Therapists in Rochester, MN

Photo of Sarah Hancock-Hall, LPCC, Counselor
Sarah Hancock-Hall
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55901
Hello and welcome! Are you experiencing challenges with sex or sexuality? Perhaps a loss of sexual desire is getting in the way of your relationship with your partner. Are you frustrated that your body isn't responding the way it used to? Maybe you are a poly person seeking support around relationships and sex. Other challenges may include painful sex, erectile issues, guilt, shame, and avoidance, or life transitions such as after baby, in the menopausal years, or in the aftermath of a health condition such as cancer. Therapy is LGBTQ+, polyamory, and kink affirming.
Hello and welcome! Are you experiencing challenges with sex or sexuality? Perhaps a loss of sexual desire is getting in the way of your relationship with your partner. Are you frustrated that your body isn't responding the way it used to? Maybe you are a poly person seeking support around relationships and sex. Other challenges may include painful sex, erectile issues, guilt, shame, and avoidance, or life transitions such as after baby, in the menopausal years, or in the aftermath of a health condition such as cancer. Therapy is LGBTQ+, polyamory, and kink affirming.
(507) 556-3079 View (507) 556-3079
Photo of Debra A Moran, LLC, MA, LP, Psychologist
Debra A Moran
Psychologist, LLC, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
I am a Licensed Psychologist, who has been assisting others in finding ways to lessen the impact, understand and navigate life's challenges and transitions for nearly 25 years. With experience in working with individuals encountering a number of different challenges/diagnoses/stressors, I strive to foster and facilitate self-discovery, learning of coping skills, and healing in a casual and comfortable environment with a validating and non-judgmental attitude.
I am a Licensed Psychologist, who has been assisting others in finding ways to lessen the impact, understand and navigate life's challenges and transitions for nearly 25 years. With experience in working with individuals encountering a number of different challenges/diagnoses/stressors, I strive to foster and facilitate self-discovery, learning of coping skills, and healing in a casual and comfortable environment with a validating and non-judgmental attitude.
(507) 316-6794 x3 View (507) 316-6794 x3
Photo of Julie Bussman - Julie Bussman, PhD, LP, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Julie Bussman, PhD, LP
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adolescents and adults. I have experience working in outpatient clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, college counseling centers, elementary schools, private practice, drug treatment centers, Indian reservations, and in rural locations. I enjoy providing individual therapy services as well as psychological evaluations. I am licensed by the Minnesota Board of Psychology, California Board of Psychology, and the Florida Board of Psychology. I am a full member of the Minnesota Psychological Association and the American Psychological Association.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adolescents and adults. I have experience working in outpatient clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, college counseling centers, elementary schools, private practice, drug treatment centers, Indian reservations, and in rural locations. I enjoy providing individual therapy services as well as psychological evaluations. I am licensed by the Minnesota Board of Psychology, California Board of Psychology, and the Florida Board of Psychology. I am a full member of the Minnesota Psychological Association and the American Psychological Association.
(507) 593-5388 View (507) 593-5388
Photo of Lindsey Lilly, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Lindsey Lilly
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55906
I very much enjoy working with individuals who are dedicated to inspiration within themselves. Every unique individual can aspire to greatness.
I very much enjoy working with individuals who are dedicated to inspiration within themselves. Every unique individual can aspire to greatness.
(507) 476-9088 View (507) 476-9088
Photo of April Justice, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
April Justice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901  (Online Only)
ANXIETY: maybe you've had it all your life, or it's something new for you. You find yourself lying awake at night, tossing and turning, trying to quiet the thoughts racing around in your mind so you can sleep. You snap at your partner for no reason at all. You don't feel like yourself. You have forgotten what it's like to relax, to enjoy life, and have peace. You look around and want what others seemingly have - happiness, fulfilling jobs, healthy relationships. You've come to the right place to find healing, a new way of looking at things, and validation that you are okay.
ANXIETY: maybe you've had it all your life, or it's something new for you. You find yourself lying awake at night, tossing and turning, trying to quiet the thoughts racing around in your mind so you can sleep. You snap at your partner for no reason at all. You don't feel like yourself. You have forgotten what it's like to relax, to enjoy life, and have peace. You look around and want what others seemingly have - happiness, fulfilling jobs, healthy relationships. You've come to the right place to find healing, a new way of looking at things, and validation that you are okay.
(507) 419-5065 View (507) 419-5065
Photo of Tonya Jo Rein -  Tonya Jo Rein at Psyche Studio 85 , MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tonya Jo Rein at Psyche Studio 85
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55904
Here you are inquiring about a space, about being seen, being heard, feeling understood, and accepted. THERAPY. A practice full of compassion, vulnerability, connection and growth. I believe right now in this present moment that there is trust and light within each of our hearts. I believe that our hearts become ignited as a therapeutic relationship and intentional practice grows, as we intertwine our energy, our words, our creativity, the therapeutic work that is filled with understanding, support, encouragement and knowledge that is what creates harmonizing growth, healing and wholeness within oneself.
Here you are inquiring about a space, about being seen, being heard, feeling understood, and accepted. THERAPY. A practice full of compassion, vulnerability, connection and growth. I believe right now in this present moment that there is trust and light within each of our hearts. I believe that our hearts become ignited as a therapeutic relationship and intentional practice grows, as we intertwine our energy, our words, our creativity, the therapeutic work that is filled with understanding, support, encouragement and knowledge that is what creates harmonizing growth, healing and wholeness within oneself.
(507) 881-0075 View (507) 881-0075
Photo of Dennis McGinnis, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dennis McGinnis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Are you in mental pain and you need a safe space to talk with a professional ?
Are you in mental pain and you need a safe space to talk with a professional ?
(507) 533-3112 View (507) 533-3112
Photo of Catherine M Avant, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Catherine M Avant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
I enjoy working with clients who are willing to broaden their perspective, to try new ways of doing things, and are willing to build on their own authenticity. I typically work with folks living with depression, anxiety, trauma and stressor related disorders, challenges adjusting to new life circumstances, and relationship issues. My favorite aspect of therapy is being able to offer individuals hope and a fresh perspective in areas of their lives where they have lost sight of their own strength, and do so through the power of the therapeutic relationship.
I enjoy working with clients who are willing to broaden their perspective, to try new ways of doing things, and are willing to build on their own authenticity. I typically work with folks living with depression, anxiety, trauma and stressor related disorders, challenges adjusting to new life circumstances, and relationship issues. My favorite aspect of therapy is being able to offer individuals hope and a fresh perspective in areas of their lives where they have lost sight of their own strength, and do so through the power of the therapeutic relationship.
(507) 632-8372 View (507) 632-8372
Photo of Yvette A. Kidman, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Yvette A. Kidman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55904
Not accepting new clients
Are you lonely? Maybe your relationships provide more negative feelings than positive ones, or your family environment feels like a war zone. Either way, you hurt. Understanding and learning how to express your pain in a way that can be heard is a process. I provide a non-judgmental space for you to both, discover and express yourself to those you love. Learning to love well can heal wounds while providing a pathway for a healthier future. Together, we will work to find meaning and purpose in your pain. Always holding hope for healing and a brighter tomorrow.
Are you lonely? Maybe your relationships provide more negative feelings than positive ones, or your family environment feels like a war zone. Either way, you hurt. Understanding and learning how to express your pain in a way that can be heard is a process. I provide a non-judgmental space for you to both, discover and express yourself to those you love. Learning to love well can heal wounds while providing a pathway for a healthier future. Together, we will work to find meaning and purpose in your pain. Always holding hope for healing and a brighter tomorrow.
(507) 200-3215 View (507) 200-3215
David L Jamison
Marriage & Family Therapist, M Div, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
I value the institution of marriage. Marriage is foundational to the well being of each family member. The marital sub-system is the most important system in the Family System. If the marital sub-system fails all the other Family systems fail. I tell couples one of the things they need, to build longevity into their marriage is to love the institution of marriage just a little bit more then they love each other. I seek to get to know the couple by taking a "dating & courtship" history. Then I want to know "why now" why did you make the appointment.
I value the institution of marriage. Marriage is foundational to the well being of each family member. The marital sub-system is the most important system in the Family System. If the marital sub-system fails all the other Family systems fail. I tell couples one of the things they need, to build longevity into their marriage is to love the institution of marriage just a little bit more then they love each other. I seek to get to know the couple by taking a "dating & courtship" history. Then I want to know "why now" why did you make the appointment.
(507) 273-8971 View (507) 273-8971
Photo of Adam Lee, LMFT, LADC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Adam Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902
Are you feeling your life or relationships are off? That there is a way to make it better just around the corner but you don't know how to get there? I know exactly how you're feeling: frustrated in what you have tried, not where you want to be, feeling stuck, and ready to throw it all away. Being stuck can lead to depression, anxiety, or irritability. I don't want you to suffer any more. I look forward to teaching you how therapy can provide direction and help you take your life back.
Are you feeling your life or relationships are off? That there is a way to make it better just around the corner but you don't know how to get there? I know exactly how you're feeling: frustrated in what you have tried, not where you want to be, feeling stuck, and ready to throw it all away. Being stuck can lead to depression, anxiety, or irritability. I don't want you to suffer any more. I look forward to teaching you how therapy can provide direction and help you take your life back.
(507) 565-6617 View (507) 565-6617
Photo of Dr. Alicia Young, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Alicia Young
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901
Life's barriers sometimes get in the way of living life as abundantly as we would like. I know that it can be hard to seek help. I would be honored to come alongside you and see if we can find a way to overcome the barriers in life. Using a holistic approach, I will listen with empathy and together identify changes to be made and how to make those changes. Moreover, we will identify other important people in your life, including other health professionals with whom coordinating care will enrich your experience.
Life's barriers sometimes get in the way of living life as abundantly as we would like. I know that it can be hard to seek help. I would be honored to come alongside you and see if we can find a way to overcome the barriers in life. Using a holistic approach, I will listen with empathy and together identify changes to be made and how to make those changes. Moreover, we will identify other important people in your life, including other health professionals with whom coordinating care will enrich your experience.
(507) 698-1307 View (507) 698-1307
Photo of Christa Welbon, BS, LADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Christa Welbon
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, BS, LADC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55901  (Online Only)
Have you had life circumstances change and are looking for assistance in your recovery? I have been working with people who have addiction issues for over 25 years. I am motivated by peoples' ability to make positive life changes and believe everyone can choose to change and improve their life. I will meet you wherever you are in your recovery and help you make a plan for continued success. I believe in providing a safe and supportive space and looking at the whole person when working with a client. I use evidence based therapeutic interventions based on each client's goals.
Have you had life circumstances change and are looking for assistance in your recovery? I have been working with people who have addiction issues for over 25 years. I am motivated by peoples' ability to make positive life changes and believe everyone can choose to change and improve their life. I will meet you wherever you are in your recovery and help you make a plan for continued success. I believe in providing a safe and supportive space and looking at the whole person when working with a client. I use evidence based therapeutic interventions based on each client's goals.
(507) 607-7647 View (507) 607-7647
Photo of Margaret Mohr, MA, LAMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Margaret Mohr
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
Hey there, I am so happy that your journey has brought you to me! First off I want you to know that you are doing such an amazing thing for yourself just looking for a therapist. I encourage you to take the next step in reaching out to me so that we can start making a change in your life today! I strive to create an open and supportive environment for you to share your story, and to help you uncover hidden possibilities and strengths to empower you to regulate negative stories from the past. Together we will create a positive and fulfilling future through your experience with me in therapy and beyond therapy.
Hey there, I am so happy that your journey has brought you to me! First off I want you to know that you are doing such an amazing thing for yourself just looking for a therapist. I encourage you to take the next step in reaching out to me so that we can start making a change in your life today! I strive to create an open and supportive environment for you to share your story, and to help you uncover hidden possibilities and strengths to empower you to regulate negative stories from the past. Together we will create a positive and fulfilling future through your experience with me in therapy and beyond therapy.
(336) 800-2072 View (336) 800-2072
Photo of Diane Cervven - Unlocking Beauty, llc, LPCC, Counselor
Unlocking Beauty, llc
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55904  (Online Only)
Are anxiety and relationship challenges affecting your daily life? You seek to align your mental health with your faith, desiring God's peace and deeper, Christ-centered connections. Your goal is to overcome negative thought patterns, develop healthier habits, and find strength in your faith. You want a therapist who understands your Christian values and provides compassionate, faith-integrated strategies. You yearn for a therapeutic journey that combines proven techniques with spiritual growth, helping you live fully in God's grace. You're ready to break free from the burdens holding you back and embrace a future filled with hope,
Are anxiety and relationship challenges affecting your daily life? You seek to align your mental health with your faith, desiring God's peace and deeper, Christ-centered connections. Your goal is to overcome negative thought patterns, develop healthier habits, and find strength in your faith. You want a therapist who understands your Christian values and provides compassionate, faith-integrated strategies. You yearn for a therapeutic journey that combines proven techniques with spiritual growth, helping you live fully in God's grace. You're ready to break free from the burdens holding you back and embrace a future filled with hope,
(507) 214-1015 View (507) 214-1015
Photo of Christina Pristash - Christina Pristash, MS, LMFT, LLC, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christina Pristash, MS, LMFT, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55906  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have a genuine interest in helping individuals and families achieve a greater sense of wellness in their lives. By learning to be good to yourself ultimately allows you to be the best you for others. Symptoms are often something we experience when life is out of balance and/or we aren't practicing wellness. I believe in creating a collaborative relationship between our mind and body, which promotes long-term health and wellness. We are ever-changing beings, and it is an empowering experience to embrace our evolution and allow our strengths and intentions to carry us forward.
I have a genuine interest in helping individuals and families achieve a greater sense of wellness in their lives. By learning to be good to yourself ultimately allows you to be the best you for others. Symptoms are often something we experience when life is out of balance and/or we aren't practicing wellness. I believe in creating a collaborative relationship between our mind and body, which promotes long-term health and wellness. We are ever-changing beings, and it is an empowering experience to embrace our evolution and allow our strengths and intentions to carry us forward.
(507) 322-3721 View (507) 322-3721
Photo of Natalie Hagle, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Natalie Hagle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55904  (Online Only)
Trauma based approach, PTSD, Christian Counseling, EMDR, DBT, and CBT offered. As you begin your search for a therapist, please remember to put yourself first and trust that you are worth it! Sometimes it can be easy to bypass ourselves and continue to put others first only to find emptiness staring back at us in the mirror. Let’s work together to find out who you really are and start “showing up” for yourself like you do others. Let’s build confidence and motivation to meet your goals and finally feel at peace in life again. One step at a time remembering that you are not alone in this journey.
Trauma based approach, PTSD, Christian Counseling, EMDR, DBT, and CBT offered. As you begin your search for a therapist, please remember to put yourself first and trust that you are worth it! Sometimes it can be easy to bypass ourselves and continue to put others first only to find emptiness staring back at us in the mirror. Let’s work together to find out who you really are and start “showing up” for yourself like you do others. Let’s build confidence and motivation to meet your goals and finally feel at peace in life again. One step at a time remembering that you are not alone in this journey.
(320) 613-2836 View (320) 613-2836
Photo of Becky Vigars, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Becky Vigars
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
On a very practical level, I work to understand the issues and challenges of your life, as well as the strengths you have that we build on. It is my hope to work together to bring about the changes you desire for a more fulfilling life. I enjoy working with adolescents, individuals, and couples. I work with people who experience depression, anxiety, wanting to improve self-esteem, and deal with past and present trauma. I also work with people dealing with health and wellness issues, stress, substance abuse, and other emotional challenges of life. I look forward to meeting you.
On a very practical level, I work to understand the issues and challenges of your life, as well as the strengths you have that we build on. It is my hope to work together to bring about the changes you desire for a more fulfilling life. I enjoy working with adolescents, individuals, and couples. I work with people who experience depression, anxiety, wanting to improve self-esteem, and deal with past and present trauma. I also work with people dealing with health and wellness issues, stress, substance abuse, and other emotional challenges of life. I look forward to meeting you.
(507) 413-5064 View (507) 413-5064
Photo of Doug Petrie, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Doug Petrie
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Rochester, MN 55902
Doug has many years of professional therapy experience working with children and adults. His specialities include: trauma, child abuse, depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, adoption, sexual identity, and life transitions. Clients appreciate his calm, reassuring and engaging presence and knowledgeable, empowering and creative approaches for understanding and overcoming these serious problems. Your values, ideas and preferences are fully respected and help create truly meaningful results. Doug has a Master's degree in Counseling Psychology from St. Thomas University, a Certified Narrative Therapist, and Registered Play Therapist.
Doug has many years of professional therapy experience working with children and adults. His specialities include: trauma, child abuse, depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, adoption, sexual identity, and life transitions. Clients appreciate his calm, reassuring and engaging presence and knowledgeable, empowering and creative approaches for understanding and overcoming these serious problems. Your values, ideas and preferences are fully respected and help create truly meaningful results. Doug has a Master's degree in Counseling Psychology from St. Thomas University, a Certified Narrative Therapist, and Registered Play Therapist.
(612) 712-5959 View (612) 712-5959
Photo of Kayleigh Cleveland, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kayleigh Cleveland
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochester, MN 55902
Life is a complex journey and we are not meant to experience it alone. We all have a unique story that deserves to be witnessed and explored in a safe space, like therapy. If you have life stressors that are getting in the way and affecting how you communicate and interact with others, therapy is for you. If you need a space to share what happened in your childhood and gain resources to move forward in life, therapy is for you. Wherever you are on your journey, we can work together to identify your needs and areas of support. I take an eclectic approach to treatment using evidence-based practices that best suit my client's needs.
Life is a complex journey and we are not meant to experience it alone. We all have a unique story that deserves to be witnessed and explored in a safe space, like therapy. If you have life stressors that are getting in the way and affecting how you communicate and interact with others, therapy is for you. If you need a space to share what happened in your childhood and gain resources to move forward in life, therapy is for you. Wherever you are on your journey, we can work together to identify your needs and areas of support. I take an eclectic approach to treatment using evidence-based practices that best suit my client's needs.
(507) 682-7360 View (507) 682-7360
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rochester, MN

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Rochester, MN who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
70% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
64% Relationship Issues
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Optum
79% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
74% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Rochester, MN see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rochester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.