Therapists in Ellettsville, IN

Photo of Chris Engle, LCSW, MSSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chris Engle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSSW
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429
My work is focused on the here and now, and how to be gentle and kind with ourselves and others. So when we talk about the past we will deal with what you feel now. This helps people learn new ways of regulating emotions so they work for you rather than against you. I take Anthem, Medicare, and Tricare insurance. I work with depression, anxiety, addictions, couples counseling, coping with chronic illness, problems of aging, and military issues.
My work is focused on the here and now, and how to be gentle and kind with ourselves and others. So when we talk about the past we will deal with what you feel now. This helps people learn new ways of regulating emotions so they work for you rather than against you. I take Anthem, Medicare, and Tricare insurance. I work with depression, anxiety, addictions, couples counseling, coping with chronic illness, problems of aging, and military issues.
(812) 579-4256 View (812) 579-4256
Photo of Kari Davis, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kari Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ellettsville, IN 47429  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Master of Social Work in both Iowa and Indiana and have a significant history of working with children, families, and older adults who have experienced trauma. I have worked in a variety of settings including residential, in-home, and nursing facilities. I have experience working with all different ages, families, and individuals with a variety of needs. I am currently working on obtaining my Independent Licensure and excited to be a part of your journey! Treatment will be guided by you with the support of me.
I am a Licensed Master of Social Work in both Iowa and Indiana and have a significant history of working with children, families, and older adults who have experienced trauma. I have worked in a variety of settings including residential, in-home, and nursing facilities. I have experience working with all different ages, families, and individuals with a variety of needs. I am currently working on obtaining my Independent Licensure and excited to be a part of your journey! Treatment will be guided by you with the support of me.
(812) 445-6255 View (812) 445-6255
Photo of Tera Nance, NCC, LMHC, Counselor
Tera Nance
Counselor, NCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429
Not accepting new clients
My philosophy on helping people is that a therapist/counselor is a guide on a journey. While guides often have knowledge the traveler may not, the guide is there to share their knowledge and journey with them on their travels to the goals/destination they seek to reach. It is a collaborative effort that requires effort from both parties to achieve the desired outcome and to navigate the challenges that occur on the journey.
My philosophy on helping people is that a therapist/counselor is a guide on a journey. While guides often have knowledge the traveler may not, the guide is there to share their knowledge and journey with them on their travels to the goals/destination they seek to reach. It is a collaborative effort that requires effort from both parties to achieve the desired outcome and to navigate the challenges that occur on the journey.
(812) 316-2953 View (812) 316-2953
Photo of Nell Weatherwax, MS, CMS-CHt
Nell Weatherwax
MS, CMS-CHt
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ellettsville, IN 47429
I help clients remove mental blocks and build resourcefulness. Through hypnotherapy and self hypnosis clients achieve the peace and well-being they desire. Since 2013 I have successfully helped many adults, teens and children to resolve many issues such as focal dystonia, sleeplessness, fears and phobias, procrastination, unhealthy food & exercise habits, creative blocks, job loss/change, as well as anxiousness stemming from past traumas such as deaths, divorce, dysfunctional family, and more.
I help clients remove mental blocks and build resourcefulness. Through hypnotherapy and self hypnosis clients achieve the peace and well-being they desire. Since 2013 I have successfully helped many adults, teens and children to resolve many issues such as focal dystonia, sleeplessness, fears and phobias, procrastination, unhealthy food & exercise habits, creative blocks, job loss/change, as well as anxiousness stemming from past traumas such as deaths, divorce, dysfunctional family, and more.
(812) 645-6493 View (812) 645-6493
Photo of Julie d'Argent, PhD, HSPP, Psychologist
Julie d'Argent
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Ellettsville, IN 47429
Not accepting new clients
My approach to therapy focuses on the therapeutic relationship which I perceive as the most important factor for change to happen. I use interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in my work. My primary area of interest is working with college aged students and young professionals in their early 20s to late 40s who may be experiencing difficulties dealing with the various roles, responsibilities, stressors, and life transitions that come with this particular age group and various life stages.
My approach to therapy focuses on the therapeutic relationship which I perceive as the most important factor for change to happen. I use interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in my work. My primary area of interest is working with college aged students and young professionals in their early 20s to late 40s who may be experiencing difficulties dealing with the various roles, responsibilities, stressors, and life transitions that come with this particular age group and various life stages.
(812) 359-1121 View (812) 359-1121
Photo of Gilbert R Marsh, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gilbert R Marsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429
People are often not aware of all the factors affecting their emotions and behavior because they reside at the unconscious level outside of our awareness. These unconscious issues may cause physical symptoms, emotional pain and frustration, or problems in working and relating. The unconscious mind cannot be dealt with directly by reading, journaling, self help advice, or well intentioned suggestions from family or friends. Medication alone and quick-fix therapy are usually inadequate.
People are often not aware of all the factors affecting their emotions and behavior because they reside at the unconscious level outside of our awareness. These unconscious issues may cause physical symptoms, emotional pain and frustration, or problems in working and relating. The unconscious mind cannot be dealt with directly by reading, journaling, self help advice, or well intentioned suggestions from family or friends. Medication alone and quick-fix therapy are usually inadequate.
(314) 227-9723 View (314) 227-9723
Photo of Brittany Straw, LMHC, MEd, Counselor
Brittany Straw
Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ellettsville, IN 47429
Waitlist for new clients
Brittany is able to offer specialized sessions to meet each client’s unique needs. While she specializes in anxiety, depression, life transitions, stress management, & skill development, Brittany can support a variety of other challenges using theories & modalities best suited for each situation. In session, you can expect to be supported in a safe, non judgemental environment where the client determines each step of the way. Brittany will approach each session with empathy, active listening, and reflection, while working diligently to connect with and understand the clients challenges, perspectives, and needs.
Brittany is able to offer specialized sessions to meet each client’s unique needs. While she specializes in anxiety, depression, life transitions, stress management, & skill development, Brittany can support a variety of other challenges using theories & modalities best suited for each situation. In session, you can expect to be supported in a safe, non judgemental environment where the client determines each step of the way. Brittany will approach each session with empathy, active listening, and reflection, while working diligently to connect with and understand the clients challenges, perspectives, and needs.
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Photo of Ana Maria McLamb, MA, ATR, LMHC, LCPC, Counselor
Ana Maria McLamb
Counselor, MA, ATR, LMHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429  (Online Only)
I like to work with children, adolescents, and adults using the creative process to support and encourage young people to understand themselves, their issues, and the world. We all have problems in life, and mental health-related concerns are some that need our attention daily. Children experience the same problems that we as adults do. However, they may look and feel different due to their development and emotional strength. Each family may have different goals and needs; understanding and focusing on each child and patient and their needs is important, and having verbal and non-verbal ways to do so can be what is needed.
I like to work with children, adolescents, and adults using the creative process to support and encourage young people to understand themselves, their issues, and the world. We all have problems in life, and mental health-related concerns are some that need our attention daily. Children experience the same problems that we as adults do. However, they may look and feel different due to their development and emotional strength. Each family may have different goals and needs; understanding and focusing on each child and patient and their needs is important, and having verbal and non-verbal ways to do so can be what is needed.
(812) 370-5269 View (812) 370-5269
Photo of Tommi Vernon, LMHC, LAC, ATR, Counselor
Tommi Vernon
Counselor, LMHC, LAC, ATR
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429
From an early age, you begin to develop methods for coping with your world. Eventually, you may find these methods are no longer serving you and, in truth, are undermining the relationship you have with yourself and others. Perhaps old ways of coping are not working for current situations and are worsening your own suffering. Or maybe this is the first time you are going through a specific situation, and you are at a loss for how to get through it. Let’s find a way through it, together. I will help you evolve your coping methods to better serve you because they fit your current life and current situation.
From an early age, you begin to develop methods for coping with your world. Eventually, you may find these methods are no longer serving you and, in truth, are undermining the relationship you have with yourself and others. Perhaps old ways of coping are not working for current situations and are worsening your own suffering. Or maybe this is the first time you are going through a specific situation, and you are at a loss for how to get through it. Let’s find a way through it, together. I will help you evolve your coping methods to better serve you because they fit your current life and current situation.
(812) 398-8376 View (812) 398-8376
Photo of William E Herrington, MA, LMHC, Counselor
William E Herrington
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ellettsville, IN 47429
My professional focus is on experiences with which we have difficulty adjusting. If you find that you have been experiencing mood swings, irritability, anxiety\fear, guilt, shame, avoiding friends and family, using drugs or alcohol, or suffering from feelings of sadness, contact me and I would be happy to talk to you about what I can offer.
My professional focus is on experiences with which we have difficulty adjusting. If you find that you have been experiencing mood swings, irritability, anxiety\fear, guilt, shame, avoiding friends and family, using drugs or alcohol, or suffering from feelings of sadness, contact me and I would be happy to talk to you about what I can offer.
(812) 994-1630 View (812) 994-1630

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Reilly Tomlinson, LMHCA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Reilly Tomlinson
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Waitlist for new clients
Reilly Beaman, LMHCA, resident therapist at Compassionate Living Now, is committed to walking with her clients on their mental health journey, providing validation, guidance, and compassion along the way. She works with clients of all ages and treats anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationship issues, and trauma in adult clients. She has particular expertise and experience working with children and adolescents, utilizing play therapy to help young clients and their families work through behavior issues, excessive worries, communication issues, and much more.
Reilly Beaman, LMHCA, resident therapist at Compassionate Living Now, is committed to walking with her clients on their mental health journey, providing validation, guidance, and compassion along the way. She works with clients of all ages and treats anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationship issues, and trauma in adult clients. She has particular expertise and experience working with children and adolescents, utilizing play therapy to help young clients and their families work through behavior issues, excessive worries, communication issues, and much more.
(812) 370-5799 View (812) 370-5799
Photo of Denetra Taylor, LMHC, LCAC, Counselor
Denetra Taylor
Counselor, LMHC, LCAC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405
My most influential experience includes working with individuals and groups and assuring that their needs have been addressed with case management, counseling, resources, and referrals. I have not only strived to provide services for my clients but their families as well. I have experience with providing group and individual interventions. I have been exposed to individuals who have been faced with behavioral and mental health issues, mental disability, crisis intervention, homelessness, and substance abuse etc. I have provided services for individuals in various stages of development and vast populations.
My most influential experience includes working with individuals and groups and assuring that their needs have been addressed with case management, counseling, resources, and referrals. I have not only strived to provide services for my clients but their families as well. I have experience with providing group and individual interventions. I have been exposed to individuals who have been faced with behavioral and mental health issues, mental disability, crisis intervention, homelessness, and substance abuse etc. I have provided services for individuals in various stages of development and vast populations.
(317) 743-7835 View (317) 743-7835
Photo of Kadottie Shrader, LMHC
Kadottie Shrader
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem or trouble managing everyday stress? You are not alone. I can help! If you wake up every day feeling like you're carrying the world on your shoulders, our sessions will be a place you can learn how to better deal with all you have on your plate or it can be a place you learn to let things go. If you are someone that tries to be everything for everybody you have made a big step in making time to take care of YOU. The first step is reaching out, the next steps we can do together.
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem or trouble managing everyday stress? You are not alone. I can help! If you wake up every day feeling like you're carrying the world on your shoulders, our sessions will be a place you can learn how to better deal with all you have on your plate or it can be a place you learn to let things go. If you are someone that tries to be everything for everybody you have made a big step in making time to take care of YOU. The first step is reaching out, the next steps we can do together.
(812) 646-9775 View (812) 646-9775
Photo of Dorit Tomandl, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dorit Tomandl
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47405
The word psychotherapist is greek and means "Healer of the Soul". When you come into my office, I will not label you with anxiety, depression, addiction or any other disorder. You will hear me ask questions like: How is your addiction protecting you from pain? What do you not feel when depression numbs you? Once you witness and heal the wounds of your soul (you can also call it trauma), the symptoms (the 'disorder') can disappear. If you are interested in having a deeper understanding and awareness of your emotions, I will help you to develop a relationship with yourself that is characterized by curiosity, respect and compassion.
The word psychotherapist is greek and means "Healer of the Soul". When you come into my office, I will not label you with anxiety, depression, addiction or any other disorder. You will hear me ask questions like: How is your addiction protecting you from pain? What do you not feel when depression numbs you? Once you witness and heal the wounds of your soul (you can also call it trauma), the symptoms (the 'disorder') can disappear. If you are interested in having a deeper understanding and awareness of your emotions, I will help you to develop a relationship with yourself that is characterized by curiosity, respect and compassion.
(317) 203-8288 View (317) 203-8288
Photo of Ross D Manning - Hoosier Counseling LLC Ross Manning, MSW, LCSW, LCAC, MAC, CAMS II, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hoosier Counseling LLC Ross Manning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAC, MAC, CAMS II
Verified Verified
Spencer, IN 47460  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients for waitlist. Are you experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Anger Management Problems, Family/Work/School Stress, Trauma, or a Significant Life Adjustment? It is my goal to partner with each individual, couple, family, and group member and to support each person in becoming the best version of themselves!
Accepting New Clients for waitlist. Are you experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Addiction, Anger Management Problems, Family/Work/School Stress, Trauma, or a Significant Life Adjustment? It is my goal to partner with each individual, couple, family, and group member and to support each person in becoming the best version of themselves!
(812) 414-5396 View (812) 414-5396
Photo of Evette A Blackman, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Evette A Blackman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47405  (Online Only)
Have you been struggling, feel like your emotions are all over or feel stuck but don’t know what to do about it? Have you been anxious, depressed, stressed, stuck in your head or feeling like you are on autopilot? Are those self-defeating beliefs causing your inner critic to be loud, feel like an imposter or insecure? Let’s start showing up for you by understanding what got you here & what will get you to where you want to be. Let’s help you conquer the fears that holds you back so you can thrive & live with intension. I work with individuals of all color, belief & orientation to navigate life's challenges for a well-balanced life.
Have you been struggling, feel like your emotions are all over or feel stuck but don’t know what to do about it? Have you been anxious, depressed, stressed, stuck in your head or feeling like you are on autopilot? Are those self-defeating beliefs causing your inner critic to be loud, feel like an imposter or insecure? Let’s start showing up for you by understanding what got you here & what will get you to where you want to be. Let’s help you conquer the fears that holds you back so you can thrive & live with intension. I work with individuals of all color, belief & orientation to navigate life's challenges for a well-balanced life.
(317) 406-0784 View (317) 406-0784
Photo of Mark A Herrmann, PhD, HSPP, Psychologist
Mark A Herrmann
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401
I have been practicing for 30+ years and truly enjoy doing psychotherapy and being a lifelong student of the craft of psychotherapy. It is a privilege to meet with people, to hear each person's unique story, and to try to help each person reach their goals. I strive to create an environment of trust and safety in which each person is able to hear and make use of my observations and questions, knowing they are not being criticized or judged.
I have been practicing for 30+ years and truly enjoy doing psychotherapy and being a lifelong student of the craft of psychotherapy. It is a privilege to meet with people, to hear each person's unique story, and to try to help each person reach their goals. I strive to create an environment of trust and safety in which each person is able to hear and make use of my observations and questions, knowing they are not being criticized or judged.
(812) 370-8285 View (812) 370-8285
Photo of Brittany Devine, LMHC, LPCC, Counselor
Brittany Devine
Counselor, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47408
I help the anxious and highly sensitive find and experience peace. You may be used to hearing things like, “You’re too sensitive,” or “You’re overthinking.” If you’d like to reframe those messages about your sensitivity into strengths while exploring ways to build a life and create the environment you will thrive in, I can help! I use a gentle approach to help clients quiet their anxious mind and step into wholehearted and joyful living. Together we will explore your story with curiosity and empathy to develop self awareness, self-compassion and the confidence to embrace your true self and purpose.
I help the anxious and highly sensitive find and experience peace. You may be used to hearing things like, “You’re too sensitive,” or “You’re overthinking.” If you’d like to reframe those messages about your sensitivity into strengths while exploring ways to build a life and create the environment you will thrive in, I can help! I use a gentle approach to help clients quiet their anxious mind and step into wholehearted and joyful living. Together we will explore your story with curiosity and empathy to develop self awareness, self-compassion and the confidence to embrace your true self and purpose.
(812) 487-4244 View (812) 487-4244
Photo of Sarah Swygart, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sarah Swygart
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405  (Online Only)
You matter and your story matters. I don't want you to walk through this pain alone. I work with anxiety, relationship concerns, confidence, attachment struggles, people-pleasing, setting boundaries, practicing self-care, letting go of perfectionism, healing shame, divorce, and grief/loss. If you are struggling, I would love to support you on your journey towards growth and healing.
You matter and your story matters. I don't want you to walk through this pain alone. I work with anxiety, relationship concerns, confidence, attachment struggles, people-pleasing, setting boundaries, practicing self-care, letting go of perfectionism, healing shame, divorce, and grief/loss. If you are struggling, I would love to support you on your journey towards growth and healing.
(317) 483-0496 View (317) 483-0496
Photo of Dr. Hannah Armbrust, PhD, LMHC, NCC
Dr. Hannah Armbrust
PhD, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Jungian-oriented therapist. My approach is strength-based, integrative, flexible, and holistic. I tailor the therapy sessions to the needs of my clients rather than following a single theoretical model. I have a Ph.D. in psychology and an LMHC in Indiana. I love being a therapist because seeing people flourish and become their most authentic selves is meaningful. When you feel ready for your therapeutic journey, please reach out, and let's start! I offer a free 15-minute consultation to see if we are a good fit. In any case, I hope you find the right therapist for you.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Jungian-oriented therapist. My approach is strength-based, integrative, flexible, and holistic. I tailor the therapy sessions to the needs of my clients rather than following a single theoretical model. I have a Ph.D. in psychology and an LMHC in Indiana. I love being a therapist because seeing people flourish and become their most authentic selves is meaningful. When you feel ready for your therapeutic journey, please reach out, and let's start! I offer a free 15-minute consultation to see if we are a good fit. In any case, I hope you find the right therapist for you.
(812) 415-4421 View (812) 415-4421

See more therapy options for Ellettsville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ellettsville, IN

10+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Ellettsville, IN who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
90% Relationship Issues
90% Grief
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Self Esteem
70% Stress

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Anthem | Elevance
86% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Ellettsville, IN see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ellettsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.