having a strong therapeutic relationship with my clients, and that each one must believe that my office is a safe place to be authentic and honest about their struggles. This is the basis for being able to treat the underlying issue, and not just the symptom. I am a Christian counselor, and trust God to lead me with His wisdom to help each person. I combine this with sound, evidence based therapeutic techniques/systems to help my clients find true freedom!
I am passionate about helping people. I believe strongly that the foundation of successful therapy is having a strong therapeutic relationship with my clients, and that each one must believe that my office is a safe place to be authentic and honest about their struggles. This is the basis for being able to treat the underlying issue, and not just the symptom. I am a Christian counselor, and trust God to lead me with His wisdom to help each person. I combine this with sound, evidence based therapeutic techniques/systems to help my clients find true freedom!
(434) 480-4203 View (434) 480-4203
Photo of Leah Horton, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leah Horton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Leah Horton and I'm an LPC in Virginia. I began my journey in the counseling world working as a licensed K-12 school counselor and later transitioned into doing clinical work in an outpatient setting and at a collegiate counseling center. I have experience working with children, adolescents, families, and young adults. My personal motto for counseling is "one life touching another". I have a passion for helping people explore and better understand their feelings and experiences in order to assist them in navigating through the difficulties of life within the safety of the therapeutic relationship.
Welcome! My name is Leah Horton and I'm an LPC in Virginia. I began my journey in the counseling world working as a licensed K-12 school counselor and later transitioned into doing clinical work in an outpatient setting and at a collegiate counseling center. I have experience working with children, adolescents, families, and young adults. My personal motto for counseling is "one life touching another". I have a passion for helping people explore and better understand their feelings and experiences in order to assist them in navigating through the difficulties of life within the safety of the therapeutic relationship.
(434) 448-4288 View (434) 448-4288
Photo of Dr. Kelly Donald Bonebright - Comprehensive Counseling, PhD , MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Comprehensive Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD , MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502
Kelly was born in Lynchburg Virginia and raised in Southern California but has been back east in this area since the early 90s. Kelly is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), with over a decade of experience across many different settings consisting of inpatient, outpatient, intensive in-home, university, mental health agency work. Kelly graduated from liberty University with his PhD in professional counseling in January 2013; and has taught graduate students in group therapy skills and individual therapy techniques. Kelly tends to be eclectic in his counseling approach, employing CBT, and Person Centered.
Kelly was born in Lynchburg Virginia and raised in Southern California but has been back east in this area since the early 90s. Kelly is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), with over a decade of experience across many different settings consisting of inpatient, outpatient, intensive in-home, university, mental health agency work. Kelly graduated from liberty University with his PhD in professional counseling in January 2013; and has taught graduate students in group therapy skills and individual therapy techniques. Kelly tends to be eclectic in his counseling approach, employing CBT, and Person Centered.
(434) 205-6413 View (434) 205-6413
Photo of Matthew Hammond, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Matthew Hammond
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502
I have a passion for working with people in an intentional, collaborative way to allow for personal growth, healing, and restoration. I believe in providing a safe space for concerns to be shared and working toward sustainable, long lasting change that may result from counseling.
I have a passion for working with people in an intentional, collaborative way to allow for personal growth, healing, and restoration. I believe in providing a safe space for concerns to be shared and working toward sustainable, long lasting change that may result from counseling.
(434) 813-6011 View (434) 813-6011
Photo of Belinda Boscardin, PsyD, Psychologist
Belinda Boscardin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24503  (Online Only)
As a psychologist, with almost 30 years of experience, I approach the therapy relationship with a blend of modern science, ancient wisdom (Secular, Yogic and Buddhist philosophies), common sense, humor and integrity. Increasing awareness through mindful intention and observation of the mind-body, describes my approach to psychotherapy. The therapeutic relationship is collaborative and aimed at identifying your obstacles to healing. The co-creation of a clear pathway between the heart, mind and emotions is the therapeutic work.Your "best self" will be challenged, nurtured and supported in the process.
As a psychologist, with almost 30 years of experience, I approach the therapy relationship with a blend of modern science, ancient wisdom (Secular, Yogic and Buddhist philosophies), common sense, humor and integrity. Increasing awareness through mindful intention and observation of the mind-body, describes my approach to psychotherapy. The therapeutic relationship is collaborative and aimed at identifying your obstacles to healing. The co-creation of a clear pathway between the heart, mind and emotions is the therapeutic work.Your "best self" will be challenged, nurtured and supported in the process.
(828) 358-2414 View (828) 358-2414
Photo of Lauren Johnson, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lauren Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24502  (Online Only)
Are you feeling trapped by your anxiety/OCD, stuck in a cycle of fear & avoidance? Is your trauma history impacting your mental health & relationships? Are you looking for support to help you better understand your neurotype or identity? Whatever your journey is, I am here to come alongside you! My mission is to help trauma survivors from the neurodivergent, LGBTQIA+, & non-monogamous communities learn how to get unstuck, break free from fear, & live according to your values— what matters most to you.
Are you feeling trapped by your anxiety/OCD, stuck in a cycle of fear & avoidance? Is your trauma history impacting your mental health & relationships? Are you looking for support to help you better understand your neurotype or identity? Whatever your journey is, I am here to come alongside you! My mission is to help trauma survivors from the neurodivergent, LGBTQIA+, & non-monogamous communities learn how to get unstuck, break free from fear, & live according to your values— what matters most to you.
(434) 216-2751 View (434) 216-2751
Photo of Darrius Omar Bethel, LMHP-R, NCC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Darrius Omar Bethel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHP-R, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24502
You work so hard to do what’s right. Always trying to live up to expectations from society, your family, and yourself for what a man is supposed to be. But no matter how tirelessly you toil or how much energy you expend, it never seems to make any difference. You’re still stuck in the same place – unfulfilled, disconnected, and increasingly frustrated at your inability to fix anything. It feels like you’re slowly being crushed under the weight of your responsibilities to everyone. You want so badly to break free of this terrible cycle, but that seems impossible. You need help, but you’re unsure where to turn. It feels hopeless.
You work so hard to do what’s right. Always trying to live up to expectations from society, your family, and yourself for what a man is supposed to be. But no matter how tirelessly you toil or how much energy you expend, it never seems to make any difference. You’re still stuck in the same place – unfulfilled, disconnected, and increasingly frustrated at your inability to fix anything. It feels like you’re slowly being crushed under the weight of your responsibilities to everyone. You want so badly to break free of this terrible cycle, but that seems impossible. You need help, but you’re unsure where to turn. It feels hopeless.
(434) 361-4744 View (434) 361-4744
Photo of Shannon Walsh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shannon Walsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Social Worker (LCSW) in the state of Virginia with more than 14 years of experience working with adults and children seeking help with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, grief and loss, women’s issues, relationship/martial issues, life transitions, foster care and adoption, addiction, self-injurious behaviors, and suicidal thoughts. I completed her Bachelor's degree in Psychology and received her Master’s degree in Social Work. I utilize a cognitive behavioral (CBT) approach to encourage self-expression, inspiration, and understanding to meet the needs of individuals and couples.
I am a Licensed Social Worker (LCSW) in the state of Virginia with more than 14 years of experience working with adults and children seeking help with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, grief and loss, women’s issues, relationship/martial issues, life transitions, foster care and adoption, addiction, self-injurious behaviors, and suicidal thoughts. I completed her Bachelor's degree in Psychology and received her Master’s degree in Social Work. I utilize a cognitive behavioral (CBT) approach to encourage self-expression, inspiration, and understanding to meet the needs of individuals and couples.
(434) 478-3586 View (434) 478-3586
Photo of Megan Jennings, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Megan Jennings
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24504
Megan is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia who has 10 years of experience in working with youth, adolescents, and adults in various clinical settings. She has experience in working with depression, anxiety, life transitions, ADHD, trauma, relationship issues, stress management and self-esteem issues. Megan graduated from the University of Virginia with her Bachelor's degree in Psychology and obtained her Master's degree in Mental Health Counseling from Longwood University.
Megan is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia who has 10 years of experience in working with youth, adolescents, and adults in various clinical settings. She has experience in working with depression, anxiety, life transitions, ADHD, trauma, relationship issues, stress management and self-esteem issues. Megan graduated from the University of Virginia with her Bachelor's degree in Psychology and obtained her Master's degree in Mental Health Counseling from Longwood University.
(434) 201-7967 View (434) 201-7967
Photo of Loghan Goins, MA, LMHP-R, Pre-Licensed Professional
Loghan Goins
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LMHP-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24502
Welcome everyone; I am excited to meet you! Life can throw us all kinds of curve balls and sometimes we struggle to manage its many difficulties. You are not alone. Though we cannot control what happens to us, we can decide how we will react to it. With the proper support and guidance, life's struggles become a bit more manageable. “Mental health is not a destination but a process. It’s about how you drive, not where you’re going.” I look forward to walking alongside you through all walks of life, encouraging you to become the best version of yourself.
Welcome everyone; I am excited to meet you! Life can throw us all kinds of curve balls and sometimes we struggle to manage its many difficulties. You are not alone. Though we cannot control what happens to us, we can decide how we will react to it. With the proper support and guidance, life's struggles become a bit more manageable. “Mental health is not a destination but a process. It’s about how you drive, not where you’re going.” I look forward to walking alongside you through all walks of life, encouraging you to become the best version of yourself.
(434) 425-8889 View (434) 425-8889
Photo of Wendy McCoy-Kilgore, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Wendy McCoy-Kilgore
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502
I have over 20 years expereince in Mental Health Counseling. I have worked with children, teens, adults and families.
I have over 20 years expereince in Mental Health Counseling. I have worked with children, teens, adults and families.
(434) 474-1751 View (434) 474-1751
Photo of Nicole Carson, MA, LPC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nicole Carson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502
I have worked with many children, adolescents, adults, and families since 2017. Conflict in relationships, issues in communication, adverse patterns of behavior, and many more have been successfully addressed through counseling. Life is a journey that includes a lot of ups and downs. Sometimes all we need is for someone to walk along side us for a time as we face challenges that come along. I would like to equip you with the tools you need to address these. As we work together, my objective is that you gain insight and understanding about your personal struggles and feel confident enough to face them autonomously.
I have worked with many children, adolescents, adults, and families since 2017. Conflict in relationships, issues in communication, adverse patterns of behavior, and many more have been successfully addressed through counseling. Life is a journey that includes a lot of ups and downs. Sometimes all we need is for someone to walk along side us for a time as we face challenges that come along. I would like to equip you with the tools you need to address these. As we work together, my objective is that you gain insight and understanding about your personal struggles and feel confident enough to face them autonomously.
(434) 595-3538 View (434) 595-3538
Photo of Nina Dillon Cassada, PhD, LPC, VA, GA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nina Dillon Cassada
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, VA, GA
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24503  (Online Only)
Nina Cassada, PH.D., LPC is a Licensed Professional Counselor providing outpatient therapy in Virginia and Georgia. She serves as an adjunct faculty to Southern New Hampshire University in the human services department. Dr. Cassada uses several evidence based techniques to address client needs. Dr. Cassada has a focused practice addressing: mood disorders, anxiety, substance use disorders, trauma related disorders, and emotional distress.
Nina Cassada, PH.D., LPC is a Licensed Professional Counselor providing outpatient therapy in Virginia and Georgia. She serves as an adjunct faculty to Southern New Hampshire University in the human services department. Dr. Cassada uses several evidence based techniques to address client needs. Dr. Cassada has a focused practice addressing: mood disorders, anxiety, substance use disorders, trauma related disorders, and emotional distress.
(434) 201-7408 View (434) 201-7408
Photo of Lora Dudley, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lora Dudley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24504  (Online Only)
Lora "Leanne" Dudley is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has over 10 years of experience in providing clinical assessment and therapeutic care to adults and couples seeking assistance with depression/anxiety, trauma, life transitions, and post-traumatic stress. Leanne completed her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Radford University.
Lora "Leanne" Dudley is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has over 10 years of experience in providing clinical assessment and therapeutic care to adults and couples seeking assistance with depression/anxiety, trauma, life transitions, and post-traumatic stress. Leanne completed her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Radford University.
(434) 505-5094 View (434) 505-5094
Photo of Deena Michelle Robertson, LMHP-R, Pre-Licensed Professional
Deena Michelle Robertson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHP-R
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24501
Ms. Deena Robertson, a Licensed Resident in Counseling, has genuine compassion and empathy for those who have walked through difficult life experiences. She believes in emotional growth, hope, compassion for yourself, and understanding your traumatic experiences. Deena is very trauma-informed and believes in a non-discriminatory and non-judgmental environment that allows healing, growth, and true insight. Deena received her Master’s Degree in Professional Counseling at Liberty University.
Ms. Deena Robertson, a Licensed Resident in Counseling, has genuine compassion and empathy for those who have walked through difficult life experiences. She believes in emotional growth, hope, compassion for yourself, and understanding your traumatic experiences. Deena is very trauma-informed and believes in a non-discriminatory and non-judgmental environment that allows healing, growth, and true insight. Deena received her Master’s Degree in Professional Counseling at Liberty University.
(434) 478-1775 View (434) 478-1775
Photo of Ashly Bradley, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashly Bradley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24504
Ashly Bradley is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Virginia who has over 10 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families in a variety of settings. Ashly has primarily provided services in school-based therapeutic programs to include therapeutic day treatment, school-based outpatient, group therapy, and individual therapy to provide support for ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief/loss, and life stressors.
Ashly Bradley is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Virginia who has over 10 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families in a variety of settings. Ashly has primarily provided services in school-based therapeutic programs to include therapeutic day treatment, school-based outpatient, group therapy, and individual therapy to provide support for ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief/loss, and life stressors.
(434) 577-8236 View (434) 577-8236
Photo of Bryan John Prinzivalli, MA, LPC, ACS, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bryan John Prinzivalli
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24504
Having worked extensively with children, adolescents and their families, I would say my ideal client is pre-teen to adult working through behavioral struggles including impulse control, defiance, hyperactivity, etc. I work closely with and honor the family unit and also work with couples, relationship and marriage counseling for the betterment of that unit. I also have worked with and specialize in treatment of dual diagnosis, particularly when addictive behaviors are a primary concern. Being trained in ASAM criteria I also work with additive behaviors in both adolescent and adults.
Having worked extensively with children, adolescents and their families, I would say my ideal client is pre-teen to adult working through behavioral struggles including impulse control, defiance, hyperactivity, etc. I work closely with and honor the family unit and also work with couples, relationship and marriage counseling for the betterment of that unit. I also have worked with and specialize in treatment of dual diagnosis, particularly when addictive behaviors are a primary concern. Being trained in ASAM criteria I also work with additive behaviors in both adolescent and adults.
(434) 478-1721 View (434) 478-1721
Photo of Mandy Jensen, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mandy Jensen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24502
Mandy is a licensed professional counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. She has completed her Bachelors degree in Psychology, along with her Master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Liberty University. She has had the honor with working with a variety of populations including children, adolescents, adults and couples for over the past five years. Mandy has experience working with different mental and behavioral needs such as trauma, depression, anxiety, divorce, aggression and others. Mandy utilizes a variety of clinical approaches in her practice. Each
Mandy is a licensed professional counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia and a National Certified Counselor. She has completed her Bachelors degree in Psychology, along with her Master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Liberty University. She has had the honor with working with a variety of populations including children, adolescents, adults and couples for over the past five years. Mandy has experience working with different mental and behavioral needs such as trauma, depression, anxiety, divorce, aggression and others. Mandy utilizes a variety of clinical approaches in her practice. Each
(434) 406-4951 View (434) 406-4951
Photo of Joshua Darnell, MA
Joshua Darnell
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Lynchburg, VA 24502  (Online Only)
My ideal client is an adolescent or young adult struggling with anxiety or depression, overwhelmed by school pressures, social dynamics, or the transition to adulthood. They seek a supportive environment to explore their thoughts and feelings. They need effective coping strategies, healthier thought patterns, and better stress management techniques. Their goals are to understand themselves better, develop tools to manage their mental health, and create positive changes. Ultimately, they seek to live more meaningful, satisfying lives and thrive both personally and socially.
My ideal client is an adolescent or young adult struggling with anxiety or depression, overwhelmed by school pressures, social dynamics, or the transition to adulthood. They seek a supportive environment to explore their thoughts and feelings. They need effective coping strategies, healthier thought patterns, and better stress management techniques. Their goals are to understand themselves better, develop tools to manage their mental health, and create positive changes. Ultimately, they seek to live more meaningful, satisfying lives and thrive both personally and socially.
(434) 478-3548 View (434) 478-3548
Photo of Otis G. Whigham, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Otis G. Whigham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lynchburg, VA 24501
Are you or your teen suffering to overcome past hurt, trauma, or depression? Does your marriage or relationship seem to be falling apart? Do you find yourself feeling anxious, having trouble making decisions, and wishing for peace in your life? With evening and weekend hours available, we offer individual, couple, family, and group counseling to assist people like you with these and many other issues.
Are you or your teen suffering to overcome past hurt, trauma, or depression? Does your marriage or relationship seem to be falling apart? Do you find yourself feeling anxious, having trouble making decisions, and wishing for peace in your life? With evening and weekend hours available, we offer individual, couple, family, and group counseling to assist people like you with these and many other issues.
(434) 299-0732 View (434) 299-0732
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lynchburg, VA

200+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Lynchburg, VA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
73% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
63% Relationship Issues
61% Self Esteem
61% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
82% Cigna and Evernorth
77% Elevance

How Therapists in Lynchburg, VA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
26% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lynchburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.