Depression Therapists in Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN

Photo of Morgan Elizabeth Jones, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Morgan Elizabeth Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
I can help clients with school-based behavioral issues, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, foster process for children, family therapy, trauma, adjustment disorders, and parenting.
The ups and downs of life can cause issues, which if not addressed, can cause mental health problems. Therapy is a place to learn how to transform our internal dialogue during those challenging times in our life. It can mean confronting what we have typically avoided, in a safe and reaffirming environment where science-based interventions reinforce resiliency. I believe that empathy and compassion combined with evidence-based interventions can help you develop coping skills that facilitate growth to your person-centered goals. I use a gentle, non-judgmental, but direct approach, and provide a confidential and respectful environment.
I can help clients with school-based behavioral issues, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, foster process for children, family therapy, trauma, adjustment disorders, and parenting.
The ups and downs of life can cause issues, which if not addressed, can cause mental health problems. Therapy is a place to learn how to transform our internal dialogue during those challenging times in our life. It can mean confronting what we have typically avoided, in a safe and reaffirming environment where science-based interventions reinforce resiliency. I believe that empathy and compassion combined with evidence-based interventions can help you develop coping skills that facilitate growth to your person-centered goals. I use a gentle, non-judgmental, but direct approach, and provide a confidential and respectful environment.
(463) 218-7629 View (463) 218-7629
Photo of John Marker, LMHC, LCAC, Counselor
John Marker
Counselor, LMHC, LCAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
Waitlist for new clients
I’ve spent much of the last two decades working in community mental health, treating individuals diagnosed with depression, anxiety, addiction, anger, obsessive compulsive disorder, and psychosis.
Connecting with a therapist can feel intimidating: opening up to anyone can make us feel vulnerable, especially when the things we feel we need to talk about most are also the most painful. Choosing a counselor with experience can help make this process easier. In my more than 20 years experience as a therapist, I’ve found that allowing clients to test the waters, and build a rapport with me is important before diving into painful experiences. During this initial phase, we’ll identify strategies to help reduce symptoms. Some clients feel this is all they need; others choose to further explore their potential for growth.
I’ve spent much of the last two decades working in community mental health, treating individuals diagnosed with depression, anxiety, addiction, anger, obsessive compulsive disorder, and psychosis.
Connecting with a therapist can feel intimidating: opening up to anyone can make us feel vulnerable, especially when the things we feel we need to talk about most are also the most painful. Choosing a counselor with experience can help make this process easier. In my more than 20 years experience as a therapist, I’ve found that allowing clients to test the waters, and build a rapport with me is important before diving into painful experiences. During this initial phase, we’ll identify strategies to help reduce symptoms. Some clients feel this is all they need; others choose to further explore their potential for growth.
(317) 676-7294 View (317) 676-7294
Photo of Dr. Kimberly E. Johnson, PsyD, HSPP, APIT, Psychologist
Dr. Kimberly E. Johnson
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP, APIT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278  (Online Only)
The world is changing with new challenges daily. You don't have to go through it alone. Are you seeking therapy services to address life, family, work, financial, health or other issues? Need consultation or training for organizations? Therapy for depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, Military Sexual Trauma, grief and loss, chronic medical conditions, coping skills and stress management is available. I have experience working with adults of all ages, cultures and ethnicity, as well as, LBGTQIA clients. All races, cultures and orientations are welcome. I am also APIT certified and can see clients across the nation!
The world is changing with new challenges daily. You don't have to go through it alone. Are you seeking therapy services to address life, family, work, financial, health or other issues? Need consultation or training for organizations? Therapy for depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, Military Sexual Trauma, grief and loss, chronic medical conditions, coping skills and stress management is available. I have experience working with adults of all ages, cultures and ethnicity, as well as, LBGTQIA clients. All races, cultures and orientations are welcome. I am also APIT certified and can see clients across the nation!
(317) 489-3223 View (317) 489-3223
Photo of Janelle Hough, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janelle Hough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278  (Online Only)
I have a passion for working with the LGBTQ+ community, those struggling with addiction, and individuals dealing with depression and anxiety.
Life is unpredictable and uncomfortable at times and adding mental health struggles, addiction, and/or trauma makes it much more difficult to navigate. You don’t have to walk your path alone! A therapist can help you to manage the unwanted thoughts and behaviors you may be experiencing. They can also be a trusted person to assist in guiding you toward confidence and joy.
I have a passion for working with the LGBTQ+ community, those struggling with addiction, and individuals dealing with depression and anxiety.
Life is unpredictable and uncomfortable at times and adding mental health struggles, addiction, and/or trauma makes it much more difficult to navigate. You don’t have to walk your path alone! A therapist can help you to manage the unwanted thoughts and behaviors you may be experiencing. They can also be a trusted person to assist in guiding you toward confidence and joy.
(765) 577-6076 View (765) 577-6076
Photo of Aimee Dershowitz, PsyD, HSPP, Psychologist
Aimee Dershowitz
Psychologist, PsyD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
I am trained in working with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Parent/Child Dyad concerns, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, PTSD, Behavioral Disorders, OCD, among many other concerns.
In my practice I see clients of all ages with a wide variety of concerns. I practice from a person-centered approach, which means that your goals are my goals and we will work on them together. I offer individual and family psychotherapy as well as psychological testing. Within this practice I want to help you or your child make positive changes in life to reduce struggle. I create a warm, nonjudgmental environment that allows you to have the space to explore various solutions and find what works best for you. Clients who work with me see functional improvements and behavioral changes in their lives.
I am trained in working with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Parent/Child Dyad concerns, Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, PTSD, Behavioral Disorders, OCD, among many other concerns.
In my practice I see clients of all ages with a wide variety of concerns. I practice from a person-centered approach, which means that your goals are my goals and we will work on them together. I offer individual and family psychotherapy as well as psychological testing. Within this practice I want to help you or your child make positive changes in life to reduce struggle. I create a warm, nonjudgmental environment that allows you to have the space to explore various solutions and find what works best for you. Clients who work with me see functional improvements and behavioral changes in their lives.
(317) 344-8736 View (317) 344-8736
Photo of Jacey Hammel Phd, PhD, Psychologist
Jacey Hammel Phd
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278  (Online Only)
Life changes and trauma can lead to disconnection from ourselves and others. This disconnection can manifest as anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Through therapy, we can untangle the changes and trauma so we can truly hear ourselves. Our work might include emotional processing and regulation, self-compassion, self-acceptance, and mind-body awareness. At each step, I will check in with you and guide the pacing to fit your needs and goals. (See my website for more information.) Authorized to practice in all PsyPact states via telepsychology.
Life changes and trauma can lead to disconnection from ourselves and others. This disconnection can manifest as anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Through therapy, we can untangle the changes and trauma so we can truly hear ourselves. Our work might include emotional processing and regulation, self-compassion, self-acceptance, and mind-body awareness. At each step, I will check in with you and guide the pacing to fit your needs and goals. (See my website for more information.) Authorized to practice in all PsyPact states via telepsychology.
(812) 613-4227 View (812) 613-4227
Photo of Demetria Michelle Jackson, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Demetria Michelle Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278  (Online Only)
Welcome to Free to Flourish Counseling and Consulting, LLC, your virtual oasis for healing and growth. I'm Demetria, a licensed marriage and family therapist. I work with adults and couples only, providing support for those grappling with trauma, anxiety, depression, or relationship conflicts. I offer a compassionate space using evidence-based therapies like EMDR, Brainspotting, and Gottman therapy techniques, recognizing how culture, race, and faith intersect with emotional well-being.
Welcome to Free to Flourish Counseling and Consulting, LLC, your virtual oasis for healing and growth. I'm Demetria, a licensed marriage and family therapist. I work with adults and couples only, providing support for those grappling with trauma, anxiety, depression, or relationship conflicts. I offer a compassionate space using evidence-based therapies like EMDR, Brainspotting, and Gottman therapy techniques, recognizing how culture, race, and faith intersect with emotional well-being.
(765) 345-8277 View (765) 345-8277
Photo of Ben Foodman, LCSW, CMPC, CSCS, TSAC-F, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ben Foodman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMPC, CSCS, TSAC-F
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
When working with athletes who have psychological concerns with sports performance, ADD / ADHD, trauma, anxiety & depression, Ben utilizes his background as a Brainspotting Consultant, training in Biofeedback, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, & sport psychology.
Ben Foodman's training includes having a background as a licensed psychotherapist with advanced training in sport psychology & motor behavior, Brainspotting, biofeedback and neurofeedback. He has helped athletes at all levels with sports mental blocks, PTSD, ADD / ADHD, non-sport related trauma, anxiety, depression, and transition from sport injuries. He is also able to provide alternative interventions for clients looking to alleviate their mental health symptoms such as the Yips. He has worked with a wide variety of professional, Olympic, collegiate & high school athletes as well as musicians and tactical athletes.
When working with athletes who have psychological concerns with sports performance, ADD / ADHD, trauma, anxiety & depression, Ben utilizes his background as a Brainspotting Consultant, training in Biofeedback, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, & sport psychology.
Ben Foodman's training includes having a background as a licensed psychotherapist with advanced training in sport psychology & motor behavior, Brainspotting, biofeedback and neurofeedback. He has helped athletes at all levels with sports mental blocks, PTSD, ADD / ADHD, non-sport related trauma, anxiety, depression, and transition from sport injuries. He is also able to provide alternative interventions for clients looking to alleviate their mental health symptoms such as the Yips. He has worked with a wide variety of professional, Olympic, collegiate & high school athletes as well as musicians and tactical athletes.
(980) 255-5535 View (980) 255-5535
Photo of David Kolker, LCSW, JD, Counselor
David Kolker
Counselor, LCSW, JD
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278  (Online Only)
I'm so happy that you reached out for help. I am David Kolker, a licensed therapist. You can read more about my background, education, experience, and therapy approach by clicking on qualifications on this page. Rest assured that I am atypical and truly seek to work with you from an authentic perspective. My goal is to work "with" you and get to know you as we seek solutions to issues
I'm so happy that you reached out for help. I am David Kolker, a licensed therapist. You can read more about my background, education, experience, and therapy approach by clicking on qualifications on this page. Rest assured that I am atypical and truly seek to work with you from an authentic perspective. My goal is to work "with" you and get to know you as we seek solutions to issues
(317) 516-0367 View (317) 516-0367
Photo of Mandy Bales (Baldwin), MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mandy Bales (Baldwin)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
Waitlist for new clients
"That which is most personal, is most universal." (Henri Nouwen) You are not alone and you do not have to figure it out on your own.
"That which is most personal, is most universal." (Henri Nouwen) You are not alone and you do not have to figure it out on your own.
(317) 893-3649 View (317) 893-3649
Photo of Theresa Miele, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Theresa Miele
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
Sometimes we all need a moment... just to be heard. Life can get overwhelming at times, and we forget that we are only human, and sometimes need a little help to navigate the challenges. Whether you are facing a life crisis, relationship issue, or serious mental illness-- there is a way back to happiness and well-being. Let me help you find that path.
Sometimes we all need a moment... just to be heard. Life can get overwhelming at times, and we forget that we are only human, and sometimes need a little help to navigate the challenges. Whether you are facing a life crisis, relationship issue, or serious mental illness-- there is a way back to happiness and well-being. Let me help you find that path.
(317) 210-5565 View (317) 210-5565
Photo of Alison Campbell, MA, LMHCA, NCC, Counselor
Alison Campbell
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
I love getting to work with people of all backgrounds, but especially enjoy working with couples and young adult women. I have experience working with a wide variety of ages and mental health concerns. I am thankful for the opportunity to walk alongside individuals and couples as they work towards healing and wholeness in their lives and in relationships.
I love getting to work with people of all backgrounds, but especially enjoy working with couples and young adult women. I have experience working with a wide variety of ages and mental health concerns. I am thankful for the opportunity to walk alongside individuals and couples as they work towards healing and wholeness in their lives and in relationships.
(463) 289-5367 View (463) 289-5367
Photo of Tanya K Thompson, LCSW, LCAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tanya K Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
I believe that everyone can benefit from counseling and therapy at some point in their lives simply because no one has had a perfect life and we all struggle sometimes. I applaud your courage in beginning the process of reaching out for support. I want to create a safe space in which you can share thoughts, feelings and behavior without judgment and where together we can explore them further and develop strategies to change those that are causing problems and strengthen those that are helpful and working well. I have experience working with addictions, trauma, dissociation, borderline personality disorder, and mood disorders.
I believe that everyone can benefit from counseling and therapy at some point in their lives simply because no one has had a perfect life and we all struggle sometimes. I applaud your courage in beginning the process of reaching out for support. I want to create a safe space in which you can share thoughts, feelings and behavior without judgment and where together we can explore them further and develop strategies to change those that are causing problems and strengthen those that are helpful and working well. I have experience working with addictions, trauma, dissociation, borderline personality disorder, and mood disorders.
(317) 648-7247 View (317) 648-7247
Photo of Jasmine D Elliott, MFT, Intern, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jasmine D Elliott
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
It's completely normal to feel stuck and need some assistance, whether in your work, familial relationships, or due to emotional troubles. We all find ourselves in situations that require us to make wise decisions and manage our feelings effectively. Sometimes, we may also be dealing with traumatic experiences. Please know that you're not alone if you're going through a tough time. As Marriage and Family Therapist, I can help explore steps to achieve your goals together.
It's completely normal to feel stuck and need some assistance, whether in your work, familial relationships, or due to emotional troubles. We all find ourselves in situations that require us to make wise decisions and manage our feelings effectively. Sometimes, we may also be dealing with traumatic experiences. Please know that you're not alone if you're going through a tough time. As Marriage and Family Therapist, I can help explore steps to achieve your goals together.
(463) 223-9904 View (463) 223-9904
Photo of Carla S Perkins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carla S Perkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traders Pointe, Indianapolis, IN 46278
Life happens to us all. As a clinician, it is my joy to encourage individuals, couples and families to resolve life's challenges. Through empathy, strengths-based and empowerment perspectives, I partner with clients to address mental health concerns, life transitions and life coaching needs. I assist clients in utilizing their strengths and positive characteristics to achieve their goals.
Life happens to us all. As a clinician, it is my joy to encourage individuals, couples and families to resolve life's challenges. Through empathy, strengths-based and empowerment perspectives, I partner with clients to address mental health concerns, life transitions and life coaching needs. I assist clients in utilizing their strengths and positive characteristics to achieve their goals.
(317) 751-4178 View (317) 751-4178

Online Therapists

Photo of Marideth Ann Kates, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marideth Ann Kates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46204
I have a passion for working with teenagers, college students, & young professionals who struggle with issues such as: identity, anxiety, depression, focus, energy, motivation, confidence, organizational skills, & overall health goals.
Do you ever feel like your adolescent is struggling to find their sense of identity, direction, and purpose? Are they lacking skills to manage the stress and anxiety of life's challenges? Young people need a significant level of support to become fit in these areas. They need to gain flexibility in their thinking patterns, behaviors, habits, and how they relate to themselves and others. Additionally, young people need to gain a sharper focus to achieve success in every area of their lives.
I have a passion for working with teenagers, college students, & young professionals who struggle with issues such as: identity, anxiety, depression, focus, energy, motivation, confidence, organizational skills, & overall health goals.
Do you ever feel like your adolescent is struggling to find their sense of identity, direction, and purpose? Are they lacking skills to manage the stress and anxiety of life's challenges? Young people need a significant level of support to become fit in these areas. They need to gain flexibility in their thinking patterns, behaviors, habits, and how they relate to themselves and others. Additionally, young people need to gain a sharper focus to achieve success in every area of their lives.
(812) 575-3812 View (812) 575-3812
Photo of Tabitha Glenn, MsPsy, TFCBT, CSAYC
Tabitha Glenn
MsPsy, TFCBT, CSAYC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46254
Extensive background in domestic violence, depression, anxiety, sexually abusive youth, play therapy, and much more.
Life gets hard, Life gets difficult, and at times, you may feel like everything you're doing is wrong. I am here to tell you that we all have our times where we feel this way and YOU CAN and WILL get through it. I am a mental & behavioral health provider and life coach with an extensive background in domestic violence, depression, anxiety, sexually abusive youth, play therapy, and much more. My focus is to provide services to families and individuals of all ages, from various communities who have found life's challenges to be overwhelming. UYS Hotline is available for 45-minute flat rate consultation 317-440-1696/no commitment.
Extensive background in domestic violence, depression, anxiety, sexually abusive youth, play therapy, and much more.
Life gets hard, Life gets difficult, and at times, you may feel like everything you're doing is wrong. I am here to tell you that we all have our times where we feel this way and YOU CAN and WILL get through it. I am a mental & behavioral health provider and life coach with an extensive background in domestic violence, depression, anxiety, sexually abusive youth, play therapy, and much more. My focus is to provide services to families and individuals of all ages, from various communities who have found life's challenges to be overwhelming. UYS Hotline is available for 45-minute flat rate consultation 317-440-1696/no commitment.
(765) 217-4188 x46254 View (765) 217-4188 x46254
Photo of Becca Wilmoth, LMHC, Counselor
Becca Wilmoth
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46240
Experience includes: acute psychiatric care, trauma-informed care, mood disorders ( depression/anxiety), family and couple counseling, and severe mental health.
Howdy! First of all, I'm proud of you for pursuing this journey. It requires bravery and it is not easy. The most important factor in the change process is simply your relationship with your therapist. That can make the search for a therapist difficult, so allow me to introduce myself. I'm Becca.
Experience includes: acute psychiatric care, trauma-informed care, mood disorders ( depression/anxiety), family and couple counseling, and severe mental health.
Howdy! First of all, I'm proud of you for pursuing this journey. It requires bravery and it is not easy. The most important factor in the change process is simply your relationship with your therapist. That can make the search for a therapist difficult, so allow me to introduce myself. I'm Becca.
(317) 620-7027 View (317) 620-7027
Photo of Jim Rogers, LMHC, Counselor
Jim Rogers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46239  (Online Only)
My practice encompasses a wide range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief, anger management, relationship issues, and more.
Are you ready to start your journey of self-discovery and transformation? I'm excited to walk with you through this process. Every session is a step towards unraveling the layers of your inner world, fostering positive changes, and crafting strategies for a brighter tomorrow.
My practice encompasses a wide range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief, anger management, relationship issues, and more.
Are you ready to start your journey of self-discovery and transformation? I'm excited to walk with you through this process. Every session is a step towards unraveling the layers of your inner world, fostering positive changes, and crafting strategies for a brighter tomorrow.
(317) 204-8735 View (317) 204-8735
Photo of Tiffany Deng, LCSW, CSAYC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tiffany Deng
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAYC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46202
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults managing symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance use.
Life can often bring challenges that can seem unmanageable. This can often have people feeling overwhelmed, lonely, anxious, and vulnerable. I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where I can help support you in navigating through life’s challenges. I believe in building upon the strengths of the individuals and families I work with and to empower them in being the best version of themselves.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults managing symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance use.
Life can often bring challenges that can seem unmanageable. This can often have people feeling overwhelmed, lonely, anxious, and vulnerable. I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where I can help support you in navigating through life’s challenges. I believe in building upon the strengths of the individuals and families I work with and to empower them in being the best version of themselves.
(765) 227-3662 View (765) 227-3662

See more therapy options for Traders Pointe, Indianapolis

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.