Therapists in Falls Church, VA

Photo of Bethany P Tareen, PsyD, Psychologist
Bethany P Tareen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I specialize in working with those ages 4-21 affected by autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, behavioral difficulties, ADHD, and executive dysfunction. I believe in an integrative and collaborative approach to treatment, and strive to create individualized treatment plans that emphasize clients’ strengths to build new skills and improve thought processes. I also specialize in comprehensive psychological assessment and work collaboratively with children, families, and schools in the assessment process to create tailored recommendations to best help the child achieve their greatest potential.
I specialize in working with those ages 4-21 affected by autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, behavioral difficulties, ADHD, and executive dysfunction. I believe in an integrative and collaborative approach to treatment, and strive to create individualized treatment plans that emphasize clients’ strengths to build new skills and improve thought processes. I also specialize in comprehensive psychological assessment and work collaboratively with children, families, and schools in the assessment process to create tailored recommendations to best help the child achieve their greatest potential.
(571) 200-4796 View (571) 200-4796
Photo of Linda Nicholson, LPC, LSATP, ACS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Linda Nicholson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP, ACS
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
My training in the art and science of counseling has allowed me to provide treatment for clients with a diverse range of behavioral and mental health concerns. I have worked in a variety of treatment settings using different modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based DBT and Play Therapy. I also specialize in the treatment of ADHD and PTSD. I have years of experience in the treatment of substance abuse and addictive behaviors. I provide ASAM (American Society for Addiction Medicine) - approved substance abuse assessments to determine severity and level of care needs for alcohol & substance abuse issues.
My training in the art and science of counseling has allowed me to provide treatment for clients with a diverse range of behavioral and mental health concerns. I have worked in a variety of treatment settings using different modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based DBT and Play Therapy. I also specialize in the treatment of ADHD and PTSD. I have years of experience in the treatment of substance abuse and addictive behaviors. I provide ASAM (American Society for Addiction Medicine) - approved substance abuse assessments to determine severity and level of care needs for alcohol & substance abuse issues.
(571) 464-8869 View (571) 464-8869
Photo of Kristen Killie, MA, LPC-R, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kristen Killie
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22044  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I deeply understand the variety of challenges that can occur throughout our lives and am devoted to supporting you through your personal obstacles. My goal is to create a warm, welcoming and safe environment where you’re free to express yourself and work toward your individual growth. Through my personal and academic experiences, I’ve developed skills that will help support you along your journey. I’m dedicated to helping you improve your overall mental wellness by working alongside you toward rediscovering your core strengths. Together, we can unlock your true potential so you can live the life you want and deserve!
I deeply understand the variety of challenges that can occur throughout our lives and am devoted to supporting you through your personal obstacles. My goal is to create a warm, welcoming and safe environment where you’re free to express yourself and work toward your individual growth. Through my personal and academic experiences, I’ve developed skills that will help support you along your journey. I’m dedicated to helping you improve your overall mental wellness by working alongside you toward rediscovering your core strengths. Together, we can unlock your true potential so you can live the life you want and deserve!
(571) 556-4902 View (571) 556-4902
Photo of Lee Anne Hausler, PhD, Psychologist
Lee Anne Hausler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or obsessive thoughts? Limited by low mood and depressive thinking? I can help you learn the necessary tools to challenge and change negative and unhelpful thought patterns. Anxiety, fears, and mood issues can make your world feel smaller and smaller, and disrupt your relationships, work, and happiness. I am deeply committed to helping people achieve greater peace, presence, and meaning in their lives.
(804) 409-0819 View (804) 409-0819
Photo of Dana Lougheed, MA
Dana Lougheed
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
It's the time of year for change, growth, and resolutions! Accepting Clients! Are you not feeling like yourself, dealing with stress in this post-COVID haze, or would like to process anxiety? Therapy is a great way to deal with the things that happen in your life and I would like to walk through this journey with you. I work with teens and adults who are suffering from anxiety and depression along with other issues such as emotional regulation, attachment, behavioral issues, transitions, and impulse control disorders.
It's the time of year for change, growth, and resolutions! Accepting Clients! Are you not feeling like yourself, dealing with stress in this post-COVID haze, or would like to process anxiety? Therapy is a great way to deal with the things that happen in your life and I would like to walk through this journey with you. I work with teens and adults who are suffering from anxiety and depression along with other issues such as emotional regulation, attachment, behavioral issues, transitions, and impulse control disorders.
(561) 933-9679 View (561) 933-9679
Photo of Jacqueline Anderson, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jacqueline Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042
As a longtime resident of Northern Virginia, I know personally that there are unique aspects to living in this area that can magnify the pressure that we feel. With empathy and compassion, I deeply value and engage the uniqueness of each person I meet. I especially enjoy working with parents who want to make sense of their stories in order to bring about greater healing and change in their family life.
As a longtime resident of Northern Virginia, I know personally that there are unique aspects to living in this area that can magnify the pressure that we feel. With empathy and compassion, I deeply value and engage the uniqueness of each person I meet. I especially enjoy working with parents who want to make sense of their stories in order to bring about greater healing and change in their family life.
(571) 554-5312 View (571) 554-5312
Photo of Dr. Bridget Jones, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Bridget Jones
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
I'm happy you are here. I work with women who are struggling with the transition to pregnancy/parenting and want to feel more enjoyment and confidence in their new identity. I also work with couples who are struggling with balancing roles as partners and parents. You may be pregnant or newly postpartum, grappling with the all-encompassing changes that come with such a transition. You may be a tired or stressed out parent, trying to “have it all” but always falling behind the endless to-do’s. You may be feeling like a roommate to your partner after kids. I understand the difficulties that come with expanding your family.
I'm happy you are here. I work with women who are struggling with the transition to pregnancy/parenting and want to feel more enjoyment and confidence in their new identity. I also work with couples who are struggling with balancing roles as partners and parents. You may be pregnant or newly postpartum, grappling with the all-encompassing changes that come with such a transition. You may be a tired or stressed out parent, trying to “have it all” but always falling behind the endless to-do’s. You may be feeling like a roommate to your partner after kids. I understand the difficulties that come with expanding your family.
(571) 568-8739 View (571) 568-8739
Photo of Deborah Bumbaugh, LCSW, LPC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Bumbaugh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22042
As a psychotherapist, it's an honor to work alongside clients to remove barriers to living a full life. At Curo, we inspire people to form lives and communities of freedom, empowerment, and creativity. Our intention is to cultivate a safe therapeutic relationship and provide practical skills and interventions that support our clients' goals. We strive to be approachable and empathetic with a warm presentation that is welcoming and reassuring. We enjoy providing new insights and concepts to our clients that foster growth and encourage positivity.
As a psychotherapist, it's an honor to work alongside clients to remove barriers to living a full life. At Curo, we inspire people to form lives and communities of freedom, empowerment, and creativity. Our intention is to cultivate a safe therapeutic relationship and provide practical skills and interventions that support our clients' goals. We strive to be approachable and empathetic with a warm presentation that is welcoming and reassuring. We enjoy providing new insights and concepts to our clients that foster growth and encourage positivity.
(571) 520-3248 View (571) 520-3248
Photo of Aly Lynch, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Aly Lynch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
I began providing exclusively online therapy in 2017 to offer convenient, efficient, hassle free treatment throughout Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, and D.C. I view therapy as an agent of change, and am excited to partner with you to make meaningful changes in your life. My aim is to provide unbiased feedback, compassionate support, and guidance throughout the discovery and change process. Together we will discover ways to be more effective at reaching your goals and managing your challenges. I believe change requires action, and often utilize homework tasks to support growth beyond sessions. You can do this, I can help.
I began providing exclusively online therapy in 2017 to offer convenient, efficient, hassle free treatment throughout Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, and D.C. I view therapy as an agent of change, and am excited to partner with you to make meaningful changes in your life. My aim is to provide unbiased feedback, compassionate support, and guidance throughout the discovery and change process. Together we will discover ways to be more effective at reaching your goals and managing your challenges. I believe change requires action, and often utilize homework tasks to support growth beyond sessions. You can do this, I can help.
(619) 363-5214 View (619) 363-5214
Photo of Erin Capozzi, LCSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Capozzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043  (Online Only)
Being a parent, family member or worker is an everyday challenge. Most of the time, we manage just fine. There are times, though, when life doesn't feel so manageable and we end up stressed and anxious, sluggish or unmotivated or we turn to substances or other diversions to cope. I can help. I work with people in a very practical, down-to-earth way that is goal-oriented and solution focused.
Being a parent, family member or worker is an everyday challenge. Most of the time, we manage just fine. There are times, though, when life doesn't feel so manageable and we end up stressed and anxious, sluggish or unmotivated or we turn to substances or other diversions to cope. I can help. I work with people in a very practical, down-to-earth way that is goal-oriented and solution focused.
(703) 991-6544 View (703) 991-6544
Photo of Joanna Spiro, PsyD, Psychologist
Joanna Spiro
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043  (Online Only)
I work collaboratively, creating an atmosphere of safety and honesty in which to address difficult issues and to pursue understanding and growth. I have worked with people dealing with a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, relationship and family issues, life transitions, identity issues, and the effects of traumatic experiences.
I work collaboratively, creating an atmosphere of safety and honesty in which to address difficult issues and to pursue understanding and growth. I have worked with people dealing with a wide range of problems, including depression, anxiety, relationship and family issues, life transitions, identity issues, and the effects of traumatic experiences.
(571) 450-9125 View (571) 450-9125
Photo of Natanya Marcus Levine, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Natanya Marcus Levine
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22042  (Online Only)
My areas of focus with clients include anxiety, depression, identity development, life changes and transitions, self-esteem, body image, interpersonal difficulties, family of origin issues, and general stressors of daily life. I work with adult clients of all ages and have often worked with young adults. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia as well as a National Certified Counselor.
My areas of focus with clients include anxiety, depression, identity development, life changes and transitions, self-esteem, body image, interpersonal difficulties, family of origin issues, and general stressors of daily life. I work with adult clients of all ages and have often worked with young adults. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia as well as a National Certified Counselor.
(571) 444-8706 View (571) 444-8706
Photo of Paige Fegan, PsyD, MEd, Psychologist
Paige Fegan
Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I enjoy helping clients work through difficulties with depression and anxiety, life transitions, and family/relationship issues. I have a background in school psychology and extensive experience treating mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, academic and learning challenges, behavioral issues, and autism. I love supporting clients as they achieve goals, make challenging decisions, and gain greater levels of self-awareness. I have a background in psychological assessment; however, I am not currently conducting evaluations.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I enjoy helping clients work through difficulties with depression and anxiety, life transitions, and family/relationship issues. I have a background in school psychology and extensive experience treating mood and anxiety disorders, ADHD, academic and learning challenges, behavioral issues, and autism. I love supporting clients as they achieve goals, make challenging decisions, and gain greater levels of self-awareness. I have a background in psychological assessment; however, I am not currently conducting evaluations.
(571) 200-1461 View (571) 200-1461
Photo of Chia-Lun Chung, PsyD, Psychologist
Chia-Lun Chung
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046
I have a generalist practice seeing adults and couples with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, parenting difficulties, and problematic adjustment and life transitions. I value understanding each person within their unique cultural context and helping them to maximize the most of what they want to achieve in their life circumstance.
I have a generalist practice seeing adults and couples with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, parenting difficulties, and problematic adjustment and life transitions. I value understanding each person within their unique cultural context and helping them to maximize the most of what they want to achieve in their life circumstance.
(703) 952-3329 View (703) 952-3329
Photo of Carol Leiva, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carol Leiva
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22044
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Maryland, DC and Virginia with over 10 years of experience working in community mental health. I have a lifelong commitment to learning and have pursued further specialized training in trauma therapy, health coaching, as well as mind-body applications in counseling. I have worked with adult individuals in community mental health to help them overcome depression, anxiety, and trauma. I am passionate about helping others reach their potential and live their best life. I believe true healing is based on a whole-person approach and will work to empower and meet my clients where they are.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Maryland, DC and Virginia with over 10 years of experience working in community mental health. I have a lifelong commitment to learning and have pursued further specialized training in trauma therapy, health coaching, as well as mind-body applications in counseling. I have worked with adult individuals in community mental health to help them overcome depression, anxiety, and trauma. I am passionate about helping others reach their potential and live their best life. I believe true healing is based on a whole-person approach and will work to empower and meet my clients where they are.
(571) 946-4917 View (571) 946-4917
Photo of Yasmeen Richards, MS, MA, NCC
Yasmeen Richards
Resident in Counseling, MS, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
Pregnancy and parenthood are life-changing journeys that don't need to be traveled alone. I blend therapeutic strategies to help you understand your feelings, and the ways that past hurts keep you from parenting in your ideal, unique way. We'll work on the whole you, exploring multiple aspects of your life, like culture, sleep, family, self-care, relationships, career, and more. Together, we'll build the self-confidence you need to effect positive, sustainable change in your life.
Pregnancy and parenthood are life-changing journeys that don't need to be traveled alone. I blend therapeutic strategies to help you understand your feelings, and the ways that past hurts keep you from parenting in your ideal, unique way. We'll work on the whole you, exploring multiple aspects of your life, like culture, sleep, family, self-care, relationships, career, and more. Together, we'll build the self-confidence you need to effect positive, sustainable change in your life.
(571) 200-1827 View (571) 200-1827
Photo of Jordan Heiden, LPC, LMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jordan Heiden
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
OCD is a heavy burden. And it feels even heavier when nothing seems to help, including therapy. Maybe you feel that OCD is just something you have to tolerate for the rest of your life. I don’t believe that “coping” is your only option. I believe OCD is treatable. And I believe you can make deep-seated and long-lasting change. Together, we’ll look beyond your diagnosis and subtype, and understand the beliefs that maintain the OCD in your life. This can be daunting, but I’ll be there with you every step of the way offering guidance and support.
OCD is a heavy burden. And it feels even heavier when nothing seems to help, including therapy. Maybe you feel that OCD is just something you have to tolerate for the rest of your life. I don’t believe that “coping” is your only option. I believe OCD is treatable. And I believe you can make deep-seated and long-lasting change. Together, we’ll look beyond your diagnosis and subtype, and understand the beliefs that maintain the OCD in your life. This can be daunting, but I’ll be there with you every step of the way offering guidance and support.
(571) 316-2552 View (571) 316-2552
Photo of Benta A. Sims, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Benta A. Sims
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22046  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I feel honored to work with my clients, respecting that I may be entering their lives during a time of real vulnerability. My special interests include posptartum depression and anxiety (PPD/PPA); infertility, pregnancy and infant loss; grief and loss, depression, anxiety; and life transition and relationship issues. I bring an optimistic, hopeful, compassionate and respectful approach to working with clients. Working with clients in a collaborative manner, I offer a supportive and empathic approach.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I feel honored to work with my clients, respecting that I may be entering their lives during a time of real vulnerability. My special interests include posptartum depression and anxiety (PPD/PPA); infertility, pregnancy and infant loss; grief and loss, depression, anxiety; and life transition and relationship issues. I bring an optimistic, hopeful, compassionate and respectful approach to working with clients. Working with clients in a collaborative manner, I offer a supportive and empathic approach.
(703) 244-9232 View (703) 244-9232
Photo of Eric Niler, PhD, Psychologist
Eric Niler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Falls Church, VA 22043  (Online Only)
I have been a psychologist for 30+ years, and in the past year I've transitioned to a telehealth only model, so that you can receive treatment from the comfort of your home. Using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), I treat adults with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, trauma/abuse, adjustment disorders, and work-related stresses.
I have been a psychologist for 30+ years, and in the past year I've transitioned to a telehealth only model, so that you can receive treatment from the comfort of your home. Using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), I treat adults with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, trauma/abuse, adjustment disorders, and work-related stresses.
(571) 701-1693 View (571) 701-1693
Photo of Margaret Lefbom, Margaret Lefbom, LCSW, CPC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margaret Lefbom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Margaret Lefbom, LCSW, CPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Falls Church, VA 22046
Do you ever feel stuck in or powerless over situations in your life? Do you feel like you’re repeating the same patterns over and over again? Are you struggling to find joy and connection? These experiences are a normal part of the human condition. Maintaining the status quo and avoiding discomfort are often our instinct, but they can keep us from living our most authentic and fulfilling lives. In our work together, we can explore the root causes of what is getting in the way so that you can heal from past or current traumas, develop new habits, learn to embrace and love your truest self, and create a life that is fulfilling to you.
Do you ever feel stuck in or powerless over situations in your life? Do you feel like you’re repeating the same patterns over and over again? Are you struggling to find joy and connection? These experiences are a normal part of the human condition. Maintaining the status quo and avoiding discomfort are often our instinct, but they can keep us from living our most authentic and fulfilling lives. In our work together, we can explore the root causes of what is getting in the way so that you can heal from past or current traumas, develop new habits, learn to embrace and love your truest self, and create a life that is fulfilling to you.
(571) 749-2730 View (571) 749-2730
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Falls Church, VA

500+

Average cost per session

$179

Therapists in Falls Church, VA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Stress
65% Coping Skills
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% CareFirst
51% Anthem

How Therapists in Falls Church, VA see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Falls Church?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.