Neurofeedback Therapists in Naperville, IL

Photo of Kailey Huber, NCC, LCPC, BCN, QEEG-D, Counselor
Kailey Huber
Counselor, NCC, LCPC, BCN, QEEG-D
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
Waitlist for new clients
My professional background has primarily focused on qEEg, neurofeedback training, couples therapy, group therapy, sex therapy, men's issues, and existential crises, with experience working mostly with adult populations and psychological concerns.
My ideal patient is someone who may be struggling to find relief with just psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medications alone. This is a person who feels stuck and wants to seek alternative approaches towards improving their mental health. I'm a great fit for those who value a therapist who does not “feel like a therapist.” I bring a very down to earth and playful presence to my therapeutic space that makes it feel like you’re simply talking to a friend. I hope that my patients leave feeling inspired, hopeful, and at peace with themselves.
My professional background has primarily focused on qEEg, neurofeedback training, couples therapy, group therapy, sex therapy, men's issues, and existential crises, with experience working mostly with adult populations and psychological concerns.
My ideal patient is someone who may be struggling to find relief with just psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medications alone. This is a person who feels stuck and wants to seek alternative approaches towards improving their mental health. I'm a great fit for those who value a therapist who does not “feel like a therapist.” I bring a very down to earth and playful presence to my therapeutic space that makes it feel like you’re simply talking to a friend. I hope that my patients leave feeling inspired, hopeful, and at peace with themselves.
(708) 480-1709 View (708) 480-1709
Photo of James Kowal, PhD, BCN, LCPC, Counselor
James Kowal
Counselor, PhD, BCN, LCPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
As a Board Certified Expert in Traumatic Stress and trauma specialists we employ many other methods besides talk therapy: EMDR, Thought Field Therapy, Emotional Freedom Therapy, Clinical hypnosis, Internal Family Systems, Holographic Memory Resolution, Ego State Therapy and Neurotherapy (EEG Biofeedback or Neurofeedback). Thus, we are able to help patients get to the root cause of many psychological disorders by using state-of-the-art technology, neuroanalysis, and advance methods and techniques of neurotherapy and psychotherapy. We have four different types of neurofeedback technologies available to match the patient's needs to the best, state-of-the-art technology available.
As a Board Certified Expert in Traumatic Stress and trauma specialists we employ many other methods besides talk therapy: EMDR, Thought Field Therapy, Emotional Freedom Therapy, Clinical hypnosis, Internal Family Systems, Holographic Memory Resolution, Ego State Therapy and Neurotherapy (EEG Biofeedback or Neurofeedback). Thus, we are able to help patients get to the root cause of many psychological disorders by using state-of-the-art technology, neuroanalysis, and advance methods and techniques of neurotherapy and psychotherapy. We have four different types of neurofeedback technologies available to match the patient's needs to the best, state-of-the-art technology available.
(630) 448-4471 View (630) 448-4471
Photo of John Paul Komperda - Integrative Counseling and Psychology, LCPC, MS, Counselor
Integrative Counseling and Psychology
Counselor, LCPC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
Some of the contemporary modalities I use include biofeedback & neurofeedback to help the client achieve their therapeutic goals.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) who has also a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor(CADC) and a Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology(MCP). Much of my training has been centered in client-centered theory and I also have specialized training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). In addition to being traditionally trained, I also incorporate​ a holistic, integrated approach toward psychotherapy which includes aspects of mindfulness and Eastern philosophy, providing individual, family and couples therapy as well as intervention work.
Some of the contemporary modalities I use include biofeedback & neurofeedback to help the client achieve their therapeutic goals.
I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) who has also a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor(CADC) and a Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology(MCP). Much of my training has been centered in client-centered theory and I also have specialized training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). In addition to being traditionally trained, I also incorporate​ a holistic, integrated approach toward psychotherapy which includes aspects of mindfulness and Eastern philosophy, providing individual, family and couples therapy as well as intervention work.
(331) 241-7436 View (331) 241-7436
Photo of Amy S Kennaugh, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amy S Kennaugh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540
I also offer neurofeedback and neuro therapy to help individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and emotional dysregulation.
I believe therapy offers a hurting individual the opportunity to talk though, identify, and heal struggles that they are experiencing in the life. By using a person centered approach, I assist individuals, couples, and adolescents to feel whole again. I welcome all cultures, including first responders, frontline workers, and their families. I help clients develop coping skills that meet their individual needs to better understand themselves and the world they live in,
I also offer neurofeedback and neuro therapy to help individuals with symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma, and emotional dysregulation.
I believe therapy offers a hurting individual the opportunity to talk though, identify, and heal struggles that they are experiencing in the life. By using a person centered approach, I assist individuals, couples, and adolescents to feel whole again. I welcome all cultures, including first responders, frontline workers, and their families. I help clients develop coping skills that meet their individual needs to better understand themselves and the world they live in,
(331) 207-9051 View (331) 207-9051
Photo of Ana Sikula, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ana Sikula
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60565  (Online Only)
Life can bring much suffering, but oftentimes, we can find ourselves caught in a loop and be unable to break it down, or we may even accidentally add to our own pain and the pain of others. It is a wise person who can recognize when they are stuck and seek help. I believe we are each here for a reason, but sometimes we get off track and need extra support. Maybe something traumatic happened, or maybe it has all just added up and it is hard to even name the one, single problem. A listening ear, help figuring it all out, and providing new ways of understanding and approaching our lives are some of the goals I have in counseling.
Life can bring much suffering, but oftentimes, we can find ourselves caught in a loop and be unable to break it down, or we may even accidentally add to our own pain and the pain of others. It is a wise person who can recognize when they are stuck and seek help. I believe we are each here for a reason, but sometimes we get off track and need extra support. Maybe something traumatic happened, or maybe it has all just added up and it is hard to even name the one, single problem. A listening ear, help figuring it all out, and providing new ways of understanding and approaching our lives are some of the goals I have in counseling.
(331) 209-0605 View (331) 209-0605
Photo of Pooja Shah - Empowered Minds Today, PsyD, LPC, LCSW, LCPC, Psychologist
Empowered Minds Today
Psychologist, PsyD, LPC, LCSW, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
If you are exhausted with trying the same thing over and over, we can help. Our goal is to help you identify areas and habits that keep you stuck and learn skills to help you move forward. At Empowered Minds Today we hope to help individuals, couples, and families, work through barriers and find ways to create healthy relationships. We believe everyone deserves to experience joy and our goal is to help you move toward discovering your joy.
If you are exhausted with trying the same thing over and over, we can help. Our goal is to help you identify areas and habits that keep you stuck and learn skills to help you move forward. At Empowered Minds Today we hope to help individuals, couples, and families, work through barriers and find ways to create healthy relationships. We believe everyone deserves to experience joy and our goal is to help you move toward discovering your joy.
(331) 215-9767 View (331) 215-9767
Photo of Nina Appadurai - Naperville Psychological Associates LLC, PsyD, MBA, Psychologist
Naperville Psychological Associates LLC
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
I work with clients to help them live their valued life using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and mindfulness skills. Change is constant and is part of life. With change comes stress and anxiety. Rather than simply reacting, which leads to a spiral of further stress and anxiety, I teach my clients coping tools so they are able to respond in a way that is productive and in their control, minimizing stress and anxiety. I specialize in working with clients struggling with depression, anxiety and other mood disorders, OCD, ADHD, postpartum issues and insomnia.
I work with clients to help them live their valued life using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and mindfulness skills. Change is constant and is part of life. With change comes stress and anxiety. Rather than simply reacting, which leads to a spiral of further stress and anxiety, I teach my clients coping tools so they are able to respond in a way that is productive and in their control, minimizing stress and anxiety. I specialize in working with clients struggling with depression, anxiety and other mood disorders, OCD, ADHD, postpartum issues and insomnia.
(630) 812-7134 View (630) 812-7134
Photo of Jill Scott-Trainer - JSTtherapy, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
JSTtherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60565
When life is overwhelming, I want to give you tools that can bring immediate relief. My approach is to tailor our work to your needs. Although I have worked with many clients with varying issues of all ages, my specialties include issues of grief/loss, chronic medical illnesses (cancer, diabetes), depression, anxiety, relationship issues, LGBTQ and fertility issues. I strive to help you concentrate on the present, focus on the future and explore the past to understand current behaviors and coping. I create a safe place where you can share and acquire more coping tools to adjust to life changes.
When life is overwhelming, I want to give you tools that can bring immediate relief. My approach is to tailor our work to your needs. Although I have worked with many clients with varying issues of all ages, my specialties include issues of grief/loss, chronic medical illnesses (cancer, diabetes), depression, anxiety, relationship issues, LGBTQ and fertility issues. I strive to help you concentrate on the present, focus on the future and explore the past to understand current behaviors and coping. I create a safe place where you can share and acquire more coping tools to adjust to life changes.
(630) 699-5279 View (630) 699-5279
Photo of Gary Lee Coleman, PsyD, MSW, Psychologist
Gary Lee Coleman
Psychologist, PsyD, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60540
Most people seek counseling to find relief from pain and suffering. I believe counseling provides much more. It is a way not only to reduce distress and feel better, but it is also an opportunity to grow, improve and strengthen yourself and your relationships. This is my mission, purpose and passion....to help you work through the immediate problems that are causing you hurt and distress, and then utilize this pain to discover new possibilities for growth and personal fulfillment.
Most people seek counseling to find relief from pain and suffering. I believe counseling provides much more. It is a way not only to reduce distress and feel better, but it is also an opportunity to grow, improve and strengthen yourself and your relationships. This is my mission, purpose and passion....to help you work through the immediate problems that are causing you hurt and distress, and then utilize this pain to discover new possibilities for growth and personal fulfillment.
(630) 449-3463 View (630) 449-3463
Photo of Joel Tornquist, MSEd, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joel Tornquist
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60563
Waitlist for new clients
Your healing and restoration are my priority. My passion is the empowerment of others within their lives. I believe the counseling relationship is sacred, and through it, individuals experience growth by gaining self-awareness regarding the strengths they hold within. It is a privilege to work alongside individuals who desire growth, along with healing and restoration within themselves. My role is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space to empower individuals as they write their own stories, tailoring my therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each client.
Your healing and restoration are my priority. My passion is the empowerment of others within their lives. I believe the counseling relationship is sacred, and through it, individuals experience growth by gaining self-awareness regarding the strengths they hold within. It is a privilege to work alongside individuals who desire growth, along with healing and restoration within themselves. My role is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space to empower individuals as they write their own stories, tailoring my therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each client.
(630) 528-1672 View (630) 528-1672
Photo of Anna Jasiewicz, PsyD, QEEG-D, BCN, Psychologist
Anna Jasiewicz
Psychologist, PsyD, QEEG-D, BCN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Naperville, IL 60563
I specialize in neurodiversity-affirming testing and therapy services. The information obtained from our evaluations can be one of the most valuable and informative tools because it helps deepen the understanding of yourself or your child & most importantly-it guides the direction of your treatment and supports. We believe that your evaluation should be more than just a 'label" but rather it should be comprehensive, informative and personalized. I specialize in therapy and testing services for following neurodivergence: Autistics, ADHD'ers, 2E/Giftedness, Neurodivergent Trauma, Bipolar ND.
I specialize in neurodiversity-affirming testing and therapy services. The information obtained from our evaluations can be one of the most valuable and informative tools because it helps deepen the understanding of yourself or your child & most importantly-it guides the direction of your treatment and supports. We believe that your evaluation should be more than just a 'label" but rather it should be comprehensive, informative and personalized. I specialize in therapy and testing services for following neurodivergence: Autistics, ADHD'ers, 2E/Giftedness, Neurodivergent Trauma, Bipolar ND.
(331) 214-3214 View (331) 214-3214
Photo of Dale Faber, PhD, M-Div, Psychologist
Dale Faber
Psychologist, PhD, M-Div
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60540  (Online Only)
I treat a broad range of issues among children through adults. I believe it is important to match a treatment approach with each individual's goals, personality, learning style, available supports, and core values. I also have a broad-based understanding of spirituality and contemplative approaches and am comfortable with integrating this into treatment when clients would like and as appropriate.
I treat a broad range of issues among children through adults. I believe it is important to match a treatment approach with each individual's goals, personality, learning style, available supports, and core values. I also have a broad-based understanding of spirituality and contemplative approaches and am comfortable with integrating this into treatment when clients would like and as appropriate.
(331) 214-7495 View (331) 214-7495
Photo of Neli Cohen - Nelmar Health Centers, BS, MA, PsyD, Psychologist
Nelmar Health Centers
Psychologist, BS, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Naperville, IL 60564
The current healthcare industry has failed many people living with chronic physical and mental health diseases. People are faced with a large push for psychiatric medication, misdiagnosis, and ​a one-dimensional approach to treatment. ​It is time for a more holistic, whole-body solution to people’s health. This is the pledge that Nelmar Health Centers have made. No matter what you are struggling with, Nelmar Health Centers can help you live a happier and healthier life. We offer comprehensive diagnostic measures, counseling, Neurotherapy, cognitive rehabilitation, dietary and herb management, yoga, and meditation under one roof.
The current healthcare industry has failed many people living with chronic physical and mental health diseases. People are faced with a large push for psychiatric medication, misdiagnosis, and ​a one-dimensional approach to treatment. ​It is time for a more holistic, whole-body solution to people’s health. This is the pledge that Nelmar Health Centers have made. No matter what you are struggling with, Nelmar Health Centers can help you live a happier and healthier life. We offer comprehensive diagnostic measures, counseling, Neurotherapy, cognitive rehabilitation, dietary and herb management, yoga, and meditation under one roof.
(630) 793-6483 View (630) 793-6483

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Emily Myers, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Myers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
I also offer QEEGs, PBM and neurofeedback to target symptoms by regulating your brain, which is quite effective for ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, sleep issues and more.
I believe that therapy can be the key to unlocking your higher self, regardless of your place in life. Human beings have incredible capabilities but that can be difficult to discover on your own while facing life’s challenges. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, life transitions, academic stress, relationship issues, parenting, body image and eating issues, sexual and gender identity, trauma and more. I work with individual clients and couples of all ages and backgrounds with a non-judgmental and compassionate approach to identify and meet your unique needs and goals in therapy and beyond.
I also offer QEEGs, PBM and neurofeedback to target symptoms by regulating your brain, which is quite effective for ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, sleep issues and more.
I believe that therapy can be the key to unlocking your higher self, regardless of your place in life. Human beings have incredible capabilities but that can be difficult to discover on your own while facing life’s challenges. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, life transitions, academic stress, relationship issues, parenting, body image and eating issues, sexual and gender identity, trauma and more. I work with individual clients and couples of all ages and backgrounds with a non-judgmental and compassionate approach to identify and meet your unique needs and goals in therapy and beyond.
(331) 246-0234 View (331) 246-0234
Photo of Lisa Marie Cramer - MBN Colorado-Grey Matters Neurofeedback, MA, LPC, BCN, Licensed Professional Counselor
MBN Colorado-Grey Matters Neurofeedback
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, BCN
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
Welcome to MBN Colorado - Grey Matters Neurofeedback. We have availabiity to accept new clients! We see children, teens, adults and couples. We have the tools to help you find the changes you want and return your focus and energy. Looking for help without medication? Neurofeedback has been used for 40+ years safely and we offer this in our practice. We see great results reducing issues with anxiety, depression, insomnia, migraines, concussion, emotional reactivity, impulse control and more. Neurofeedback and qEEG assessments are available as soon as one week out, and counseling appointments can be made for in person or on-line.
Welcome to MBN Colorado - Grey Matters Neurofeedback. We have availabiity to accept new clients! We see children, teens, adults and couples. We have the tools to help you find the changes you want and return your focus and energy. Looking for help without medication? Neurofeedback has been used for 40+ years safely and we offer this in our practice. We see great results reducing issues with anxiety, depression, insomnia, migraines, concussion, emotional reactivity, impulse control and more. Neurofeedback and qEEG assessments are available as soon as one week out, and counseling appointments can be made for in person or on-line.
(720) 726-6597 View (720) 726-6597
Photo of Sara Gosic, MA, LPC , Licensed Professional Counselor
Sara Gosic
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
At Lombard Neuropsychological Center, we know and celebrate that each human is unique, which is why we provide services that include: psychotherapy, biofeedback, neurofeedback, brain mapping and psychological evaluations to help you help yourself.
Being a human in this world is weird and complicated. It's a rollercoaster that can be fun and exciting but it can also be difficult for us to stay on through all the twists and turns. I work with you to take your strengths and tackle the rollercoaster together. I strongly believe that therapy is safe, collaborative, supportive, open, honest, caring, challenging and empowering. The neurotypical world expects us to fit in, but as a neurodivergent affirming therapist, I'm here to encourage you to stand out!
At Lombard Neuropsychological Center, we know and celebrate that each human is unique, which is why we provide services that include: psychotherapy, biofeedback, neurofeedback, brain mapping and psychological evaluations to help you help yourself.
Being a human in this world is weird and complicated. It's a rollercoaster that can be fun and exciting but it can also be difficult for us to stay on through all the twists and turns. I work with you to take your strengths and tackle the rollercoaster together. I strongly believe that therapy is safe, collaborative, supportive, open, honest, caring, challenging and empowering. The neurotypical world expects us to fit in, but as a neurodivergent affirming therapist, I'm here to encourage you to stand out!
(331) 244-0581 View (331) 244-0581
Photo of Lisa M Cramer - Mind Body Neurotherapy, LLC, MA, LCPC, BCN
Mind Body Neurotherapy, LLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, BCN
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
Looking for help without medication? Neurofeedback has been used for 40+ years safely and we offer this in our practice.
Is it time to make a change? Welcome to Mind Body Neurotherapy! Trouble with anxiety or moods? Need help for your child? Relationships taking a hit? We help with a safe place of support, confidentiality and freedom to speak. We are open and accepting new clients. We see children, teens, adults and couples. Counseling, neurofeedback and infrared light therapy are all offered. With these methods, we have the tools to help you find the changes you want and return your focus and energy.
Looking for help without medication? Neurofeedback has been used for 40+ years safely and we offer this in our practice.
Is it time to make a change? Welcome to Mind Body Neurotherapy! Trouble with anxiety or moods? Need help for your child? Relationships taking a hit? We help with a safe place of support, confidentiality and freedom to speak. We are open and accepting new clients. We see children, teens, adults and couples. Counseling, neurofeedback and infrared light therapy are all offered. With these methods, we have the tools to help you find the changes you want and return your focus and energy.
(630) 716-3864 View (630) 716-3864
Photo of Liz Barta, LCPC, Counselor
Liz Barta
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I believe psychotherapy is a deep process that offers clients the space to examine their life with curiosity, compassion, and intention. Sometimes clients come in needing assistance with one specific issue, while others are needing someone to walk through a difficult season of life with them. I am deeply passionate about providing support for folks wherever they are in their journey. Specifically, I feel called to work with young adults. I believe it’s a potent time in life – trying to find your direction, calling, and soul's purpose in this world.
I believe psychotherapy is a deep process that offers clients the space to examine their life with curiosity, compassion, and intention. Sometimes clients come in needing assistance with one specific issue, while others are needing someone to walk through a difficult season of life with them. I am deeply passionate about providing support for folks wherever they are in their journey. Specifically, I feel called to work with young adults. I believe it’s a potent time in life – trying to find your direction, calling, and soul's purpose in this world.
(331) 253-4925 View (331) 253-4925
Photo of Jessica Galvan, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Galvan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
My areas of specialty include individuals (ages 16-50) struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, and difficult life transitions. Also, working with couples with relationship conflict and developing healthy communication styles.
My areas of specialty include individuals (ages 16-50) struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, and difficult life transitions. Also, working with couples with relationship conflict and developing healthy communication styles.
(331) 253-4882 View (331) 253-4882
Photo of Kimberly M. Hogan, PhD, LCPC, CRC, BCLC, Counselor
Kimberly M. Hogan
Counselor, PhD, LCPC, CRC, BCLC
Verified Verified
Glen Ellyn, IL 60137
As a professional, and a parent I truly understand there is no greater joy than seeing your child happy and healthy. I also know there is no greater heartache than seeing your child unhappy. For adults: stress, anxiety, and depression can diminish time with families. For children: poor self-esteem, decreased confidence, bullying/ loss, academic struggles or a disability can impact friendships,family, and academics. I specialize in working with people who have experienced a twist in life that they were not expecting. I have 25 years of treating adults and children who want to reclaim control of their lives.
As a professional, and a parent I truly understand there is no greater joy than seeing your child happy and healthy. I also know there is no greater heartache than seeing your child unhappy. For adults: stress, anxiety, and depression can diminish time with families. For children: poor self-esteem, decreased confidence, bullying/ loss, academic struggles or a disability can impact friendships,family, and academics. I specialize in working with people who have experienced a twist in life that they were not expecting. I have 25 years of treating adults and children who want to reclaim control of their lives.
(630) 755-3346 View (630) 755-3346
Neurofeedback Therapists

How does neurofeedback work?

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback, meaning it provides real-time information about one’s physiological functions—in this case, brain activity. As they receive this feedback, clients are guided by a computer program, typically via visual or auditory cues, which aims to modify the brain patterns associated with their negative symptoms. Over time, proponents argue, clients learn how to better regulate their own brain function and improve the symptoms that cause problems in day-to-day life.

How effective is neurofeedback?

Some research has found that neurofeedback can help treat conditions like ADHD, and anecdotal evidence suggests that many people who undergo neurofeedback find it beneficial. However, some experts have expressed skepticism, arguing that the evidence in favor of neurofeedback is thin or may be due to the placebo effect. While the procedure is generally seen as safe and has few side effects, it is not typically considered a first-line therapy and is instead often recommended as an adjunct treatment.

What are the limitations of neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback is generally considered safe and most patients report manageable side effects, or none at all. However, the research on neurofeedback remains inconclusive, and some experts are skeptical that it’s as effective as its proponents claim. It can also be costly and may not be covered by insurance; thus, it’s important to confirm cost and insurance coverage before initiating a neurofeedback program.

How long does neurofeedback last?

A typical neurofeedback session lasts between 30 and 60 minutes. There is no set number of sessions needed for a course of neurofeedback. Before initiating a neurofeedback regimen, clients are advised to discuss the treatment timeline with their provider, as well as when they might expect to see results.