Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Ann Miskovich, MA, LPCC
Ann Miskovich
MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55119
Seeking therapy may feel daunting and I would like to assist you in anyway that I can! Offering a strong, trusting therapeutic relationship to best help those navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, and postpartum challenges to name a few of the areas I work with. Meeting each client wherever they are in life and allowing space and time for processing and healing is what I enjoy most within my work. I value a non-judgmental and collaborative working relationship with each individual and utilize genuine warmth, strength-based techniques, and even a little humor within our sessions.
Seeking therapy may feel daunting and I would like to assist you in anyway that I can! Offering a strong, trusting therapeutic relationship to best help those navigating life transitions, anxiety, depression, and postpartum challenges to name a few of the areas I work with. Meeting each client wherever they are in life and allowing space and time for processing and healing is what I enjoy most within my work. I value a non-judgmental and collaborative working relationship with each individual and utilize genuine warmth, strength-based techniques, and even a little humor within our sessions.
(651) 390-1667 View (651) 390-1667
Photo of Emily K C Wood, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily K C Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
(651) 661-3525 View (651) 661-3525
Photo of Erin Mellenthin, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Erin Mellenthin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Finding a therapist can be overwhelming. It takes energy and courage to seek support and reach out. Knowing this, I strive to create a safe space for your most authentic self and am dedicated to meeting you with empathy, genuine curiosity, and a balance of challenge and support. I welcome a wide variety of clients, both individuals and couples, to navigate anxiety, depression, identity exploration, life transitions, and an examination of the many relationships in their lives. I see therapy as a collaborative and curiosity-filled space where all parts of you can feel seen and heard.
Finding a therapist can be overwhelming. It takes energy and courage to seek support and reach out. Knowing this, I strive to create a safe space for your most authentic self and am dedicated to meeting you with empathy, genuine curiosity, and a balance of challenge and support. I welcome a wide variety of clients, both individuals and couples, to navigate anxiety, depression, identity exploration, life transitions, and an examination of the many relationships in their lives. I see therapy as a collaborative and curiosity-filled space where all parts of you can feel seen and heard.
(651) 427-1868 View (651) 427-1868
Photo of Marina A. Feldman, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Marina A. Feldman
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Does anxiety make you feel stuck? Do you feel like you are facing life’s challenges and struggles alone? I am here to assure there is hope and that therapy can open the space for you to unload all the burdens and allow you to process your experiences in a safe and caring environment. As a therapist working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, women's issues, parenting concerns, neurodiversity, Adhd, stress, and trauma, I am here to provide authentic and honest support while helping you navigate your struggles. Remember, you are capable of incredible things, and I am here to guide you towards the life you deserve.
Does anxiety make you feel stuck? Do you feel like you are facing life’s challenges and struggles alone? I am here to assure there is hope and that therapy can open the space for you to unload all the burdens and allow you to process your experiences in a safe and caring environment. As a therapist working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, women's issues, parenting concerns, neurodiversity, Adhd, stress, and trauma, I am here to provide authentic and honest support while helping you navigate your struggles. Remember, you are capable of incredible things, and I am here to guide you towards the life you deserve.
(651) 237-8191 View (651) 237-8191
Photo of Savanna Hooley, MSW, LGSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Savanna Hooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Scheduling Update: Waitlist for new clients! - Hello! Asking for help and finding a therapist is not easy and I am so glad you’re here. You may be feeling like your thoughts, experiences, and emotions are too much or too painful and you deserve a nonjudgmental space to be heard. You may also feel like your relationships, school/work, and home life are being negatively impacted by how you feel inside and you wish you could speak to yourself with more kindness. So if the ways in which you've learned to keep yourself safe aren't working in the same way that they used to, let's talk about it.
Scheduling Update: Waitlist for new clients! - Hello! Asking for help and finding a therapist is not easy and I am so glad you’re here. You may be feeling like your thoughts, experiences, and emotions are too much or too painful and you deserve a nonjudgmental space to be heard. You may also feel like your relationships, school/work, and home life are being negatively impacted by how you feel inside and you wish you could speak to yourself with more kindness. So if the ways in which you've learned to keep yourself safe aren't working in the same way that they used to, let's talk about it.
(651) 401-8608 x117 View (651) 401-8608 x117
Photo of Meagan LeFebvre, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meagan LeFebvre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Not accepting new clients
It may be difficult to ask for help when feeling overwhelmed by challenges in your life. I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself and gain skills to navigate those life challenges. I view the therapeutic process as a collaborative one and aim to create a space where you feel seen and heard. I have a gentle yet direct communication style and utilize a person-centered, strengths-based, and relational approach.
It may be difficult to ask for help when feeling overwhelmed by challenges in your life. I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself and gain skills to navigate those life challenges. I view the therapeutic process as a collaborative one and aim to create a space where you feel seen and heard. I have a gentle yet direct communication style and utilize a person-centered, strengths-based, and relational approach.
(651) 504-6676 View (651) 504-6676
Photo of Sharon Rohde, LPCC
Sharon Rohde
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
My name is Sharon Rohde, and I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC 1906) and a licensed drug and alcohol counselor (LADC (303827). I work with adults and couples using evidence-based interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies and acceptance and commitment therapy. My approach to therapy consists of evidence-based interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies and acceptance and commitment therapy.
My name is Sharon Rohde, and I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC 1906) and a licensed drug and alcohol counselor (LADC (303827). I work with adults and couples using evidence-based interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies and acceptance and commitment therapy. My approach to therapy consists of evidence-based interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies and acceptance and commitment therapy.
(651) 240-4163 View (651) 240-4163
Photo of Pamela Gilliam Martin, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Pamela Gilliam Martin
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I am committed to your health and well-being through the delivery of evidence based therapeutic approaches. As a Mental Health Practitioner, I work with adults addressing a variety of concerns including addictions, eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, stress management, depression, self-esteem, career, life transitions, grief/loss and relationship issues.
I am committed to your health and well-being through the delivery of evidence based therapeutic approaches. As a Mental Health Practitioner, I work with adults addressing a variety of concerns including addictions, eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, stress management, depression, self-esteem, career, life transitions, grief/loss and relationship issues.
(651) 644-4100 x140 View (651) 644-4100 x140
Photo of Lee Thao, MA, LPCC, LADC, CCTP
Lee Thao
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55113
Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, grief, relationships, or a loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life? Does it feel like most of the time you are just going through the motions of life? Just trying to get through the day, answering emails, texts, or calls because you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, lost, or sad? Do you question, wonder, or hope that things could be better? Together we work through and move past challenges/losses, make sense of emotions, and learn coping skills to help manage, improve, and overcome difficult relationships.
Do you find yourself struggling with anxiety, grief, relationships, or a loss of a sense of self that affects your day-to-day life? Does it feel like most of the time you are just going through the motions of life? Just trying to get through the day, answering emails, texts, or calls because you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, frustrated, lost, or sad? Do you question, wonder, or hope that things could be better? Together we work through and move past challenges/losses, make sense of emotions, and learn coping skills to help manage, improve, and overcome difficult relationships.
(952) 295-4030 View (952) 295-4030
Photo of Sonja Kromroy, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Sonja Kromroy
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
As a therapist I see how powerful the mind-body connection can be, not only in how we live our lives, but also how we respond to challenges and interact with others. We are not always able to choose the obstacles in life but I do believe we can work towards responding to them in ways that help us feel empowered and confident. By listening to and understanding our thoughts, feelings and physical sensations we are more effectively able to navigate life and choose paths that better suit our values.
As a therapist I see how powerful the mind-body connection can be, not only in how we live our lives, but also how we respond to challenges and interact with others. We are not always able to choose the obstacles in life but I do believe we can work towards responding to them in ways that help us feel empowered and confident. By listening to and understanding our thoughts, feelings and physical sensations we are more effectively able to navigate life and choose paths that better suit our values.
(651) 571-4061 View (651) 571-4061
Photo of Erika Pieniniemi, MPS, LPCC, LADC, Counselor
Erika Pieniniemi
Counselor, MPS, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55113
Waitlist for new clients
My work has been primarily centered around concerns relating to complex trauma, substance use, anxiety, ADHD, and identity concerns. In particular, I have a strong passion for working within the LGBTQIA+ community. As part of my practice, I recognize that our overall health can be impacted by our lived experiences with the broken systems around us, and at times, symptoms can be a direct result from living within these systems. My focus is to help clients gain insight around the impacts that past experiences may have had, address past trauma, recognize one's own strengths, and learn how to navigate through the challenges of life.
My work has been primarily centered around concerns relating to complex trauma, substance use, anxiety, ADHD, and identity concerns. In particular, I have a strong passion for working within the LGBTQIA+ community. As part of my practice, I recognize that our overall health can be impacted by our lived experiences with the broken systems around us, and at times, symptoms can be a direct result from living within these systems. My focus is to help clients gain insight around the impacts that past experiences may have had, address past trauma, recognize one's own strengths, and learn how to navigate through the challenges of life.
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Photo of Laurie Koltes, MA,  LP, Psychologist
Laurie Koltes
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
There is a saying that refers to "the dark endless days and the dark endless nights" This can describe how life can feel at times- that there is no light at the end of the tunnel, no end to the sadness, anxiety, stress, or exhaustion. But there is hope.These feelings may be due to many things and that is where counseling can help. By working collaboratively with you and emphasizing your strengths, I will help you find relief, develop skills so you can face your struggles and improve your mental health and emotional well being. When you meet with me, you can expect counseling that is non- judgmental, open minded and collaborative.
There is a saying that refers to "the dark endless days and the dark endless nights" This can describe how life can feel at times- that there is no light at the end of the tunnel, no end to the sadness, anxiety, stress, or exhaustion. But there is hope.These feelings may be due to many things and that is where counseling can help. By working collaboratively with you and emphasizing your strengths, I will help you find relief, develop skills so you can face your struggles and improve your mental health and emotional well being. When you meet with me, you can expect counseling that is non- judgmental, open minded and collaborative.
(612) 249-7456 View (612) 249-7456
Photo of Kate Lehmann, MA, LADC, SAP, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Kate Lehmann
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC, SAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
I offer resources and counseling for substance use concerns including chemical dependency assessments, individual counseling, and assistance for friends and families dealing with the consequences of addiction. My services are available from initial assessment to recovery support following treatment. As an independent practitioner, I am able to provide options and referrals based solely on meeting your needs. I collaborate with you to find the best path forward - blending my expertise with your courage and desire to make changes in your life.
I offer resources and counseling for substance use concerns including chemical dependency assessments, individual counseling, and assistance for friends and families dealing with the consequences of addiction. My services are available from initial assessment to recovery support following treatment. As an independent practitioner, I am able to provide options and referrals based solely on meeting your needs. I collaborate with you to find the best path forward - blending my expertise with your courage and desire to make changes in your life.
(612) 306-4778 View (612) 306-4778
Photo of Holly Tofanelli, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Holly Tofanelli
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105  (Online Only)
Holly holds a master's degree from the Minnesota School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University. She welcomes working with adults, teens, couples, and families regarding relationship conflicts, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, substance abuse, communication, addictive behaviors, aggression, GLBT issues, parenting and emotional dysregulation. As a group facilitator, Holly is both dynamic and engaging. She is trained in Brainspotting, EMDR, Gottman method, as as well as Aggression Replacement Training. Holly has also worked with Alzheimer's/Dementia, and family caregivers at the University of Minnesota and Fairview Hospital.
Holly holds a master's degree from the Minnesota School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University. She welcomes working with adults, teens, couples, and families regarding relationship conflicts, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, substance abuse, communication, addictive behaviors, aggression, GLBT issues, parenting and emotional dysregulation. As a group facilitator, Holly is both dynamic and engaging. She is trained in Brainspotting, EMDR, Gottman method, as as well as Aggression Replacement Training. Holly has also worked with Alzheimer's/Dementia, and family caregivers at the University of Minnesota and Fairview Hospital.
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Photo of Paul Goossens, LCP, Psychologist
Paul Goossens
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
I'm Paul Goossens. Great for you to reach out for support! I am a licensed Psychologist with extensive experience helping teens, adults, and families maneuver through a variety of mental health challenges and life transitions. I seek to understand and connect with each individual in the context of their life, while working together to define treatment success and create pathways toward that success. I am able to offer an assortment of clinical tools and modalities to our work together, tailored to each person's needs. I am here to help you move forward when you are ready.
I'm Paul Goossens. Great for you to reach out for support! I am a licensed Psychologist with extensive experience helping teens, adults, and families maneuver through a variety of mental health challenges and life transitions. I seek to understand and connect with each individual in the context of their life, while working together to define treatment success and create pathways toward that success. I am able to offer an assortment of clinical tools and modalities to our work together, tailored to each person's needs. I am here to help you move forward when you are ready.
(651) 413-9875 View (651) 413-9875
Photo of Bianca Bell, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bianca Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
Your mental health — Your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — impacts every aspect of your life. Positive mental health allows you to deal with life’s everyday challenges effectively. My practice, At Home Therapy Services, PLLC offers virtual mental health assessment, therapy, and referral services to individuals needing flexibility with time and location.
Your mental health — Your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — impacts every aspect of your life. Positive mental health allows you to deal with life’s everyday challenges effectively. My practice, At Home Therapy Services, PLLC offers virtual mental health assessment, therapy, and referral services to individuals needing flexibility with time and location.
(612) 662-6775 View (612) 662-6775
Photo of Sarah Souder Johnson, MEd, LPCC
Sarah Souder Johnson
MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Humans often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I especially enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college. I also specialize in work with creative individuals and artists. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. I help clients better understand their brain and their body's responses. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
Humans often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I especially enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college. I also specialize in work with creative individuals and artists. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. I help clients better understand their brain and their body's responses. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
(763) 280-7935 x2 View (763) 280-7935 x2
Photo of Laura Stephan, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Laura Stephan
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Waitlist for new clients
Many of my clients have learned that their experiences can be described as "trauma", and that trauma is often "stored in the body." These experiences can range from major life events, to buildup of chronic stress, to difficult relationships from the past. My clients often are curious how their early life, attachment with caregivers, or past relationships have affected them. Somatic and relational therapy can help to heal traumas of all kinds that are carried in our bodies and minds. My collaborative and flexible approach means that you have a voice in how we work on things together, and we go at a pace that works best for you.
Many of my clients have learned that their experiences can be described as "trauma", and that trauma is often "stored in the body." These experiences can range from major life events, to buildup of chronic stress, to difficult relationships from the past. My clients often are curious how their early life, attachment with caregivers, or past relationships have affected them. Somatic and relational therapy can help to heal traumas of all kinds that are carried in our bodies and minds. My collaborative and flexible approach means that you have a voice in how we work on things together, and we go at a pace that works best for you.
(651) 372-1050 View (651) 372-1050
Photo of Kristy Dunham, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Kristy Dunham
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55103
Many people often feel disconnected or experienced a recent loss or change. I enjoy assisting clients in getting to know themselves better. Other times, Brief counseling (8 sessions or less) can be just as rewarding. It depends on what you are looking for, which is not set in stone! Relationships are hard, therapy is the real safe space to dig deep, evaluate, address the not-so-fun things that brings discomfort or that have been avoided. Therapy is a journey. Each experience is valuable in the big picture.
Many people often feel disconnected or experienced a recent loss or change. I enjoy assisting clients in getting to know themselves better. Other times, Brief counseling (8 sessions or less) can be just as rewarding. It depends on what you are looking for, which is not set in stone! Relationships are hard, therapy is the real safe space to dig deep, evaluate, address the not-so-fun things that brings discomfort or that have been avoided. Therapy is a journey. Each experience is valuable in the big picture.
(952) 522-6650 View (952) 522-6650
Photo of Eva Helen Kauppila, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eva Helen Kauppila
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Healing is a process that we are not meant to do alone. I am here to help soften the barriers that prevent you from healing, and remove obstacles that block your full potential. During each session, I create a warm, non-judgemental space in which we can work together to unpack the challenges that you face in your life. I am committed to helping you overcome the root cause of your problems rather than simply rearranging what’s on the surface.
Healing is a process that we are not meant to do alone. I am here to help soften the barriers that prevent you from healing, and remove obstacles that block your full potential. During each session, I create a warm, non-judgemental space in which we can work together to unpack the challenges that you face in your life. I am committed to helping you overcome the root cause of your problems rather than simply rearranging what’s on the surface.
(281) 947-3903 View (281) 947-3903
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
67% Stress
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% UCare
68% Aetna

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.