Therapists in Winchester, VA

Photo of Ashlee Cox, MS
Ashlee Cox
Resident in Counseling, MS
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Finding a therapist who you can connect with can be challenging. So, why choose me? I am a biracial (black and white) female, who brings over 2 years’ experience using Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) therapy to children with autism and other developmental disabilities. I have worked with ages ranging from 2 years old to 16 years old, however am open to working with all age groups. Although I have worked with clients with disabilities, I also work with individuals without them.
Finding a therapist who you can connect with can be challenging. So, why choose me? I am a biracial (black and white) female, who brings over 2 years’ experience using Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) therapy to children with autism and other developmental disabilities. I have worked with ages ranging from 2 years old to 16 years old, however am open to working with all age groups. Although I have worked with clients with disabilities, I also work with individuals without them.
(540) 738-7455 View (540) 738-7455
Photo of Nell Kushlak, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nell Kushlak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Not accepting new clients
Are you experiencing difficulty setting boundaries in relationships, understanding your feelings or needs, or coping with life changes or stressors? Are you concerned that you may be suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma or bipolar disorder? Are you a parent concerned about your child or adolescent's behaviors or mood or wish to develop a new relationship with your child? Are you finding yourself in dissatisfying patterns at work, in relationships or in your lifestyle? Do you struggle with mood, thoughts or behaviors and wish to break the cycle?
Are you experiencing difficulty setting boundaries in relationships, understanding your feelings or needs, or coping with life changes or stressors? Are you concerned that you may be suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma or bipolar disorder? Are you a parent concerned about your child or adolescent's behaviors or mood or wish to develop a new relationship with your child? Are you finding yourself in dissatisfying patterns at work, in relationships or in your lifestyle? Do you struggle with mood, thoughts or behaviors and wish to break the cycle?
(540) 486-2643 View (540) 486-2643
Photo of Karen Stefano, MA, LPC, CBT, NCC, Counselor
Karen Stefano
Counselor, MA, LPC, CBT, NCC
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22602
I am an artist and practicing License Professional Counselor and Bio-energetic Analyst. I have trained extensively in psychodynamic psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and analytic somatic psychotherapy and bio-energetics. A trained sculptor and painter, I also draw on the synergy of expressive arts and counseling. Working with individuals, couples and groups - my approach is somatic, existential, and influenced by Jungian ideas. I also work extensively with the Jungian practice of Active Imagination.
I am an artist and practicing License Professional Counselor and Bio-energetic Analyst. I have trained extensively in psychodynamic psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and analytic somatic psychotherapy and bio-energetics. A trained sculptor and painter, I also draw on the synergy of expressive arts and counseling. Working with individuals, couples and groups - my approach is somatic, existential, and influenced by Jungian ideas. I also work extensively with the Jungian practice of Active Imagination.
(540) 402-9728 View (540) 402-9728
Photo of Kelly Sheridan - Sacred Circle Counseling, LLC, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sacred Circle Counseling, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22602  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you struggle with feeling overwhelmed or disconnected from family and friends? Do you catch yourself thinking, “I’m not good enough or unloveable,” and constantly putting everyone else's needs above your own? Maybe you don’t even know what your needs are! Have bad things happened to you or your loved ones, and it seems like too much to deal with on your own? You might wonder, “Do other people feel this miserable?” Now more than ever, families, couples, and individuals are experiencing feelings of anxiety and depression about the struggles they are facing in their everyday lives.
Do you struggle with feeling overwhelmed or disconnected from family and friends? Do you catch yourself thinking, “I’m not good enough or unloveable,” and constantly putting everyone else's needs above your own? Maybe you don’t even know what your needs are! Have bad things happened to you or your loved ones, and it seems like too much to deal with on your own? You might wonder, “Do other people feel this miserable?” Now more than ever, families, couples, and individuals are experiencing feelings of anxiety and depression about the struggles they are facing in their everyday lives.
(540) 453-8635 View (540) 453-8635
Photo of Addie B Jones, MEd, EdS
Addie B Jones
Resident in Counseling, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Waitlist for new clients
I find great joy in investing in the lives of others. I consider it a privilege to facilitate counseling and be able to help people manage and navigate through difficult life experiences and transitions. I would like to walk alongside you through whatever challenges you may be currently experiencing. Whether you would like to work on processing past trauma, managing anxiety or depressed feelings, managing difficult relationships, developing coping skills or just have a listening ear from a neutral party – I can help.
I find great joy in investing in the lives of others. I consider it a privilege to facilitate counseling and be able to help people manage and navigate through difficult life experiences and transitions. I would like to walk alongside you through whatever challenges you may be currently experiencing. Whether you would like to work on processing past trauma, managing anxiety or depressed feelings, managing difficult relationships, developing coping skills or just have a listening ear from a neutral party – I can help.
(540) 900-0830 View (540) 900-0830
Photo of Colette Giovanniello - Colette Giovanniello LMFT, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Colette Giovanniello LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22603  (Online Only)
No matter where your path leads you the opportunity to heal is a gift. I have devoted my life to understanding the art and science of Clinical Psychotherapy. We get one chance in this lifetime let the healing begin today. It is never too late to learn how to trust, communicate, and love yourself again. Your life matters, family matters, financial stability matters, your friends matter, animals, and career. Live your truth, forgive forget, move on, and heal. Love and light are yours to hold forever. cagmft@gmail.com, or call at (360)703-7171 FOR AN APPOINTMENT TODAY !
No matter where your path leads you the opportunity to heal is a gift. I have devoted my life to understanding the art and science of Clinical Psychotherapy. We get one chance in this lifetime let the healing begin today. It is never too late to learn how to trust, communicate, and love yourself again. Your life matters, family matters, financial stability matters, your friends matter, animals, and career. Live your truth, forgive forget, move on, and heal. Love and light are yours to hold forever. cagmft@gmail.com, or call at (360)703-7171 FOR AN APPOINTMENT TODAY !
(703) 291-1490 View (703) 291-1490
Photo of Matthew V Bruffey, PsyD, Psychologist
Matthew V Bruffey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
I believe that therapy should be an active process, where clients work not only to reduce symptoms, but also to lead more fulfilling and meaningful lives. I enjoy helping clients examine their approach to their problems, face their fears and identify what really matters to them. I work primarily from a cognitive-behavioral perspective, which focuses on helping clients change their perspective and take action to improve their lives.
I believe that therapy should be an active process, where clients work not only to reduce symptoms, but also to lead more fulfilling and meaningful lives. I enjoy helping clients examine their approach to their problems, face their fears and identify what really matters to them. I work primarily from a cognitive-behavioral perspective, which focuses on helping clients change their perspective and take action to improve their lives.
(540) 692-1330 View (540) 692-1330
Photo of Candace Thompson - Changing Minds Counseling, LLC, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Changing Minds Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Young adults face many life transitions, such as identity exploration, planning for future education and career, and relationship challenges. Their therapeutic needs are personal and unique to their overall goals and view of life. Exploring trauma, addressing identity issues, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, and creating a new narrative for success are all part of effective psychotherapy.
Young adults face many life transitions, such as identity exploration, planning for future education and career, and relationship challenges. Their therapeutic needs are personal and unique to their overall goals and view of life. Exploring trauma, addressing identity issues, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, and creating a new narrative for success are all part of effective psychotherapy.
(540) 486-2714 View (540) 486-2714
Photo of Shirls J Hall, ACSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shirls J Hall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
I am passionate about supporting the healing of individuals, couples (partnered or married), and families. My clients come from all walks of life, ages and life’s circumstances. I work compassionately with Bariatric Clients. As a LGBTQIA+ affirming and anti-oppression informed practitioner, my work is client centered..."I meet you where you are." Identifying and healing the unconscious emotions, desires and needs leads to making life changes. A safe environment, without judgment, is vital for a strong therapeutic relationship and growth through therapy.
I am passionate about supporting the healing of individuals, couples (partnered or married), and families. My clients come from all walks of life, ages and life’s circumstances. I work compassionately with Bariatric Clients. As a LGBTQIA+ affirming and anti-oppression informed practitioner, my work is client centered..."I meet you where you are." Identifying and healing the unconscious emotions, desires and needs leads to making life changes. A safe environment, without judgment, is vital for a strong therapeutic relationship and growth through therapy.
(937) 446-6932 View (937) 446-6932
Photo of Paula J Hamm, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Paula J Hamm
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22602  (Online Only)
Running, running, running to where do I ask? Running away from painful feelings is often a compromised solution to painful feelings. Pain and Suffering is the portal to emotional maturity. No one is spared suffering but it is how we choose to make meaning out of loss that makes the difference between thriving or a life of bitterness and defeat. Intentional committment to understanding your unique narrative is the task I can help you with. Together we will identify the patterns of behavior, and intense emotional feelings that dysregulate your emotions. Please visit and contact me through my website; PaulaJHamm.com and send request
Running, running, running to where do I ask? Running away from painful feelings is often a compromised solution to painful feelings. Pain and Suffering is the portal to emotional maturity. No one is spared suffering but it is how we choose to make meaning out of loss that makes the difference between thriving or a life of bitterness and defeat. Intentional committment to understanding your unique narrative is the task I can help you with. Together we will identify the patterns of behavior, and intense emotional feelings that dysregulate your emotions. Please visit and contact me through my website; PaulaJHamm.com and send request
(703) 457-8940 View (703) 457-8940
Photo of Laura Sutton, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Laura Sutton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22603
Waitlist for new clients
I believe everyone is capable of living a life that brings them joy, happiness, and purpose- whatever that may mean to them. Too often, however, we are carrying the weight of stress, trauma, grief, regret, and shame with us as we try to push forward. Whether the effects of this weight is obvious, or you have adapted your life and identity to hide them, you deserve to be free to live your life in good health, with hope and happiness.
I believe everyone is capable of living a life that brings them joy, happiness, and purpose- whatever that may mean to them. Too often, however, we are carrying the weight of stress, trauma, grief, regret, and shame with us as we try to push forward. Whether the effects of this weight is obvious, or you have adapted your life and identity to hide them, you deserve to be free to live your life in good health, with hope and happiness.
(540) 329-2686 View (540) 329-2686
Photo of Jennifer H Winslow, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer H Winslow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22601
My ideal client will want to grow from our time together. I will provide you with education and ideas as to how you can improve your mental health. What you do with that information outside of our sessions determines your success!
My ideal client will want to grow from our time together. I will provide you with education and ideas as to how you can improve your mental health. What you do with that information outside of our sessions determines your success!
(540) 579-2779 View (540) 579-2779
Photo of Encircle- Heidi Ivey, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Encircle- Heidi Ivey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be overwhelming and lead us to want change. Mental health concerns, worries, daily struggles, past traumatic experiences- so many things can pile on and reduce our window of tolerance. Often we struggle to find the next steps towards getting things to a more balanced state. In our time together, I will empower you to identify your needs and work towards achieving your goals in a warm and supportive environment. We will work to build openness and communication skills that help strengthen your natural supports. This is a space for you to work towards things being better- whatever better might look like for you.
Life can be overwhelming and lead us to want change. Mental health concerns, worries, daily struggles, past traumatic experiences- so many things can pile on and reduce our window of tolerance. Often we struggle to find the next steps towards getting things to a more balanced state. In our time together, I will empower you to identify your needs and work towards achieving your goals in a warm and supportive environment. We will work to build openness and communication skills that help strengthen your natural supports. This is a space for you to work towards things being better- whatever better might look like for you.
(540) 773-2220 View (540) 773-2220
Photo of Megan Hines - Hines & Associates, PhD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hines & Associates
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
Not accepting new clients
Hines & Associates offers comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to help individuals who are seeking to Build Life Experiences Worth Living. We are here to help adolescents and adults who are looking for help in regulating their emotions, improving their lives, and learning skills to effectively address each moment. We work with individuals who are suffering from suicidal thoughts, self harm, anxiety, depression and a variety of additional life-threatening behaviors. Comprehensive DBT consists of individual therapy, skills training group, phone coaching, and therapist consultation team.
Hines & Associates offers comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to help individuals who are seeking to Build Life Experiences Worth Living. We are here to help adolescents and adults who are looking for help in regulating their emotions, improving their lives, and learning skills to effectively address each moment. We work with individuals who are suffering from suicidal thoughts, self harm, anxiety, depression and a variety of additional life-threatening behaviors. Comprehensive DBT consists of individual therapy, skills training group, phone coaching, and therapist consultation team.
(540) 318-0710 View (540) 318-0710
Photo of Mary Anne Alderfer - Mary Anne Alderfer, LPC, EdS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary Anne Alderfer, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22601  (Online Only)
I bring 35+ years of counseling experience to our time together. My orientation can best be described as eclectic, drawing from rogerian, cognitive behavioral and family systems theory and techniques. Our first session provides the opportunity to decide together whether I am best able to help you accomplish your goals. If you are unsure of who/what would best suit your needs, I will be glad to offer my help in finding the resources you ay need.
I bring 35+ years of counseling experience to our time together. My orientation can best be described as eclectic, drawing from rogerian, cognitive behavioral and family systems theory and techniques. Our first session provides the opportunity to decide together whether I am best able to help you accomplish your goals. If you are unsure of who/what would best suit your needs, I will be glad to offer my help in finding the resources you ay need.
(540) 999-4395 View (540) 999-4395
Photo of Fred Sabia, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Fred Sabia
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Winchester, VA 22601
I always gravitated to jobs that entailed helping people: Teacher; American Red Cross; Covenant House. I had also pursued seminary studies and was briefly on track to becoming a clergyman. Entry into grad school to study Counseling seemed the next natural step in my career path. But there was a more profound reason I became a Professional Helper, and that is my own lifelong struggles with anxiety and depression.
I always gravitated to jobs that entailed helping people: Teacher; American Red Cross; Covenant House. I had also pursued seminary studies and was briefly on track to becoming a clergyman. Entry into grad school to study Counseling seemed the next natural step in my career path. But there was a more profound reason I became a Professional Helper, and that is my own lifelong struggles with anxiety and depression.
(540) 539-0145 View (540) 539-0145
Photo of Lauren Hepler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Hepler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22603  (Online Only)
Are you a mom who has found yourself feeling sad, anxious, overwhelmed, depressed, or worried? Are you looking for support to help you cope with not feeling like yourself, low self-esteem, anxiety, parenting stress, or life as a newly postpartum mom? If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, Psychotherapy for Women is the right place for you. Whether it's life stressors, limited support, relationships and parenting, pregnancy, grief and loss, anxiety and depression, low self-esteem, worry, or changes in mood, Psychotherapy for Women is here to help.
Are you a mom who has found yourself feeling sad, anxious, overwhelmed, depressed, or worried? Are you looking for support to help you cope with not feeling like yourself, low self-esteem, anxiety, parenting stress, or life as a newly postpartum mom? If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, Psychotherapy for Women is the right place for you. Whether it's life stressors, limited support, relationships and parenting, pregnancy, grief and loss, anxiety and depression, low self-esteem, worry, or changes in mood, Psychotherapy for Women is here to help.
(540) 274-0616 View (540) 274-0616
Photo of Heather Leach, MA, LPC, CCTP, EMDRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Leach
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP, EMDRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22601
Heather studied Neuroscience/Psychology at Tulane University 2008 with Master's Neuroscience work and Master's Degree in Professional Counseling 2012. She has 22 years of experience in the mental health field. She has extensive experience in abuse and trauma work as well as the neurological etiology of trauma related disorders. She has worked in a variety of settings and is certified in EMDR through EMDRIA and is a Consultant/Facilitator in Training. Heather gives seminars through EMDRIA on the neurobiology of dissociative trauma. Therapy includes the 8 phases of EMDR with multi-therapeutic interventions.
Heather studied Neuroscience/Psychology at Tulane University 2008 with Master's Neuroscience work and Master's Degree in Professional Counseling 2012. She has 22 years of experience in the mental health field. She has extensive experience in abuse and trauma work as well as the neurological etiology of trauma related disorders. She has worked in a variety of settings and is certified in EMDR through EMDRIA and is a Consultant/Facilitator in Training. Heather gives seminars through EMDRIA on the neurobiology of dissociative trauma. Therapy includes the 8 phases of EMDR with multi-therapeutic interventions.
(540) 779-8910 View (540) 779-8910
Photo of Tracy Knight, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tracy Knight
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22602
Are you struggling with grief, sadness, or depression? Do you feel like it takes extra effort to get things accomplished, or just to get through the day? Do you feel overwhelmed with anxiety about everything, or have trouble obtaining adequate sleep? Things can get better, but it is hard to do it alone. I am so thankful that you have chosen to reach out for support. I am a LPC specializing in work with adults. Therapy can be enlightening and transformative when you are paired with the right therapist for you.
Are you struggling with grief, sadness, or depression? Do you feel like it takes extra effort to get things accomplished, or just to get through the day? Do you feel overwhelmed with anxiety about everything, or have trouble obtaining adequate sleep? Things can get better, but it is hard to do it alone. I am so thankful that you have chosen to reach out for support. I am a LPC specializing in work with adults. Therapy can be enlightening and transformative when you are paired with the right therapist for you.
(540) 831-3982 View (540) 831-3982
Photo of Joan Monahan - Comprehensive Counseling Center, MA, LPC, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Comprehensive Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winchester, VA 22601
You have the power to tell your story and use your voice. I have a desire to listen and guide you through the story. An integrative, caring approach with an empathetic style is the approach taken with clients. I have experience working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and mood disorders. I guide clients so they may formulate goals that promote positive outcomes. You can make counseling a productive part of your life. The theories I offer become tools to manage stress and improve functioning.
You have the power to tell your story and use your voice. I have a desire to listen and guide you through the story. An integrative, caring approach with an empathetic style is the approach taken with clients. I have experience working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and mood disorders. I guide clients so they may formulate goals that promote positive outcomes. You can make counseling a productive part of your life. The theories I offer become tools to manage stress and improve functioning.
(540) 324-2629 View (540) 324-2629

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Winchester, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Winchester, VA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
82% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% Anthem | Elevance
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Winchester, VA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Winchester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.