Therapists in New York, NY

View neighborhoods in New York
Photo of Sofia Khan, LMHC, Counselor
Sofia Khan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10018  (Online Only)
I am Licensed Mental Health Counselor with experience supporting clients through anxiety, depression, life adjustments, and interpersonal relationships. My background has equipped me to help individuals navigate these challenges and work towards meaningful change.
I am Licensed Mental Health Counselor with experience supporting clients through anxiety, depression, life adjustments, and interpersonal relationships. My background has equipped me to help individuals navigate these challenges and work towards meaningful change.
(929) 600-6179 View (929) 600-6179
Photo of Bhupinder Kaur, FNP-BC
Bhupinder Kaur
FNP-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
I am Bhupinder Kaur, FNP-BC, an ANCC board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner and the founder of Vitality TK Health. I specialize in treating chronic conditions and acute illnesses, with a strong focus on preventative care and educating individuals on lifestyle modifications to promote healthy living. I am dedicated to providing evidence-based, patient-centered care and take a holistic approach to meet each individual’s needs and goals.
I am Bhupinder Kaur, FNP-BC, an ANCC board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner and the founder of Vitality TK Health. I specialize in treating chronic conditions and acute illnesses, with a strong focus on preventative care and educating individuals on lifestyle modifications to promote healthy living. I am dedicated to providing evidence-based, patient-centered care and take a holistic approach to meet each individual’s needs and goals.
(646) 466-7479 View (646) 466-7479
Photo of Kimberlin Shepard, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimberlin Shepard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
My passion lies in helping young adults struggling with anxiety, confidence, relationship & dating stress, career issues, and life transitions. In addition, I work with couples around infidelity, pre-marital & marital counseling, and sex related topics. Through the use of evidence- based therapy, my goal is to help my clients gain clarity in who they are and help support them in getting to where they want to be. In my office, I provide therapy that is not only validating but also informative, and challenging.
My passion lies in helping young adults struggling with anxiety, confidence, relationship & dating stress, career issues, and life transitions. In addition, I work with couples around infidelity, pre-marital & marital counseling, and sex related topics. Through the use of evidence- based therapy, my goal is to help my clients gain clarity in who they are and help support them in getting to where they want to be. In my office, I provide therapy that is not only validating but also informative, and challenging.
(929) 429-4036 View (929) 429-4036
Photo of Nikki Kleitzel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nikki Kleitzel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
Welcome to my page! I am a 2nd generation therapist who works with adult professionals of all ages who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, transitional issues, and relationship/family issues. I also have extensive experience working with adults suffering from acute and chronic illness, as well as helping individuals navigate death and process grief/bereavement.
Welcome to my page! I am a 2nd generation therapist who works with adult professionals of all ages who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, transitional issues, and relationship/family issues. I also have extensive experience working with adults suffering from acute and chronic illness, as well as helping individuals navigate death and process grief/bereavement.
(718) 550-4601 View (718) 550-4601
Photo of Nancy S Cohen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nancy S Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
My decision to become a therapist evolved as my values, my own understanding of the world & my place in it, broadened. It is this evolution that I work to facilitate for my patients as they seek to find their unique places in the world. I believe in relationship therapy, with both a psychodynamic & open systems theory base. I try to account for both environmental & hereditary variables in the treatment paradigm using direct intervention & a mix of traditional psychodynamic & psychoanalytic techniques, including CBT & DBT elements.
My decision to become a therapist evolved as my values, my own understanding of the world & my place in it, broadened. It is this evolution that I work to facilitate for my patients as they seek to find their unique places in the world. I believe in relationship therapy, with both a psychodynamic & open systems theory base. I try to account for both environmental & hereditary variables in the treatment paradigm using direct intervention & a mix of traditional psychodynamic & psychoanalytic techniques, including CBT & DBT elements.
(917) 725-3193 View (917) 725-3193
Photo of Nicole Baum, PsyD, Psychologist
Nicole Baum
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
With the foundation of a trusting therapeutic relationship, I offer a safe space for self-reflection and growth through personal development. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which each client is encouraged to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a supportive, nonjudgmental, and compassionate environment. My approach is integrative and tailored to each individual's needs. I support each person in developing skills to effectively cope with challenges while also creating space to explore underlying beliefs to better understand themselves.
With the foundation of a trusting therapeutic relationship, I offer a safe space for self-reflection and growth through personal development. I view therapy as a collaborative process in which each client is encouraged to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a supportive, nonjudgmental, and compassionate environment. My approach is integrative and tailored to each individual's needs. I support each person in developing skills to effectively cope with challenges while also creating space to explore underlying beliefs to better understand themselves.
(332) 455-1945 View (332) 455-1945
Photo of Julia Antuzzi, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Antuzzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
While opening yourself up to being vulnerable can seem intimidating, Julia knows how fulfilling and rewarding starting therapy is. She works with individuals to create a collaborative therapeutic dynamic in which the client feels respected, heard, and understood. She knows that each client is the expert in their own lives and utilizes this to create a tailored experience. Julia approaches therapy through a strengths-based perspective, bringing her empathy, compassion and kindness into the room. She works with people experiencing anxiety, trauma, relationship stress, self-esteem and body image issues.
While opening yourself up to being vulnerable can seem intimidating, Julia knows how fulfilling and rewarding starting therapy is. She works with individuals to create a collaborative therapeutic dynamic in which the client feels respected, heard, and understood. She knows that each client is the expert in their own lives and utilizes this to create a tailored experience. Julia approaches therapy through a strengths-based perspective, bringing her empathy, compassion and kindness into the room. She works with people experiencing anxiety, trauma, relationship stress, self-esteem and body image issues.
(347) 801-2853 View (347) 801-2853
Photo of Madison Montalbano, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Madison Montalbano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
Are you in the midst of a life transition? Do you have trouble putting words to your feelings or feel like it’s hard to take up space? Are you navigating romantic relationships and having difficulty setting boundaries? I work with people who are eager to learn more about themselves but struggle to voice their needs and have learned to keep themselves connected by over-giving. Together, we work towards recognizing internalized messages from families and culture at large in order to help you locate your authentic voice and quiet the noise from outside.
Are you in the midst of a life transition? Do you have trouble putting words to your feelings or feel like it’s hard to take up space? Are you navigating romantic relationships and having difficulty setting boundaries? I work with people who are eager to learn more about themselves but struggle to voice their needs and have learned to keep themselves connected by over-giving. Together, we work towards recognizing internalized messages from families and culture at large in order to help you locate your authentic voice and quiet the noise from outside.
(929) 209-3680 View (929) 209-3680
Photo of Jill Hawkins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jill Hawkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
I help people love themselves more, quiet their minds, and embrace the lives they truly want and deserve to be living. Therapy with me will be challenging, fun, freeing, and honest without judgment. I believe that we all have the ability to live full, rich, rewarding lives. We hold ourselves back through negative thinking, anxiety, and self doubt. I have extensive experience with many different groups of people and issues and tailor my approach to your needs and personality. I specialize in depression, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse, trauma, and body image issues, among others
I help people love themselves more, quiet their minds, and embrace the lives they truly want and deserve to be living. Therapy with me will be challenging, fun, freeing, and honest without judgment. I believe that we all have the ability to live full, rich, rewarding lives. We hold ourselves back through negative thinking, anxiety, and self doubt. I have extensive experience with many different groups of people and issues and tailor my approach to your needs and personality. I specialize in depression, anxiety, relationship issues, substance abuse, trauma, and body image issues, among others
(917) 920-3197 View (917) 920-3197
Photo of Justin Yong, MSEd, LMHC, Counselor
Justin Yong
Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Do you find yourself feeling like a cog in a machine, stuck in a joyless career? Do you feel like you’re moving through life on autopilot, unable to take meaningful action? Are you looking to make personal and professional changes? My goal is to empower you to be more present for the moments and people that truly matter to you. Together we’ll innovate and reimagine new ways of thinking so that you are more present and aligned with what means most to you. Let's take you off autopilot and put you back in the driver's seat.
Do you find yourself feeling like a cog in a machine, stuck in a joyless career? Do you feel like you’re moving through life on autopilot, unable to take meaningful action? Are you looking to make personal and professional changes? My goal is to empower you to be more present for the moments and people that truly matter to you. Together we’ll innovate and reimagine new ways of thinking so that you are more present and aligned with what means most to you. Let's take you off autopilot and put you back in the driver's seat.
(646) 980-3952 View (646) 980-3952
Photo of Ashna Kapoor, MHC-LP, M ED, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ashna Kapoor
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP, M ED, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Do you feel like you have little control over your thoughts? Do you have difficulty sharing and making sense of your feelings? These issues may be the result of limited self-awareness, and/or challenges managing and regulating your emotions. These challenged can sometimes lead to difficulty managing conflict in your relationships with others whether at home, work, socially. Seeking support through therapy is an excellent first step. Therapy can help you gain insight and awareness on how past experiences affect your current relationships and behavior patterns. Therapy can also teach you valuable skills that you can implement in yo
Do you feel like you have little control over your thoughts? Do you have difficulty sharing and making sense of your feelings? These issues may be the result of limited self-awareness, and/or challenges managing and regulating your emotions. These challenged can sometimes lead to difficulty managing conflict in your relationships with others whether at home, work, socially. Seeking support through therapy is an excellent first step. Therapy can help you gain insight and awareness on how past experiences affect your current relationships and behavior patterns. Therapy can also teach you valuable skills that you can implement in yo
(929) 591-2963 View (929) 591-2963
Photo of Leigh Ledare, MFA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Leigh Ledare
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
The reasons for seeking therapy are vast. Some individuals struggle with cycles of malaise, anxiety or obsession that intrude on the capacity to cope with life’s challenges. Others turn to therapy to resolve difficulties with creativity, intimacy or sudden loss. More than a source of suffering, our symptoms offer a window onto the dilemmas of the psyche and its relation to the social and cultural contexts in which we live. Too often, however, we hide from inconvenient aspects of inner life, undermining opportunities to make sense of our experience and estranging us from core aspects of ourselves and others.
The reasons for seeking therapy are vast. Some individuals struggle with cycles of malaise, anxiety or obsession that intrude on the capacity to cope with life’s challenges. Others turn to therapy to resolve difficulties with creativity, intimacy or sudden loss. More than a source of suffering, our symptoms offer a window onto the dilemmas of the psyche and its relation to the social and cultural contexts in which we live. Too often, however, we hide from inconvenient aspects of inner life, undermining opportunities to make sense of our experience and estranging us from core aspects of ourselves and others.
(646) 212-0706 View (646) 212-0706
Photo of Suzan Sherman, MFA, LP, Licensed Psychoanalyst
Suzan Sherman
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MFA, LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
If you’re looking for emotional support and insight, I’m here to help—whether it’s a pressing issue that’s come to a head or a longstanding dynamic that you feel ready to change. Whatever the reason you are seeking help, I will utilize my extensive training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, as well as my compassion and intuition, to gently collaborate with you on developing the awareness, understanding, and acceptance that’s needed to heal and transform.
If you’re looking for emotional support and insight, I’m here to help—whether it’s a pressing issue that’s come to a head or a longstanding dynamic that you feel ready to change. Whatever the reason you are seeking help, I will utilize my extensive training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, as well as my compassion and intuition, to gently collaborate with you on developing the awareness, understanding, and acceptance that’s needed to heal and transform.
(929) 238-8978 View (929) 238-8978
Photo of Marjorie Dermer, PhD, Psychologist
Marjorie Dermer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017
Welcome to my practice. I believe that reaching out for help is a brave first step in the process of improving your life. I have been working with adults, adolescents and children for over 20 years Some of the the problems I treat are difficulties with mood regulation, anxiety, depression, reproductive issues, loss, relationship issues, school difficulties, sibling issues and parent-child struggles. I've seen that patterns of painful living can be greatly improved when we achieve a more balanced life.
Welcome to my practice. I believe that reaching out for help is a brave first step in the process of improving your life. I have been working with adults, adolescents and children for over 20 years Some of the the problems I treat are difficulties with mood regulation, anxiety, depression, reproductive issues, loss, relationship issues, school difficulties, sibling issues and parent-child struggles. I've seen that patterns of painful living can be greatly improved when we achieve a more balanced life.
(646) 663-3048 View (646) 663-3048
Photo of Barbara Peyser, PsyD, Psychologist
Barbara Peyser
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
I've treated children, adolescents and adults in inpatient psychiatric hospitals since 1994 while maintaining a private practice since 1996. In addition to a graduate degree in clinical psychology, I have had psychoanalytic training, along with a recent certification in global mental health. These have provided me with a unique perspective and skills that allow me to engage with patients in a collaborative relationship with the goal of exploring alternative solutions to difficulties that have persisted in the patient's life.
I've treated children, adolescents and adults in inpatient psychiatric hospitals since 1994 while maintaining a private practice since 1996. In addition to a graduate degree in clinical psychology, I have had psychoanalytic training, along with a recent certification in global mental health. These have provided me with a unique perspective and skills that allow me to engage with patients in a collaborative relationship with the goal of exploring alternative solutions to difficulties that have persisted in the patient's life.
(516) 346-5809 View (516) 346-5809
Photo of Molly Snyder, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Molly Snyder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007
I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety, and working with women as they navigate life transitions such as college/graduate school, relationships, marriage and new parenthood. Through an approach of curiosity and collaboration, I will work with you to explore patterns of thinking, feeling, and reacting that get in the way of your goals. Together, we will discover the origin of long-held self-limiting beliefs and stories whether rooted in past experiences of trauma, attachment wounds or other difficult circumstances.
I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety, and working with women as they navigate life transitions such as college/graduate school, relationships, marriage and new parenthood. Through an approach of curiosity and collaboration, I will work with you to explore patterns of thinking, feeling, and reacting that get in the way of your goals. Together, we will discover the origin of long-held self-limiting beliefs and stories whether rooted in past experiences of trauma, attachment wounds or other difficult circumstances.
(929) 202-2557 View (929) 202-2557
Photo of Edlira Daljani, LMHC, MA, Counselor
Edlira Daljani
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10017
Whether you are feeling anxious, fearful, stuck, or seeking to improve the quality of your relationships, I can offer guidance in resolving inner conflict and living authentically. Together we will work to uncover underlying causes of distress, examining old stories that keep you stuck, and moving away from unhealthy patterns, thus creating freedom and fluidity. Psychotherapy has the power to be a metamorphic experience, and my aim is to create a warm, accepting environment to help you gain insight and navigate away from behaviors that get in the way of personal fulfillment.
Whether you are feeling anxious, fearful, stuck, or seeking to improve the quality of your relationships, I can offer guidance in resolving inner conflict and living authentically. Together we will work to uncover underlying causes of distress, examining old stories that keep you stuck, and moving away from unhealthy patterns, thus creating freedom and fluidity. Psychotherapy has the power to be a metamorphic experience, and my aim is to create a warm, accepting environment to help you gain insight and navigate away from behaviors that get in the way of personal fulfillment.
(929) 227-4942 View (929) 227-4942
Photo of Ben Velez, MS, LMFT
Ben Velez
MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
As a firm believer in a mind-body-spirit approach to psychological health, I incorporate a long history of multi-disciplinary spiritual practice and investigation with my graduate training in relationship / family therapy into a holistic perspective that utilizes transitions and crises as opportunities to deepen insight and life skills that better navigate and manage them. In terms of couples work, I help with communications, developing conflict resolution strategies, healing from infidelities, addiction/codependency, and other sexual issues by examining your familial/relational histories and teaching a variety of guideposts to help you be your best selves, together and individually.
As a firm believer in a mind-body-spirit approach to psychological health, I incorporate a long history of multi-disciplinary spiritual practice and investigation with my graduate training in relationship / family therapy into a holistic perspective that utilizes transitions and crises as opportunities to deepen insight and life skills that better navigate and manage them. In terms of couples work, I help with communications, developing conflict resolution strategies, healing from infidelities, addiction/codependency, and other sexual issues by examining your familial/relational histories and teaching a variety of guideposts to help you be your best selves, together and individually.
(347) 763-7863 View (347) 763-7863
Photo of Darcy Sterling, PhD, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Darcy Sterling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10009
Helping people succeed in love is my life’s work. I’ve dedicated my career to teaching people relationship skills because I know that the quality of your life is determined by the quality of your relationships. We don’t thrive in love by chance. We thrive in love when we’ve mastered relationship skills. None of us are born with them - but all of us can learn them. Because they’re skills. And, as a practicing therapist, I’m licensed to teach those skills. I have a Master’s Degree from Columbia University and a PhD from New York University. I’m also the host of E! Network’s Famously Single and the former Global Ambassador to Tinder.
Helping people succeed in love is my life’s work. I’ve dedicated my career to teaching people relationship skills because I know that the quality of your life is determined by the quality of your relationships. We don’t thrive in love by chance. We thrive in love when we’ve mastered relationship skills. None of us are born with them - but all of us can learn them. Because they’re skills. And, as a practicing therapist, I’m licensed to teach those skills. I have a Master’s Degree from Columbia University and a PhD from New York University. I’m also the host of E! Network’s Famously Single and the former Global Ambassador to Tinder.
(212) 604-0144 View (212) 604-0144
Photo of Sarah Alvi, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sarah Alvi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019
I often treat adolescents and adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and trauma, as well as couples and families grappling with interpersonal struggles. Extensive training and experience in trauma-focused therapy allows me to help clients process and heal from painful experiences, and has shown me how profoundly life experience can shape one's view of themselves and their world. For those suffering from anxiety, depression, or relationship concerns, I find that I work best with those who prefer an engaging, solution-focused approach.
I often treat adolescents and adults suffering from anxiety, depression, and trauma, as well as couples and families grappling with interpersonal struggles. Extensive training and experience in trauma-focused therapy allows me to help clients process and heal from painful experiences, and has shown me how profoundly life experience can shape one's view of themselves and their world. For those suffering from anxiety, depression, or relationship concerns, I find that I work best with those who prefer an engaging, solution-focused approach.
(631) 557-0660 View (631) 557-0660
1
...

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.