Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists in Cicero, IL

Photo of Jennifer L Jackson, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Jennifer L Jackson
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804
Hello, my name is Jennifer Lee Jackson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 14 years of clinical experience working with clients living with depression, anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Excoriation Disorder, addiction, unhelpful thinking styles, low self-esteem, codependency, poor boundary setting, PMDD, and trauma. I am an eclectic therapist who uses Cognitive Behavioral, Dialectical, Eclectic, Psychodynamic, and Couples Therapy during treatment with my clients. I believe in creating an egalitarian relationship with you to foster a safe and empowering environment for long-term recovery and stability.
Hello, my name is Jennifer Lee Jackson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with over 14 years of clinical experience working with clients living with depression, anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Excoriation Disorder, addiction, unhelpful thinking styles, low self-esteem, codependency, poor boundary setting, PMDD, and trauma. I am an eclectic therapist who uses Cognitive Behavioral, Dialectical, Eclectic, Psychodynamic, and Couples Therapy during treatment with my clients. I believe in creating an egalitarian relationship with you to foster a safe and empowering environment for long-term recovery and stability.
(312) 626-7594 View (312) 626-7594
Photo of Sierra Larson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sierra Larson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804
Hi! I am Sierra Larson, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of clinical experience working with all age groups in areas such as anxiety, depression, life transitions, and stress. I use a variety of treatments such as CBT, DBT, TF-CBT, Play, Solution-Focused, and Strength-Based Practices to help you become who you want to become. I believe in growth, change, and that anyone is capable of making their life what they want it to be with some help.
Hi! I am Sierra Larson, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of clinical experience working with all age groups in areas such as anxiety, depression, life transitions, and stress. I use a variety of treatments such as CBT, DBT, TF-CBT, Play, Solution-Focused, and Strength-Based Practices to help you become who you want to become. I believe in growth, change, and that anyone is capable of making their life what they want it to be with some help.
(312) 626-7594 View (312) 626-7594
Photo of Dr. Eiliana Silva, LCPC, EdD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Eiliana Silva
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, EdD
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804
I utilize a Trauma Informed approach, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), & Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT).
Hello, I'm Dr. Eiliana! I am happy you're here. I’m passionate about working with truama, anxiety, depression, grief + loss, relationship concerns, and self-esteem. I have learned that many of us are dealing with some sort of trauma in our lives, whether big or small. Trauma can have lasting effects that negatively impact your everyday life. For example, trauma may leave you feeling anxious, depressed, or with low self-esteem. It may also be impacting your ability to maintain healthy relationships. What is trauma? Trauma includes the more obvious, stressful and overwhelming events in our lives that we are all familiar with.
I utilize a Trauma Informed approach, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), & Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT).
Hello, I'm Dr. Eiliana! I am happy you're here. I’m passionate about working with truama, anxiety, depression, grief + loss, relationship concerns, and self-esteem. I have learned that many of us are dealing with some sort of trauma in our lives, whether big or small. Trauma can have lasting effects that negatively impact your everyday life. For example, trauma may leave you feeling anxious, depressed, or with low self-esteem. It may also be impacting your ability to maintain healthy relationships. What is trauma? Trauma includes the more obvious, stressful and overwhelming events in our lives that we are all familiar with.
(847) 499-2180 View (847) 499-2180
Photo of Juan Contreras, AM, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Juan Contreras
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AM, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cicero, IL 60804
I use an array of scientifically proven approaches to therapy (including CBT, Psychodynamic, DBT, ACT, and Relational) to provide support.
In periods of overwhelming feelings and emotions, we might find ourselves consumed by the noise in our minds. Whether the noise is negative thoughts of the past, present, or future, it all can become so loud that we lose sight of what’s important to us. We lose sight of our resilience, values, present moment, others around us, or even ourselves. We might even find ourselves feeling and behaving inconsistently to who we are or want to be during these periods that we might call anxiety or depression. As your therapist, I will support you in understanding and learning how to respond to these experiences.
I use an array of scientifically proven approaches to therapy (including CBT, Psychodynamic, DBT, ACT, and Relational) to provide support.
In periods of overwhelming feelings and emotions, we might find ourselves consumed by the noise in our minds. Whether the noise is negative thoughts of the past, present, or future, it all can become so loud that we lose sight of what’s important to us. We lose sight of our resilience, values, present moment, others around us, or even ourselves. We might even find ourselves feeling and behaving inconsistently to who we are or want to be during these periods that we might call anxiety or depression. As your therapist, I will support you in understanding and learning how to respond to these experiences.
(872) 278-1972 View (872) 278-1972
Photo of Kevin J Franke - Kevin Franke, Ph.D., PhD, Psychologist
Kevin Franke, Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804
I start with a thorough assessment of your current concerns. I take a broad-minded, non-judgmental approach to understanding what you are looking for help with. I try to be helpful by offering feedback and new perspectives and insights. I understand that you have probably already attempted several ways to address your concerns and by now you are most likely frustrated and worried. I will take a proactive and positive approach to your participation by helping you identify your personal strengths and assets that you can then use to develop a new and better response to your concerns.
I start with a thorough assessment of your current concerns. I take a broad-minded, non-judgmental approach to understanding what you are looking for help with. I try to be helpful by offering feedback and new perspectives and insights. I understand that you have probably already attempted several ways to address your concerns and by now you are most likely frustrated and worried. I will take a proactive and positive approach to your participation by helping you identify your personal strengths and assets that you can then use to develop a new and better response to your concerns.
(312) 756-0573 View (312) 756-0573
Photo of Jesse L Munoz, MSW, LCSW, ACSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jesse L Munoz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cicero, IL 60804  (Online Only)
Let's start with honoring life... Due to my extensive background and years of professional experience, I am comfortable working with children, youth, adults, couples, and families. I started my training/experience with children and continued servicing all ages. I have worked in many venues of service: mental health, medical, educational, hospice, trauma, supervisory, administrative... providing services to people facing situations that are unknown or a challenge to them. Depression, anxiety (and all the features associated with these two diagnostics), as well as relational and other life issues, are areas that I service.
Let's start with honoring life... Due to my extensive background and years of professional experience, I am comfortable working with children, youth, adults, couples, and families. I started my training/experience with children and continued servicing all ages. I have worked in many venues of service: mental health, medical, educational, hospice, trauma, supervisory, administrative... providing services to people facing situations that are unknown or a challenge to them. Depression, anxiety (and all the features associated with these two diagnostics), as well as relational and other life issues, are areas that I service.
(708) 689-4434 View (708) 689-4434
Photo of Diana Jean-Louis, LCSW, MJ, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diana Jean-Louis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MJ
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Cicero, IL 60804  (Online Only)
My ideal clients? They're a colorful bunch, representing diverse backgrounds and facing issues like past trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship twists, and the journey of self-discovery. They're on a mission for clarity, healing, and personal growth. They crave a therapist who's all about keeping it real, serving up those honest truths, and providing the answers, support, and guidance that'll help them conquer their struggles, transforming into even more resilient and empowered versions of themselves.
My ideal clients? They're a colorful bunch, representing diverse backgrounds and facing issues like past trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship twists, and the journey of self-discovery. They're on a mission for clarity, healing, and personal growth. They crave a therapist who's all about keeping it real, serving up those honest truths, and providing the answers, support, and guidance that'll help them conquer their struggles, transforming into even more resilient and empowered versions of themselves.
(312) 477-0400 View (312) 477-0400
Photo of Jennifer Froemel - Innovative Counseling Partners, PLLC, MA, LPC, LCPC, LCSW, Counselor
Innovative Counseling Partners, PLLC
Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804
Our life's work is helping clients achieve a better sense of self and happiness...more recently we've recognized that without good mental health providers, finding this balance in life can be more difficult and stressful. As a result, we tend toward an Integrative approach and help our clients transform into the people they want to be. We see each client as an individual with many parts to their identity. Utilizing a holistic and systemic approach we help clients reintegrate the parts of themselves to function better as individuals and within their systems. Our focus tends toward a systems based approach using behavior methods.
Our life's work is helping clients achieve a better sense of self and happiness...more recently we've recognized that without good mental health providers, finding this balance in life can be more difficult and stressful. As a result, we tend toward an Integrative approach and help our clients transform into the people they want to be. We see each client as an individual with many parts to their identity. Utilizing a holistic and systemic approach we help clients reintegrate the parts of themselves to function better as individuals and within their systems. Our focus tends toward a systems based approach using behavior methods.
(773) 312-3612 View (773) 312-3612
Photo of Gisela Alamo, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gisela Alamo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804  (Online Only)
Struggling with anxiety, depression, and life changes can feel overwhelming, and the feelings that come with these experiences are valid and worth exploring. I’m here to provide an empathetic, supportive space where we can work together to address challenges in a holistic, client-centered way.
Struggling with anxiety, depression, and life changes can feel overwhelming, and the feelings that come with these experiences are valid and worth exploring. I’m here to provide an empathetic, supportive space where we can work together to address challenges in a holistic, client-centered way.
(331) 267-4205 View (331) 267-4205
Photo of Mario Castelo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mario Castelo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cicero, IL 60804
I am a gay therapist that finds meaning working with individuals with histories of trauma, complex family dynamics, and those in toxic relationships with themselves and others. I also work with LGBTQ couples and mixed neurotype couples who want to explore open relationships, polyamory, and how to feel more connected and safer with their partners. My role as a therapist is to help my clients understand the symptoms that once protected them from trauma with the wisdom and compassion of your present self and encourage them to feel confident while you practice new skills to look ahead.
I am a gay therapist that finds meaning working with individuals with histories of trauma, complex family dynamics, and those in toxic relationships with themselves and others. I also work with LGBTQ couples and mixed neurotype couples who want to explore open relationships, polyamory, and how to feel more connected and safer with their partners. My role as a therapist is to help my clients understand the symptoms that once protected them from trauma with the wisdom and compassion of your present self and encourage them to feel confident while you practice new skills to look ahead.
(916) 314-7745 View (916) 314-7745
Photo of Yadira Garcia, LSW, MSW, QMHP
Yadira Garcia
LSW, MSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
Cicero, IL 60804  (Online Only)
“Prioritizing self care means prioritizing inner peace”. I am a bilingual licensed social worker who is passionate about helping others create a positive connection between body and mind. I am here to provide you with unconditional support and work alongside you to achieve your goals. Even through the hardships of life, there is always room for resiliency, growth, and self-care. My approach is collaborative, holistic, and non-judgemental.
“Prioritizing self care means prioritizing inner peace”. I am a bilingual licensed social worker who is passionate about helping others create a positive connection between body and mind. I am here to provide you with unconditional support and work alongside you to achieve your goals. Even through the hardships of life, there is always room for resiliency, growth, and self-care. My approach is collaborative, holistic, and non-judgemental.
(773) 243-4781 View (773) 243-4781
Photo of Dr. Pablo Pagan-Rivera, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Pablo Pagan-Rivera
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cicero, IL 60650  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello and welcome! I’m Dr. Pablo Pagan-Rivera, a bilingual (English/Spanish) clinical psychologist and founder of Reconnect Psychotherapy. My goal is to provide culturally competent and affirming mental health services, especially for the LGBTQI+ and Latinx/Hispanic communities in the state of IL. As a millennial, I bring a contemporary and empathetic approach to our work together. I want to help you reconnect with your authentic self and navigate life’s challenges with resilience and confidence. Through bilingual and virtual services, I want to ensure that you receive accessible care that's tailored specifically to your needs.
Hello and welcome! I’m Dr. Pablo Pagan-Rivera, a bilingual (English/Spanish) clinical psychologist and founder of Reconnect Psychotherapy. My goal is to provide culturally competent and affirming mental health services, especially for the LGBTQI+ and Latinx/Hispanic communities in the state of IL. As a millennial, I bring a contemporary and empathetic approach to our work together. I want to help you reconnect with your authentic self and navigate life’s challenges with resilience and confidence. Through bilingual and virtual services, I want to ensure that you receive accessible care that's tailored specifically to your needs.
(773) 300-5330 View (773) 300-5330

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Tianna A Hammond, LCPC, Counselor
Tianna A Hammond
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60304
Therapeutic techniques used includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Play Therapy.
Mental Wellness is very important. With over 7 years of experience, I have worked with individuals and families in a variety of community, tele-health, and hospital settings. I earned my Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adler University in Chicago, IL . My hopes are to assist you and your family in making changes for the better. The population I work in range from ages 6 to 64.
Therapeutic techniques used includes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Play Therapy.
Mental Wellness is very important. With over 7 years of experience, I have worked with individuals and families in a variety of community, tele-health, and hospital settings. I earned my Master’s Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Adler University in Chicago, IL . My hopes are to assist you and your family in making changes for the better. The population I work in range from ages 6 to 64.
(708) 726-0539 View (708) 726-0539
Photo of Janet Levitt, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Janet Levitt
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60304
I am a trained facilitator of DBT Skills Training groups.
Welcome to my profile. If you're seeking a therapist, you're taking an important step toward creating a shift into resilience, growth, and well-being. I have over 15 years of experience supporting clients using a collaborative, DBT (skills-based) approach. I partner with clients to create a safe space where they can connect more deeply with themselves, their emotions, their needs, and their potentials in order to become their most fully-realized selves.
I am a trained facilitator of DBT Skills Training groups.
Welcome to my profile. If you're seeking a therapist, you're taking an important step toward creating a shift into resilience, growth, and well-being. I have over 15 years of experience supporting clients using a collaborative, DBT (skills-based) approach. I partner with clients to create a safe space where they can connect more deeply with themselves, their emotions, their needs, and their potentials in order to become their most fully-realized selves.
(708) 406-2723 View (708) 406-2723
Photo of Cecilia Rivera, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cecilia Rivera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berwyn, IL 60402
I utilize various evidenced-based modalities- including CBT, DBT, ACT, ERP & EFFT.
Hello, my name is Cecilia and I am a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) with close to a decade of clinical experience providing individual, family, and group therapy at various levels of care. I am fluent in English and Spanish. I work with adults, children (ages 12+), and adolescents . I have a strengths and values driven therapeutic approach to empower my clients to build and sustain a meaningful and authentic life. My goal is to help you build real and lasting change.
I utilize various evidenced-based modalities- including CBT, DBT, ACT, ERP & EFFT.
Hello, my name is Cecilia and I am a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) with close to a decade of clinical experience providing individual, family, and group therapy at various levels of care. I am fluent in English and Spanish. I work with adults, children (ages 12+), and adolescents . I have a strengths and values driven therapeutic approach to empower my clients to build and sustain a meaningful and authentic life. My goal is to help you build real and lasting change.
(708) 360-7385 View (708) 360-7385
Photo of Dionne Catledge, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dionne Catledge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60303  (Online Only)
Other specialized training includes Mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), and domestic violence and sexual assault training.
I believe that we each have divine destinies, but too often there are obstacles such as shame and feelings of unworthiness that hinder us from seeing our purpose and possibilities. I would like to partner with you to help you regain or enhance a sense of wholeness, peace, and joy. Without these things the world can seem a scary and overwhelming place.
Other specialized training includes Mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), and domestic violence and sexual assault training.
I believe that we each have divine destinies, but too often there are obstacles such as shame and feelings of unworthiness that hinder us from seeing our purpose and possibilities. I would like to partner with you to help you regain or enhance a sense of wholeness, peace, and joy. Without these things the world can seem a scary and overwhelming place.
(708) 317-9299 View (708) 317-9299
Photo of Jill Tregler, LCPC, Counselor
Jill Tregler
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
North Riverside, IL 60546  (Online Only)
I utilize CBT, DBT, RO DBT, CPT, and a splash of ACT to address addiction, disordered eating including binge eating disorder, body image/acceptance, trauma, mood disorders and OCD.
I approach my therapeutic work as my genuine self, incorporating humor, directness, and accountability in our sessions, to build rapport and challenge clients towards their identified goals. I recognize societal and other life-factors that impact/influence each individual, gaining understanding of each person’s unique framework for moving through the world. I believe a diagnosis defines a constellation of symptoms, it does not define a person. I also value and welcome feedback in order to provide the best possible clinical care - and it's a beautiful place to practice self-advocacy.
I utilize CBT, DBT, RO DBT, CPT, and a splash of ACT to address addiction, disordered eating including binge eating disorder, body image/acceptance, trauma, mood disorders and OCD.
I approach my therapeutic work as my genuine self, incorporating humor, directness, and accountability in our sessions, to build rapport and challenge clients towards their identified goals. I recognize societal and other life-factors that impact/influence each individual, gaining understanding of each person’s unique framework for moving through the world. I believe a diagnosis defines a constellation of symptoms, it does not define a person. I also value and welcome feedback in order to provide the best possible clinical care - and it's a beautiful place to practice self-advocacy.
(708) 740-2598 View (708) 740-2598
Photo of Cicely Johnson - Dr. Cicely Johnson @ Association House of Chicago, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Cicely Johnson @ Association House of Chicago
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60644  (Online Only)
She utilizes cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy( DBT) with people searching for a helping hand.
Are you struggling with a life change? Are you feeling stuck and in need of a helping hand to move things forward in your life? As a licensed clinical social worker with a doctorate in organizational leadership, I take pride in working with people around change. I work with individuals struggling with life’s adjustments, anxiety, and depression, as well as symptoms of experiencing general life stressors. I believe that emotional and mental wellness is a part of everyone’s life and that we all may benefit from help from time to time.
She utilizes cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy( DBT) with people searching for a helping hand.
Are you struggling with a life change? Are you feeling stuck and in need of a helping hand to move things forward in your life? As a licensed clinical social worker with a doctorate in organizational leadership, I take pride in working with people around change. I work with individuals struggling with life’s adjustments, anxiety, and depression, as well as symptoms of experiencing general life stressors. I believe that emotional and mental wellness is a part of everyone’s life and that we all may benefit from help from time to time.
(773) 207-3593 View (773) 207-3593
Photo of Megan Malaski, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Malaski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Park, IL 60304
I am trained in CBT, DBT, MI and TF-CBT.
I offer an array of services centered around the needs you bring. Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, relationship difficulties, school struggles, or difficult transitions. Needing someone to talk to is human, or writing or art feels safer if you do not like to talk. I am a therapist committed to listening to you and giving you a space in whatever capacity you may need. I typically see anyone 12+ (I have a huge population of young adults.) Have a seat, bring your coffee and the things on your mind.
I am trained in CBT, DBT, MI and TF-CBT.
I offer an array of services centered around the needs you bring. Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, relationship difficulties, school struggles, or difficult transitions. Needing someone to talk to is human, or writing or art feels safer if you do not like to talk. I am a therapist committed to listening to you and giving you a space in whatever capacity you may need. I typically see anyone 12+ (I have a huge population of young adults.) Have a seat, bring your coffee and the things on your mind.
(331) 837-7551 View (331) 837-7551
Photo of Jennifer F. Smith, PhD, LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Jennifer F. Smith
Counselor, PhD, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60644
I utilize a variety of clinical modalities such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), and Mindfulness.
Chicago native, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with clinical experience working with individuals from all walks of life. I work with those struggling with depression, phases of life challenges, and generational traumas. My extensive knowledge in organizational leadership and women's entrepreneurship, allows me to help others explore through the anxieties around leadership, workplace balance, and entrepreneurial stress.
I utilize a variety of clinical modalities such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy ( DBT), and Mindfulness.
Chicago native, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with clinical experience working with individuals from all walks of life. I work with those struggling with depression, phases of life challenges, and generational traumas. My extensive knowledge in organizational leadership and women's entrepreneurship, allows me to help others explore through the anxieties around leadership, workplace balance, and entrepreneurial stress.
(312) 629-5925 View (312) 629-5925

See more therapy options for Cicero

Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists

Who is DBT for?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.

Why do people need DBT?

The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.

What happens in DBT?

Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.

How long does DBT last?

Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.