Therapists in Jasper, IN
![Photo of Rhonda F Parks, MA, LMHC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4eeb3737-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Are you overwhelmed, stressed out, and feel like no matter how hard you try it's just not enough? During these difficult times, we all have a longing to be heard, valued, and respected. Helping individuals and families find peace and joy again is my passion. My approach with families is fun and interactive to give them the tools to learn to talk with one another about daily issues without feeling like every conversation turns into a battle. I work with families, couples, and individuals who often have difficulty communicating their emotions and needs without conflict.
Are you overwhelmed, stressed out, and feel like no matter how hard you try it's just not enough? During these difficult times, we all have a longing to be heard, valued, and respected. Helping individuals and families find peace and joy again is my passion. My approach with families is fun and interactive to give them the tools to learn to talk with one another about daily issues without feeling like every conversation turns into a battle. I work with families, couples, and individuals who often have difficulty communicating their emotions and needs without conflict.
![Photo of Patrick Linderman, LCSW, ADHD---, CCSP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4877fe35-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Patrick Linderman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ADHD---, CCSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Jasper, IN 47546
Not accepting new clients
Adults and teenagers may struggle at times to express their thoughts and feelings in a healthy way, whereas children often "don't know how" to talk about their thoughts and feelings. I provide a safe avenue in which each can learn skills to carry them through life barriers and internal conflicts. I strive to bring experience, expertise, genuineness, and action to the counseling process in order to maximize outcomes and healing for adults, children, and families. You may be trying to overcome anxiety, depression, anger, ADHD, or poor behavior choices, I can assist you in a holistic manner.
Adults and teenagers may struggle at times to express their thoughts and feelings in a healthy way, whereas children often "don't know how" to talk about their thoughts and feelings. I provide a safe avenue in which each can learn skills to carry them through life barriers and internal conflicts. I strive to bring experience, expertise, genuineness, and action to the counseling process in order to maximize outcomes and healing for adults, children, and families. You may be trying to overcome anxiety, depression, anger, ADHD, or poor behavior choices, I can assist you in a holistic manner.
![Photo of Mateo Alexander Nino, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/02b89dd8-cd31-4dda-baa5-c493dac2b356/1/320x400.jpeg)
Mateo Alexander Nino
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jasper, IN 47546
Mental Health is a journey, and by being open to treatment you take the first step in a journey of healing. This journey begins with a single step, whether working on Anxiety, Depression, LGBTQIA+, rebuilding trust, or communication skills, all begin with first admitting help is needed. The road to recovery may feel long at times, and we all need different levels of support. I endeavor to be the best therapist I can by including humor, reflection, curiosity, genuine care and compassion in my craft.
Mental Health is a journey, and by being open to treatment you take the first step in a journey of healing. This journey begins with a single step, whether working on Anxiety, Depression, LGBTQIA+, rebuilding trust, or communication skills, all begin with first admitting help is needed. The road to recovery may feel long at times, and we all need different levels of support. I endeavor to be the best therapist I can by including humor, reflection, curiosity, genuine care and compassion in my craft.
![Photo of Leslie Seger, MA, LMFT, CIMHP, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c35c4d16-33ca-4ef3-8678-4975ba1d2eaf/3/320x400.jpeg)
Leslie Seger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jasper, IN 47546
Not accepting new clients
I want to congratulate you on taking the first step toward healing. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, stress, relationship difficulties, or difficult life transitions, the road toward feeling whole again is meant to be walked with someone. Knowing that beginning therapy can be uncomfortable, I strive to create a comfortable atmosphere through genuineness, humor, curiosity, and a non-judgmental approach.
I want to congratulate you on taking the first step toward healing. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, stress, relationship difficulties, or difficult life transitions, the road toward feeling whole again is meant to be walked with someone. Knowing that beginning therapy can be uncomfortable, I strive to create a comfortable atmosphere through genuineness, humor, curiosity, and a non-judgmental approach.
![Photo of Chasity Ingle, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4af65052-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Chasity Ingle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Jasper, IN 47546
Not accepting new clients
I help people take back their life when things are out of control. Emotions are not always polite. They don't take turns or happen one at a time; leaving you feeling overwhelmed and out of solutions. I am here to help teach you the tools to get out of the pain and frustration that comes with feeling stuck. Whether you are dealing with past trauma, self- harm, strained relationships, divorce/ co-parenting, anxiety, or depression, I want to be the one supporting you until you find you again! My therapy style is trauma informed and eclectic in nature.
I help people take back their life when things are out of control. Emotions are not always polite. They don't take turns or happen one at a time; leaving you feeling overwhelmed and out of solutions. I am here to help teach you the tools to get out of the pain and frustration that comes with feeling stuck. Whether you are dealing with past trauma, self- harm, strained relationships, divorce/ co-parenting, anxiety, or depression, I want to be the one supporting you until you find you again! My therapy style is trauma informed and eclectic in nature.
![Photo of Shannon Knight, LCSW, RPT-S, ACAS, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/02a76140-8b02-41a7-8bb5-658e488cdf01/1/320x400.jpeg)
Shannon Knight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S, ACAS, CCTP
Verified Verified
Jasper, IN 47546 (Online Only)
Are you feeling run-down, overwhelmed, or numb? Do you feel 'just blah' most of the time? This can be such a painful experience, and you are not alone. We are conditioned as children to do and be what we are 'supposed to,' and this can become destructive to our mental health as adults. Neurodivergence, trauma, and helping my clients battle intrusive and negative thoughts/beliefs about themselves are areas in which I have a lot of experience. I care, and I'll be with you through it.
Are you feeling run-down, overwhelmed, or numb? Do you feel 'just blah' most of the time? This can be such a painful experience, and you are not alone. We are conditioned as children to do and be what we are 'supposed to,' and this can become destructive to our mental health as adults. Neurodivergence, trauma, and helping my clients battle intrusive and negative thoughts/beliefs about themselves are areas in which I have a lot of experience. I care, and I'll be with you through it.
![Photo of Abril Hatfield, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/517e77ad-ef2d-4534-9787-045986a8eae0/1/320x400.png)
Solo Online. Estoy comprometida a brindar atención experta a las personas que enfrentan desafíos en su vida. Hablo español e ingles con fluidez, extiendo mis servicios a una amplia gama de clientes, fomentando un ambiente terapéutico inclusivo y culturalmente sensible.
Solo Online. Estoy comprometida a brindar atención experta a las personas que enfrentan desafíos en su vida. Hablo español e ingles con fluidez, extiendo mis servicios a una amplia gama de clientes, fomentando un ambiente terapéutico inclusivo y culturalmente sensible.
![Photo of Katy Dunigan, MSW, LCSW, CGC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9c398547-45db-47f9-8437-e4c04e155baa/2/320x400.jpeg)
Katy Dunigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CGC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Jasper, IN 47547
Life isn’t always easy and sometimes we need a safe space to process difficult emotions, heal and find ways to move forward. Sometimes we need additional tools to resolve couple conflicts or deepen the couple connection. And then there are times we are grieving the loss of a loved one, a friend, or a dream and we need to talk and cry it out and heal. And then there are times we meet “the one” and want to build a relationship that lasts through life’s transitions. Sometimes we’re anxious and our worry thoughts disrupt our thinking and daily living and we need to free ourselves of it or learn better coping skills to manage it.
Life isn’t always easy and sometimes we need a safe space to process difficult emotions, heal and find ways to move forward. Sometimes we need additional tools to resolve couple conflicts or deepen the couple connection. And then there are times we are grieving the loss of a loved one, a friend, or a dream and we need to talk and cry it out and heal. And then there are times we meet “the one” and want to build a relationship that lasts through life’s transitions. Sometimes we’re anxious and our worry thoughts disrupt our thinking and daily living and we need to free ourselves of it or learn better coping skills to manage it.
![Photo of Donna Jean Zinn, LCSW, CEDS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d4e3dfb4-485b-4201-9dc6-f7f3ab5d22f4/2/320x400.jpeg)
Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of the changes and challenges life brings? I believe every individual holds the key to the solution that is right for them. Empowering individuals to let go of self-criticism, create realistic expectations, and remove the barriers that are keeping them stuck is a process I believe in.
Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of the changes and challenges life brings? I believe every individual holds the key to the solution that is right for them. Empowering individuals to let go of self-criticism, create realistic expectations, and remove the barriers that are keeping them stuck is a process I believe in.
![Photo of Jessica Sullivan, LCSW, MSW, Pastoral Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1a1c31de-35df-4082-9946-4a046709b421/1/320x400.png)
Everybody thinks your life is perfect. And you act like everything is wonderful. But deep down, it's a daily struggle just to keep it all together. Something's missing, and it has been for a while. Life isn't fun anymore. It feels like there's no joy left. And if we're being honest, this may be your last-ditch effort before throwing in the towel. When did it get this way? How did a life that was supposed to be happy begin to feel like a prison?
Everybody thinks your life is perfect. And you act like everything is wonderful. But deep down, it's a daily struggle just to keep it all together. Something's missing, and it has been for a while. Life isn't fun anymore. It feels like there's no joy left. And if we're being honest, this may be your last-ditch effort before throwing in the towel. When did it get this way? How did a life that was supposed to be happy begin to feel like a prison?
Online Therapists
![Photo of Niki Dula, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c5524ed2-5fce-4f9b-9e1c-2722d4d0f7b6/4/320x400.jpeg)
Niki Dula
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plainfield, IN 46168
Ongoing life stressors and traumatic events can leave us feeling disoriented and destabilized. Being confronted with difficult choices can leave us feeling stuck in a feedback loop or "analysis paralysis." Therapy can support you with identity exploration, navigating change, and making sense of past and current experiences.
Ongoing life stressors and traumatic events can leave us feeling disoriented and destabilized. Being confronted with difficult choices can leave us feeling stuck in a feedback loop or "analysis paralysis." Therapy can support you with identity exploration, navigating change, and making sense of past and current experiences.
![Photo of Crysta Shiner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3236d630-bd23-4f3f-aebd-0bc6e04cc9da/1/320x400.jpeg)
Reaching out to speak with someone is sometimes hard; finding the right person to talk to should be less stressful. There are times that life takes unexpected turns and no one should have to feel they are alone.
Reaching out to speak with someone is sometimes hard; finding the right person to talk to should be less stressful. There are times that life takes unexpected turns and no one should have to feel they are alone.
![Photo of Sarah Bent, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e7e57e99-9bf4-43c9-ac32-62d16e5ef939/1/320x400.jpeg)
Sarah Bent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Greenwood, IN 46143 (Online Only)
After 27 years of working in the mental health field, in 3 different countries, I have an appreciation for the fact that life rarely goes according to plan. Perhaps you’re struggling with feeling anxious, depressed, or unfulfilled with some part of your life, or you find yourself longing for deeper, more meaningful relationships. Have you lived through traumatic events (whether recent or long ago) that have changed you in ways you don’t understand, caused you to react unpredictably...made you feel like a stranger to yourself, & you’re struggling to cope? I believe in meeting you where you're at, with compassion, & without judgment.
After 27 years of working in the mental health field, in 3 different countries, I have an appreciation for the fact that life rarely goes according to plan. Perhaps you’re struggling with feeling anxious, depressed, or unfulfilled with some part of your life, or you find yourself longing for deeper, more meaningful relationships. Have you lived through traumatic events (whether recent or long ago) that have changed you in ways you don’t understand, caused you to react unpredictably...made you feel like a stranger to yourself, & you’re struggling to cope? I believe in meeting you where you're at, with compassion, & without judgment.
![Photo of Liz Cooper, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f0742d2e-74eb-4e03-901a-17c837b5dfce/1/320x400.jpeg)
If you’re experiencing intense emotional symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, intrusive thoughts/memories, etc. - you deserve freedom! These symptoms & feelings do not have to be your reality anymore. Therapy can be difficult. But it is incredibly rewarding when approached sensitively and intentionally. Freedom is possible.
If you’re experiencing intense emotional symptoms like anxiety, depression, relationship issues, intrusive thoughts/memories, etc. - you deserve freedom! These symptoms & feelings do not have to be your reality anymore. Therapy can be difficult. But it is incredibly rewarding when approached sensitively and intentionally. Freedom is possible.
![Photo of Darla Dabney, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/eb28e840-309d-4a35-8364-60addb7726af/1/320x400.jpeg)
Thank you for taking the courageous step towards feeling better by seeking out therapy. I am here to listen, educate, and assist you in processing how to attain the life you want to have. I'll be supportive on your journey with zero judgement.
Thank you for taking the courageous step towards feeling better by seeking out therapy. I am here to listen, educate, and assist you in processing how to attain the life you want to have. I'll be supportive on your journey with zero judgement.
![Photo of Grace Hanson, LMHC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4c606015-afd3-48b0-a372-379f308861e4/1/320x400.jpeg)
Coming to counseling is no easy feat, and finding the right counselor can seem daunting. Life experience has helped me to understand this firsthand and is what drives my work as a counselor. It is my hope that through the process of building the therapeutic relationship, I can offer clients treatment modalities that are tailored to their needs. I value the counseling relationship and desire to practice with a client-centered approach. I have experience working with families, specifically with children and adolescent clients. My clinical passions include working with those struggling with difficult emotions and complicated grief.
Coming to counseling is no easy feat, and finding the right counselor can seem daunting. Life experience has helped me to understand this firsthand and is what drives my work as a counselor. It is my hope that through the process of building the therapeutic relationship, I can offer clients treatment modalities that are tailored to their needs. I value the counseling relationship and desire to practice with a client-centered approach. I have experience working with families, specifically with children and adolescent clients. My clinical passions include working with those struggling with difficult emotions and complicated grief.
![Photo of Mandy Beikes - Central Psychological Services, MSW, LCSW, LCAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3ce6fa5c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Mandy Beikes - Central Psychological Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46227
I have been in the fields of mental health and substance abuse for over 20 years. I enjoy working with all populations. In trying to navigate through substance abuse and mental health issues, there are many factors that envelope a person's ability to cope with life. I understand that asking for help can be difficult and identifying a need for change can induce some fears. I can help you identify any changes that are needed and offer encouragement and support through your journey of self preservation.
I have been in the fields of mental health and substance abuse for over 20 years. I enjoy working with all populations. In trying to navigate through substance abuse and mental health issues, there are many factors that envelope a person's ability to cope with life. I understand that asking for help can be difficult and identifying a need for change can induce some fears. I can help you identify any changes that are needed and offer encouragement and support through your journey of self preservation.
![Photo of Kati Michelle Wallace, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/668067c8-fae2-47ca-89ee-596a764bb4fa/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kati Michelle Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cloverdale, IN 46120 (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Kati and I am a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW). I am passionate, organized, and dedicated to helping my clients as they work on their mental health. I am here to provide support and assistance to those who choose to share their journey with me. I am here to provide a setting that encourages and empowers my clients as they work to achieve their therapy goals.
Hello, my name is Kati and I am a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW). I am passionate, organized, and dedicated to helping my clients as they work on their mental health. I am here to provide support and assistance to those who choose to share their journey with me. I am here to provide a setting that encourages and empowers my clients as they work to achieve their therapy goals.
![Photo of Poonam Ishanpara, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6b641f5f-f653-4b3b-a81e-e7a2f5ba66ca/1/320x400.jpeg)
Poonam Ishanpara is a licensed clinical psychologist who has been practicing for 8 years. She completed her undergraduate studies at The University of Iowa with degrees in Psychology and Pre-medicine. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in clinical psychology with focus in Health Psychology from Adler University in Chicago, IL in 2013. Her clinical experience includes work within hospital centers and long-term care facilities. She focuses working with adults (18+) including the elderly experiencing depression, anxiety, adjustment difficulties, life stage changes, stress, health & wellness.
Poonam Ishanpara is a licensed clinical psychologist who has been practicing for 8 years. She completed her undergraduate studies at The University of Iowa with degrees in Psychology and Pre-medicine. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in clinical psychology with focus in Health Psychology from Adler University in Chicago, IL in 2013. Her clinical experience includes work within hospital centers and long-term care facilities. She focuses working with adults (18+) including the elderly experiencing depression, anxiety, adjustment difficulties, life stage changes, stress, health & wellness.
![Photo of Donna Jean Pryor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/56ae37ff-6ea8-4918-b31e-9a1661a0f1e2/2/320x400.jpeg)
Donna Jean Pryor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jeffersonville, IN 47130 (Online Only)
I have worked in the clinical social work field for 23+years and like working with others to help them find answers to their problems. Currently I have started my online therapy practice utilizing secure text messaging, and online messaging for those who want to do therapy wherever and whenever they decide with no traveling to and from an office setting or sitting in waiting rooms. I can help with anxiety, depression and relationship issues.
I have worked in the clinical social work field for 23+years and like working with others to help them find answers to their problems. Currently I have started my online therapy practice utilizing secure text messaging, and online messaging for those who want to do therapy wherever and whenever they decide with no traveling to and from an office setting or sitting in waiting rooms. I can help with anxiety, depression and relationship issues.
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Number of Therapists in Jasper, IN
10+
Average cost per session
$100
Therapists in Jasper, IN who prioritize treating:
100% | Depression |
90% | Anxiety |
80% | Divorce |
80% | Coping Skills |
70% | Grief |
70% | Peer Relationships |
70% | Stress |
Average years in practice
13 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
100% | BlueCross and BlueShield |
78% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
67% | Elevance |
How Therapists in Jasper, IN see their clients
80% | In Person and Online | |
20% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
63% | Female | |
37% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Jasper?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.