Therapists in San Diego, CA

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Photo of Nahyune (Gina) Lim, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Nahyune (Gina) Lim
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with clients who are facing anxiety, depression, and trauma/PTSD, along with those working through significant transitions in their relationships, careers, and health. As a client-centered and strength-based therapist, I believe that you are ultimately the expert on yourself and it is my role to help guide you back to living the life you want to live.
I specialize in working with clients who are facing anxiety, depression, and trauma/PTSD, along with those working through significant transitions in their relationships, careers, and health. As a client-centered and strength-based therapist, I believe that you are ultimately the expert on yourself and it is my role to help guide you back to living the life you want to live.
(619) 330-7634 View (619) 330-7634
Photo of Ky Ngo Dennis, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ky Ngo Dennis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Are you feeling stagnant in traditional talk therapy? Do you need a nudge to go deeper? I am a somatic psychotherapist who focuses on experiential approaches. I help clients create change and access their psyche on a deeper level, not just by talking. Some of my methodologies include Internal Family Systems (IFS or Parts Work), acupressure breathwork, energy work, inner child work, and Buddhist psychology.
Are you feeling stagnant in traditional talk therapy? Do you need a nudge to go deeper? I am a somatic psychotherapist who focuses on experiential approaches. I help clients create change and access their psyche on a deeper level, not just by talking. Some of my methodologies include Internal Family Systems (IFS or Parts Work), acupressure breathwork, energy work, inner child work, and Buddhist psychology.
(619) 975-4528 View (619) 975-4528
Photo of Carolyn Fisher, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carolyn Fisher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130  (Online Only)
Parenting can be tough. You wonder if your child will ever grow out of their excessive worries, meltdowns, or tantrums, and you become exhausted and feel guilty for being frustrated with them. The nightly battle with homework and reports from school are wearing you down. The power struggle with your spirited toddler or your strong willed adolescent may leave you overwhelmed and wondering what you can do differently. Communicating and feeling unified with your partner or caregiver may be difficult or your styles may be different, creating a state of uncertainty or chaos in the home.
Parenting can be tough. You wonder if your child will ever grow out of their excessive worries, meltdowns, or tantrums, and you become exhausted and feel guilty for being frustrated with them. The nightly battle with homework and reports from school are wearing you down. The power struggle with your spirited toddler or your strong willed adolescent may leave you overwhelmed and wondering what you can do differently. Communicating and feeling unified with your partner or caregiver may be difficult or your styles may be different, creating a state of uncertainty or chaos in the home.
(747) 233-4407 View (747) 233-4407
Photo of Max Doshay, PsyD, Psychologist
Max Doshay
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92111
Dr. Max Doshay believes it is of utmost importance to treat all patients holistically and examine all levels of their functioning. Incorporating a variety of evidence-based assessment methods such as the WAIS IV, MMPI 3, WRAML 3, TAT, Vineland Adaptive Scales, and Bender Visual Spatial Gestalt Test (and more!), Dr. Max and his team can help tailor an individualized treatment plan through Neuropsychological Evaluations that meets the patient’s specific wants and needs instead of applying a “one size fits all” therapeutic technique used by many in the mental health industry.
Dr. Max Doshay believes it is of utmost importance to treat all patients holistically and examine all levels of their functioning. Incorporating a variety of evidence-based assessment methods such as the WAIS IV, MMPI 3, WRAML 3, TAT, Vineland Adaptive Scales, and Bender Visual Spatial Gestalt Test (and more!), Dr. Max and his team can help tailor an individualized treatment plan through Neuropsychological Evaluations that meets the patient’s specific wants and needs instead of applying a “one size fits all” therapeutic technique used by many in the mental health industry.
(858) 346-6571 View (858) 346-6571
Photo of Robert L Bray, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert L Bray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92120
I use forty years of experience as a professional therapist to resolve your individual or family problems. Using cutting edge therapies in a solution oriented approach, I can identify and eliminates those blocks to personal action needed to improve your situation, expand relationships, and enhance your performance. I published a book about recovering from traumatic stress. Heal Traumatic Stress NOW, Complete Recovery with Thought Field Therapy - is available on my website, www.rlbray.com.
I use forty years of experience as a professional therapist to resolve your individual or family problems. Using cutting edge therapies in a solution oriented approach, I can identify and eliminates those blocks to personal action needed to improve your situation, expand relationships, and enhance your performance. I published a book about recovering from traumatic stress. Heal Traumatic Stress NOW, Complete Recovery with Thought Field Therapy - is available on my website, www.rlbray.com.
(619) 377-8651 View (619) 377-8651
Photo of Loretta Lowery, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Loretta Lowery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
If you're looking for support and guidance through a challenging time or you are contemplating making a change and want explore moving in a new direction in your life, therapy is a great first step. I have 25+ years of experience working with individuals to help them get a better understanding of the issues and challenges that are creating difficulties in their lives. With compassion, warmth and a safe environment, we will work together identifying issues, gaining insights into unhealthy patterns, setting goals for the future and making the changes you desire for a more fulfilling life.
If you're looking for support and guidance through a challenging time or you are contemplating making a change and want explore moving in a new direction in your life, therapy is a great first step. I have 25+ years of experience working with individuals to help them get a better understanding of the issues and challenges that are creating difficulties in their lives. With compassion, warmth and a safe environment, we will work together identifying issues, gaining insights into unhealthy patterns, setting goals for the future and making the changes you desire for a more fulfilling life.
(619) 663-5972 View (619) 663-5972
Photo of Veronica Viesca, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Veronica Viesca
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108  (Online Only)
Whatever you are going through. I am here to help! I work with individuals, couples, and families without judgement! I provide tools to manage symptoms but also explore what is causing these symptoms and work to heal that as well. I believe our emotions and the way we connect to people in the world around us significantly impacts our overall health and even our longevity. We often aren't taught how to manage the stressors in our lives, but I am here to help!
Whatever you are going through. I am here to help! I work with individuals, couples, and families without judgement! I provide tools to manage symptoms but also explore what is causing these symptoms and work to heal that as well. I believe our emotions and the way we connect to people in the world around us significantly impacts our overall health and even our longevity. We often aren't taught how to manage the stressors in our lives, but I am here to help!
(619) 371-9223 View (619) 371-9223
Photo of Zohreh Kermani, PsyD, Psychologist
Zohreh Kermani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92101
Dr. Kermani is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist at a private practice. She earned her Psy.D. at the California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego. She is also certified and graduated from an advanced training program in psychoanalytic psychotherapy at SDPC. Her extended experiences are included working in residential and outpatient settings with culturally diverse individuals and various clinical presentations. She provides a modality treatment approach that draws upon psychodynamic theory to facilitate self-awareness and self-growth.
Dr. Kermani is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist at a private practice. She earned her Psy.D. at the California School of Professional Psychology in San Diego. She is also certified and graduated from an advanced training program in psychoanalytic psychotherapy at SDPC. Her extended experiences are included working in residential and outpatient settings with culturally diverse individuals and various clinical presentations. She provides a modality treatment approach that draws upon psychodynamic theory to facilitate self-awareness and self-growth.
(858) 943-0506 View (858) 943-0506
Photo of Reina Remy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Reina Remy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123
I work collaboratively and creatively to help you/your child or teen identify the root causes underlying the current struggles and increase awareness of solutions in your lives. I use play/art techniques to explore thoughts and feelings, emphasize therapeutic experiments, and process traumas to help you/your child feel better and improve the quality of your lives. I have more than 20 years experience helping children, teens, adults, and parents with trauma, grief, anxiety, family conflicts, bipolar, ADHD, and depression, among other issues. I also love working with LGBTQ community, military families, twins, and parenting struggles.
I work collaboratively and creatively to help you/your child or teen identify the root causes underlying the current struggles and increase awareness of solutions in your lives. I use play/art techniques to explore thoughts and feelings, emphasize therapeutic experiments, and process traumas to help you/your child feel better and improve the quality of your lives. I have more than 20 years experience helping children, teens, adults, and parents with trauma, grief, anxiety, family conflicts, bipolar, ADHD, and depression, among other issues. I also love working with LGBTQ community, military families, twins, and parenting struggles.
(858) 215-1978 View (858) 215-1978
Photo of Justin LaPilusa, PsyD, QME, Psychologist
Justin LaPilusa
Psychologist, PsyD, QME
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128
Life is hard and, at times, it can be scary, lonely, and stressful. People are searching for happiness, fulfilling relationships, meaning and personal growth. For the past 15 years, I have specialized in trauma, depression, and anxiety. I believe in the importance of empowerment through self-confidence and self-compassion. Together, we will work to create the life you deserve, a life with joy, purpose and connection.
Life is hard and, at times, it can be scary, lonely, and stressful. People are searching for happiness, fulfilling relationships, meaning and personal growth. For the past 15 years, I have specialized in trauma, depression, and anxiety. I believe in the importance of empowerment through self-confidence and self-compassion. Together, we will work to create the life you deserve, a life with joy, purpose and connection.
(858) 295-3555 View (858) 295-3555
Photo of Elizabeth Cover, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Cover
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Navigating life's circumstances and challenges can take up a lot of space in our lives. Maybe you are looking for more spaciousness, more time for yourself, or an extra ear to listen to and fully "get" you. Or perhaps anxiety or depression has become a constant presence, and you desire a change and want more connection. Sharing our experiences with others provides an opportunity to feel understood. In a therapeutic relationship, we explore patterns and coping strategies to better form a picture of how we operate in the world. It can help us identify what is and isn't working towards getting your needs met more fully.
Navigating life's circumstances and challenges can take up a lot of space in our lives. Maybe you are looking for more spaciousness, more time for yourself, or an extra ear to listen to and fully "get" you. Or perhaps anxiety or depression has become a constant presence, and you desire a change and want more connection. Sharing our experiences with others provides an opportunity to feel understood. In a therapeutic relationship, we explore patterns and coping strategies to better form a picture of how we operate in the world. It can help us identify what is and isn't working towards getting your needs met more fully.
(510) 984-2310 View (510) 984-2310
Photo of Jeff Cox, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeff Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
I love working with people who are new to therapy or have been in therapy but don't feel it has been helpful and who want to try a different approach.
I love working with people who are new to therapy or have been in therapy but don't feel it has been helpful and who want to try a different approach.
(619) 724-4416 View (619) 724-4416
Photo of For More Information - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy DBT IOP, DBT IOP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Personal Evolution Psychotherapy DBT IOP
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DBT IOP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Are you a teen or adult that is unable to do your daily activities? Unable to go to work or school? Too depressed to get out of bed? Too anxious to go out? Feeling the urge to self medicate to get through the day? Did you just get released from the psychiatric hospital? Do you have big emotions that run your life? Do you feel out of control? Do you ask yourself why you should continue to go on? Have you tried Intensive Outpatient Programs before and not liked being in groups with people you don't know? Have you wished you could find an IOP that helps you privately? Then PEP's DBT IOP is the right place for you!
Are you a teen or adult that is unable to do your daily activities? Unable to go to work or school? Too depressed to get out of bed? Too anxious to go out? Feeling the urge to self medicate to get through the day? Did you just get released from the psychiatric hospital? Do you have big emotions that run your life? Do you feel out of control? Do you ask yourself why you should continue to go on? Have you tried Intensive Outpatient Programs before and not liked being in groups with people you don't know? Have you wished you could find an IOP that helps you privately? Then PEP's DBT IOP is the right place for you!
(619) 787-6676 View (619) 787-6676
Photo of Gracie Berntsen, LPCC, PMH-C
Gracie Berntsen
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! I specialize in working with adults navigating life transitions and overwhelm. I thrive working with clients wanting to learn more about themselves and the patterns they are living in. I have experience working with clients managing symptoms of anxiety, ADHD, depression, grief, guilt, life transitions, low self-esteem, and childhood attachment wounds. I am Perinatal Mental Health Certified (PMH-C) and enjoy working with the perinatal population supporting people through the tough roads of infertility, loss, pregnancy, postpartum, parenting, and beyond.
Hello and welcome! I specialize in working with adults navigating life transitions and overwhelm. I thrive working with clients wanting to learn more about themselves and the patterns they are living in. I have experience working with clients managing symptoms of anxiety, ADHD, depression, grief, guilt, life transitions, low self-esteem, and childhood attachment wounds. I am Perinatal Mental Health Certified (PMH-C) and enjoy working with the perinatal population supporting people through the tough roads of infertility, loss, pregnancy, postpartum, parenting, and beyond.
(858) 304-0990 View (858) 304-0990
Photo of Gina Biagini-French, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gina Biagini-French
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
Gina Biagini-French treats patients starting at 5 year old. Gina Biagini-French completed her graduate degree in Marriage and Family Counseling in 1996 and was licensed in 2000. She has been working in the field of Social Work and Counseling since 1990. Gina treats clients from all backgrounds with a variety of clinical concerns, and has worked in various nonprofit, university and elementary school settings. Gina has two children and has been married for over 25 years.
Gina Biagini-French treats patients starting at 5 year old. Gina Biagini-French completed her graduate degree in Marriage and Family Counseling in 1996 and was licensed in 2000. She has been working in the field of Social Work and Counseling since 1990. Gina treats clients from all backgrounds with a variety of clinical concerns, and has worked in various nonprofit, university and elementary school settings. Gina has two children and has been married for over 25 years.
(858) 758-3660 View (858) 758-3660
Photo of Nina Dhaliwal, LPCC, LPC, NCC
Nina Dhaliwal
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108  (Online Only)
You've been taking care of others for as long as you can remember. You’ve always sacrificed your own well-being to help those around you. A friend broke up with her partner, so you’re the shoulder to cry on. There was a problem with a client at work, so you fixed it. Your husband and kids rely on you for everything from getting dressed to eating meals. “As long as everyone else is happy,” you tell yourself, “Then I’m fine.” But you’re not fine. You’ve completely lost touch with yourself and don’t have the time or energy to find your way back. You’re filled with guilt whenever you try to take a moment for yourself. It feels hopeless.
You've been taking care of others for as long as you can remember. You’ve always sacrificed your own well-being to help those around you. A friend broke up with her partner, so you’re the shoulder to cry on. There was a problem with a client at work, so you fixed it. Your husband and kids rely on you for everything from getting dressed to eating meals. “As long as everyone else is happy,” you tell yourself, “Then I’m fine.” But you’re not fine. You’ve completely lost touch with yourself and don’t have the time or energy to find your way back. You’re filled with guilt whenever you try to take a moment for yourself. It feels hopeless.
(619) 586-6505 View (619) 586-6505
Photo of Cynthia Valentine, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cynthia Valentine
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92116
Do you feel like you're in a boat without the paddles? Is life feeling unclear and out of balance? You're allowed to have bad days, but wouldn't it be nice if you had more good days? I help with the emotional roller coasters of Grief, Anxiety and Adult ADHD. Learning how to develop calm and clear inner confidence is not out of reach. You need real skills to live a better life without the outbursts, avoidance and self-neglect. I can help you build your internal confidence back and live a more peaceful and authentic life.
Do you feel like you're in a boat without the paddles? Is life feeling unclear and out of balance? You're allowed to have bad days, but wouldn't it be nice if you had more good days? I help with the emotional roller coasters of Grief, Anxiety and Adult ADHD. Learning how to develop calm and clear inner confidence is not out of reach. You need real skills to live a better life without the outbursts, avoidance and self-neglect. I can help you build your internal confidence back and live a more peaceful and authentic life.
(619) 598-1539 View (619) 598-1539
Photo of Lauren Johnson, MA, APCC
Lauren Johnson
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121
Not accepting new clients
An ideal therapy client is motivated, open-minded, and dedicated to personal growth. They value the therapeutic relationship and actively engage in self-exploration. This client embraces vulnerability, seeking honesty and authenticity in the therapeutic space. With a genuine desire for positive change, they are receptive to feedback and willing to challenge their beliefs. Committed to the process, they invest effort and actively participate in therapy. This ideal client is ready to embark on a transformative journey, embracing self-discovery and cultivating lasting well-being.
An ideal therapy client is motivated, open-minded, and dedicated to personal growth. They value the therapeutic relationship and actively engage in self-exploration. This client embraces vulnerability, seeking honesty and authenticity in the therapeutic space. With a genuine desire for positive change, they are receptive to feedback and willing to challenge their beliefs. Committed to the process, they invest effort and actively participate in therapy. This ideal client is ready to embark on a transformative journey, embracing self-discovery and cultivating lasting well-being.
(858) 221-9794 View (858) 221-9794
Photo of Jamey McCormick, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jamey McCormick
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92107
I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist passionate about aiding individuals of all ages, including kids, adolescents, parents, and adults. My aim is to empower you or your family to better manage life's challenges and stressors. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, seeking to improve relationships, kick unhealthy habits, or simply aiming for a better understanding of yourself, I'm here to support your journey toward a happier, more confident, and fulfilled life. My expertise encompasses handling anxiety, depression, parenting challenges, relationship issues, grief, trauma, and self-esteem concerns.
I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist passionate about aiding individuals of all ages, including kids, adolescents, parents, and adults. My aim is to empower you or your family to better manage life's challenges and stressors. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, seeking to improve relationships, kick unhealthy habits, or simply aiming for a better understanding of yourself, I'm here to support your journey toward a happier, more confident, and fulfilled life. My expertise encompasses handling anxiety, depression, parenting challenges, relationship issues, grief, trauma, and self-esteem concerns.
(619) 473-7897 View (619) 473-7897
Photo of Ginny Gutman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ginny Gutman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92117
Ready to conquer that life transition, anxiety/worry or improve your relationship? I specialize in helping people overcome anxiety, making successful life transitions, and making lasting relationship improvements.
Ready to conquer that life transition, anxiety/worry or improve your relationship? I specialize in helping people overcome anxiety, making successful life transitions, and making lasting relationship improvements.
(619) 202-8909 View (619) 202-8909
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
70% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
65% Relationship Issues
62% Trauma and PTSD
62% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.