Depression Therapists in Windsor Heights, IA

Photo of Tracy Swartzlander, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tracy Swartzlander
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
I have worked with children and families for over 25 years in a multitude of capacities. I strive to meet my clients where they are and offer the most effective treatment approaches possible. I have extensive training and experience in working with those who struggle with Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Trauma, Divorce and Blended Family Issues and parenting difficulties. I offer individual therapy and family therapy and work primarily with ages 10 to adult.
I have worked with children and families for over 25 years in a multitude of capacities. I strive to meet my clients where they are and offer the most effective treatment approaches possible. I have extensive training and experience in working with those who struggle with Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Trauma, Divorce and Blended Family Issues and parenting difficulties. I offer individual therapy and family therapy and work primarily with ages 10 to adult.
(515) 606-1509 View (515) 606-1509
Photo of Reilly Goodale, MS, tLMHC, NCC
Reilly Goodale
MS, tLMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
Within individual counseling, I work primarily with women who are ages 16 and older struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and communication skills.
Welcome, I am a tLMHC at Goldfinch Counseling in Windsor Heights, IA. Mental health is something that I am so passionate about and I believe that every individual deserves a space to be heard, validated, and supported. My mission is to convey an inclusive, innovative, non-judgmental, and compassionate environment for all clients. I would love to get to know you and see if we would be a good fit for this journey together.
Within individual counseling, I work primarily with women who are ages 16 and older struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and communication skills.
Welcome, I am a tLMHC at Goldfinch Counseling in Windsor Heights, IA. Mental health is something that I am so passionate about and I believe that every individual deserves a space to be heard, validated, and supported. My mission is to convey an inclusive, innovative, non-judgmental, and compassionate environment for all clients. I would love to get to know you and see if we would be a good fit for this journey together.
(515) 517-1949 View (515) 517-1949
Photo of Rebecca O'Connell, MA, LMFT, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rebecca O'Connell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCTP
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
I work with issues including, but not limited to: Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Self-Esteem, Co-Dependency, Couple's Counseling, Pre-Marital Counseling, Relationship Issues, Christian Counseling & Spiritual Issues, Grief, Women's Issues,.
Immediate and Early Evening Appointments Available. I view therapy as a journey. The path on this journey of life is twisting and winding with many detours, and it can be difficult to navigate on our own. The therapy hour is time carved out just for the client; a safe place with no shame, where people can give voice to their stories. It is my privilege to come alongside people on this journey to wholeness.
I work with issues including, but not limited to: Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Self-Esteem, Co-Dependency, Couple's Counseling, Pre-Marital Counseling, Relationship Issues, Christian Counseling & Spiritual Issues, Grief, Women's Issues,.
Immediate and Early Evening Appointments Available. I view therapy as a journey. The path on this journey of life is twisting and winding with many detours, and it can be difficult to navigate on our own. The therapy hour is time carved out just for the client; a safe place with no shame, where people can give voice to their stories. It is my privilege to come alongside people on this journey to wholeness.
(515) 212-7667 View (515) 212-7667
Photo of Rickelle Curtis, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rickelle Curtis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
Welcome! If you or someone you care about is struggling emotionally, I respect you for taking a step toward enhancing your mental health! Life can be hard and when we as adults, or our children, experience challenges we respond to them from our perspective and with the tools we have access to. Through therapy, you will unravel your thoughts, using talk, play, art, or other modes, while integrating new tools to grow. With experience in mental health, I draw on a range of evidence-based therapeutic modalities with clients managing a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, behavioral, and adjustment-related issues.
Welcome! If you or someone you care about is struggling emotionally, I respect you for taking a step toward enhancing your mental health! Life can be hard and when we as adults, or our children, experience challenges we respond to them from our perspective and with the tools we have access to. Through therapy, you will unravel your thoughts, using talk, play, art, or other modes, while integrating new tools to grow. With experience in mental health, I draw on a range of evidence-based therapeutic modalities with clients managing a variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, behavioral, and adjustment-related issues.
(515) 400-3389 View (515) 400-3389
Photo of Natalie Snyders, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Natalie Snyders
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
I have experience with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD and complex trauma, relationship and attachment issues, substance abuse, and grief and loss.
I recognize the vulnerability and courage it takes to start making real changes in your life. I believe all human beings deserve inner peace, true wellness and the ability to live a full and happy life. I also believe this is achievable for everyone and therapy can be a powerful tool to get there! By nature, I’m a systems thinker and like to work in a holistic way with my clients. No two people are alike, and we all have our unique soul signature.
I have experience with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD and complex trauma, relationship and attachment issues, substance abuse, and grief and loss.
I recognize the vulnerability and courage it takes to start making real changes in your life. I believe all human beings deserve inner peace, true wellness and the ability to live a full and happy life. I also believe this is achievable for everyone and therapy can be a powerful tool to get there! By nature, I’m a systems thinker and like to work in a holistic way with my clients. No two people are alike, and we all have our unique soul signature.
(515) 855-6628 View (515) 855-6628
Photo of Michelle Renee Curtis, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Michelle Renee Curtis
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
Life can be overwhelming at times. In fact, most people will experience at least mild depression and or anxiety at some time due to life events such as death, divorce, relationship difficulties, and work stress. Traumatic events in childhood create a different kind of stress and can cause only mildly stressful events to be amplified for you. Did you know that most people have at least one event in their childhood that qualifies as a traumatic event? It is normal for individuals who have experienced trauma of some kind to experience anxiety and or depression. So here you are looking through a website full of therapists trying to make a decision! Congratulations on taking the first step to improving your life. Many of the most successful people in life seek the counsel of others in order to increase knowledge and improve their lives. Therapy can be that counsel bringing clarity, collaboration, and change to your life.
Life can be overwhelming at times. In fact, most people will experience at least mild depression and or anxiety at some time due to life events such as death, divorce, relationship difficulties, and work stress. Traumatic events in childhood create a different kind of stress and can cause only mildly stressful events to be amplified for you. Did you know that most people have at least one event in their childhood that qualifies as a traumatic event? It is normal for individuals who have experienced trauma of some kind to experience anxiety and or depression. So here you are looking through a website full of therapists trying to make a decision! Congratulations on taking the first step to improving your life. Many of the most successful people in life seek the counsel of others in order to increase knowledge and improve their lives. Therapy can be that counsel bringing clarity, collaboration, and change to your life.
(515) 373-4349 View (515) 373-4349
Photo of Gina Campbell, LISW, MDiv, RYT200, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gina Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, MDiv, RYT200
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324  (Online Only)
You’ve been feeling “off” for a while now. Your life isn’t necessarily falling apart but you’re not happy. You’ve thought about going to therapy many times but then you end up procrastinating. You tell yourself you should be able to figure this out on your own and that therapy is for people with problems worse than yours. But lately something has tipped the scales. Most of the time you handle your emotions pretty well but now it’s too much with everything you have going on. You’re stressed, anxious or depressed. Some days you’re not even sure how you feel.
You’ve been feeling “off” for a while now. Your life isn’t necessarily falling apart but you’re not happy. You’ve thought about going to therapy many times but then you end up procrastinating. You tell yourself you should be able to figure this out on your own and that therapy is for people with problems worse than yours. But lately something has tipped the scales. Most of the time you handle your emotions pretty well but now it’s too much with everything you have going on. You’re stressed, anxious or depressed. Some days you’re not even sure how you feel.
(515) 512-4254 View (515) 512-4254
Photo of Alex Albright, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Albright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
If you have experienced trauma, loss, significant or unexpected change, family conflict, felt down and depressed, anxious, or all of the above I hope to be of help to you. I work with individuals, children, and families.
If you have experienced trauma, loss, significant or unexpected change, family conflict, felt down and depressed, anxious, or all of the above I hope to be of help to you. I work with individuals, children, and families.
(515) 500-5816 View (515) 500-5816
Photo of Brandon Foley, T-LMHC, MS, Counselor
Brandon Foley
Counselor, T-LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50322
My background includes over ten years of serving individuals affected by anxiety, depression, substance abuse, OCD, issues with sexuality and pornography, physical and intellectual disabilities, chronic illness, grief, PTSD, LGBTQA+ issues, relationship issues, and life transitions.
Counseling is an opportunity for us to strengthen connection with ourselves and others, while moving forward in life with greater satisfaction. Every hurt, hope, struggle and triumph is welcome here, as we work together to discover strength, wisdom, and direction through even life’s most difficult experiences. Each of us carries our own unique perspective and challenges — I tailor my approach to meet every client where they at without judgment.
My background includes over ten years of serving individuals affected by anxiety, depression, substance abuse, OCD, issues with sexuality and pornography, physical and intellectual disabilities, chronic illness, grief, PTSD, LGBTQA+ issues, relationship issues, and life transitions.
Counseling is an opportunity for us to strengthen connection with ourselves and others, while moving forward in life with greater satisfaction. Every hurt, hope, struggle and triumph is welcome here, as we work together to discover strength, wisdom, and direction through even life’s most difficult experiences. Each of us carries our own unique perspective and challenges — I tailor my approach to meet every client where they at without judgment.
(515) 361-5968 View (515) 361-5968
Photo of Hope Hunt, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hope Hunt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50322
Waitlist for new clients
currently have a waitlist! I offer a calm, welcoming, authentic, and supportive environment to help clients reach their full potential. My first focus with clients is building a trusting relationship and getting to know you as a whole individual as I feel this contributes to the therapeutic process. I am here to support you in making the changes you want in your life to help improve the overall quality. We will work together to create specific and attainable goals to help you achieve the outcome you desire.
currently have a waitlist! I offer a calm, welcoming, authentic, and supportive environment to help clients reach their full potential. My first focus with clients is building a trusting relationship and getting to know you as a whole individual as I feel this contributes to the therapeutic process. I am here to support you in making the changes you want in your life to help improve the overall quality. We will work together to create specific and attainable goals to help you achieve the outcome you desire.
(515) 497-9861 View (515) 497-9861
Photo of Schuyler Paxton, LMHC, Counselor
Schuyler Paxton
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
Hello! I offer a relational and personal style of therapy. I approach people and solutions by considering interpersonal dynamics, unconscious perspectives we hold, the wisdom inherent in our bodies, and our underestimated resources of strength. I want us to experience more wholeness and enrichment in our lives. The poet, Mary Oliver, says it well, “I want to think again of dangerous and noble things. I want to be light and frolicsome. I want to be improbable beautiful and afraid of nothing, as though I had wings.”
Hello! I offer a relational and personal style of therapy. I approach people and solutions by considering interpersonal dynamics, unconscious perspectives we hold, the wisdom inherent in our bodies, and our underestimated resources of strength. I want us to experience more wholeness and enrichment in our lives. The poet, Mary Oliver, says it well, “I want to think again of dangerous and noble things. I want to be light and frolicsome. I want to be improbable beautiful and afraid of nothing, as though I had wings.”
(515) 219-8510 View (515) 219-8510
Photo of Julie Mertz, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julie Mertz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
Currently have a wait list. Have you ever asked yourself any of these questions? Do I need therapy? Are my problems and experiences important enough for therapy? What is the therapist going to think about me? Initiating therapy can be a difficult process. Understanding this, I strive to make everyone feel safe and comfortable in my office setting. I have worked hard to ensure that individuals feel at ease when exploring their past and present experiences.
Currently have a wait list. Have you ever asked yourself any of these questions? Do I need therapy? Are my problems and experiences important enough for therapy? What is the therapist going to think about me? Initiating therapy can be a difficult process. Understanding this, I strive to make everyone feel safe and comfortable in my office setting. I have worked hard to ensure that individuals feel at ease when exploring their past and present experiences.
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Photo of Sue Cyr - Sue Cyr Counseling Services PLLC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sue Cyr Counseling Services PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
All of us are in some way coping with change in our lives, whether these changes are by choice or by circumstance. And all of us deserve an understanding ear, a soft shoulder and a nonjudgmental space to be genuinely ourselves.
All of us are in some way coping with change in our lives, whether these changes are by choice or by circumstance. And all of us deserve an understanding ear, a soft shoulder and a nonjudgmental space to be genuinely ourselves.
(515) 220-2602 View (515) 220-2602
Photo of Michael Sullivan, MA, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Michael Sullivan
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
If you have ever asked yourself if you are living as well as you could then counseling may be for you. I find most people (including my clients) can get by just fine on their own. I am here to help them do more than "just get by." My goal is to help you live the life you want and enjoy it more fully. How to better manage anxiety, improve mood, improve coping skills, and better your interpersonal relationships are something I enjoy helping people with. I also address people's history of trauma and how that may be affecting their life and/or relationships.
If you have ever asked yourself if you are living as well as you could then counseling may be for you. I find most people (including my clients) can get by just fine on their own. I am here to help them do more than "just get by." My goal is to help you live the life you want and enjoy it more fully. How to better manage anxiety, improve mood, improve coping skills, and better your interpersonal relationships are something I enjoy helping people with. I also address people's history of trauma and how that may be affecting their life and/or relationships.
(515) 532-5528 View (515) 532-5528
Photo of Penny Nichols-Peterson, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Penny Nichols-Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
I believe in the process of therapy and I am dedicated to helping you reach your goals. If you are seeking assistance and would like to begin therapy with a down-to-earth and compassionate therapist, I may be the right match for you. I believe you have the answers within you and any changes you make are the result of your hard work. If you choose to share your story with me, I will feel honored to help guide conversations, offer a different point of view, challenge thoughts, and listen with a non-judgmental mind and open heart.
I believe in the process of therapy and I am dedicated to helping you reach your goals. If you are seeking assistance and would like to begin therapy with a down-to-earth and compassionate therapist, I may be the right match for you. I believe you have the answers within you and any changes you make are the result of your hard work. If you choose to share your story with me, I will feel honored to help guide conversations, offer a different point of view, challenge thoughts, and listen with a non-judgmental mind and open heart.
(515) 619-5257 View (515) 619-5257
Photo of Jessica Pottorff, MS/MA, CADC, tLMHC, Counselor
Jessica Pottorff
Counselor, MS/MA, CADC, tLMHC
Verified Verified
Windsor Heights, IA 50311
I love working with teens 16+, individuals, and couples. I am passionate about working through addiction issues and the resulting codependency/boundaries, guilt, and shame. Have you been struggling with a narcissist in your life resulting in self-worth issues? Do you struggle with spiritual issues such as trauma, cult affiliation, or confusion? I know how complicated these struggles are and I would be honored to walk with you through the mess and out to the other side. I meet each person where they are and if allowed I use God and Scripture to empower clients to see their potential and to find their identity and freedom in Christ.
I love working with teens 16+, individuals, and couples. I am passionate about working through addiction issues and the resulting codependency/boundaries, guilt, and shame. Have you been struggling with a narcissist in your life resulting in self-worth issues? Do you struggle with spiritual issues such as trauma, cult affiliation, or confusion? I know how complicated these struggles are and I would be honored to walk with you through the mess and out to the other side. I meet each person where they are and if allowed I use God and Scripture to empower clients to see their potential and to find their identity and freedom in Christ.
(515) 516-6963 View (515) 516-6963

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Carlos Canales - Carlos Canales, PsyD, CGP, FAGPA, Psychologist
Carlos Canales
Psychologist, PsyD, CGP, FAGPA
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Clive, IA 50325
For instance, I am skilled in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and difficulties that emerge from relationships.
I believe therapy is a way to enrich life in general, to enhance the enjoyable, and to understand and move through the painful. I think life is better in supportive company and that is why I am a therapist. I am fascinated with the multilayer complexity of life; in integrating the mind, body, heart, and spirit, as well as the richness of people and culture. I enjoy building connections with clients and exploring what brought them to therapy, how their history informs their present situation, and how needs and emotions are communicated. In essence, I’m thoughtful about how life is experienced, assimilated, digested and observed.
For instance, I am skilled in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and difficulties that emerge from relationships.
I believe therapy is a way to enrich life in general, to enhance the enjoyable, and to understand and move through the painful. I think life is better in supportive company and that is why I am a therapist. I am fascinated with the multilayer complexity of life; in integrating the mind, body, heart, and spirit, as well as the richness of people and culture. I enjoy building connections with clients and exploring what brought them to therapy, how their history informs their present situation, and how needs and emotions are communicated. In essence, I’m thoughtful about how life is experienced, assimilated, digested and observed.
(515) 393-2921 View (515) 393-2921
Photo of Jeni Nash - Jeni Nash,  LISW - Anxiety, Trauma and Depression, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeni Nash, LISW - Anxiety, Trauma and Depression
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
Does your mind race with past problems or future worries? Do you need to heal from a recent or past trauma? Do you feel persistently down or depressed? Are your challenges affecting your work and home life? In therapy, you can learn practical strategies that can help you cope. Difficult childhood experiences in your past or mental health struggles in the present don't have to dictate your future. You can develop the skills to cope with anxiety and depression, recover from trauma, build self-esteem, have better relationships, and move past grief. Build hope and support tangible progress. Reach out to schedule your free consultation.
Does your mind race with past problems or future worries? Do you need to heal from a recent or past trauma? Do you feel persistently down or depressed? Are your challenges affecting your work and home life? In therapy, you can learn practical strategies that can help you cope. Difficult childhood experiences in your past or mental health struggles in the present don't have to dictate your future. You can develop the skills to cope with anxiety and depression, recover from trauma, build self-esteem, have better relationships, and move past grief. Build hope and support tangible progress. Reach out to schedule your free consultation.
(515) 221-8194 View (515) 221-8194
Photo of Shannon Forcucci-Earnest, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shannon Forcucci-Earnest
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Des Moines, IA 50312
You’re resilient and strong, but you have some unresolved trauma from earlier in life that still bothers you. You’ve coasted, you’re high functioning anxious/depressed with a tough past. You’ve settled, and you’re fine. You keep busy and focus on others around you. Maybe the past creeps into your present day, creating barriers or difficulty in connecting with others, and trusting people. Maybe it’s hard to hold down a job, establish healthy habits, or maintain healthy relationships. Maybe you don’t know what makes you happy or how to even get there. Maybe you’ve been sweeping everything under the rug for years.
You’re resilient and strong, but you have some unresolved trauma from earlier in life that still bothers you. You’ve coasted, you’re high functioning anxious/depressed with a tough past. You’ve settled, and you’re fine. You keep busy and focus on others around you. Maybe the past creeps into your present day, creating barriers or difficulty in connecting with others, and trusting people. Maybe it’s hard to hold down a job, establish healthy habits, or maintain healthy relationships. Maybe you don’t know what makes you happy or how to even get there. Maybe you’ve been sweeping everything under the rug for years.
(515) 375-2372 View (515) 375-2372
Photo of Stephanie Barrett, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Barrett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
West Des Moines, IA 50266
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience in the following areas: depression, anxiety, grief/loss, end-of-life issues, geriatric/aging, women's issues, mood disorders.
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker in the state of Iowa. I graduated from Simpson College in 2004 with a Bachelor's degree in Psychology and St. Ambrose University in 2006 with a Master's degree in Social Work (MSW). I have been working with clients in health care and mental health settings since 2006. As a therapist, I strive to make services accessbile and welcoming. Therapy is a place to feel accepted and free from judgment. In this fast-paced world, we all deserve a space to be supported as our authentic selves.
I have experience in the following areas: depression, anxiety, grief/loss, end-of-life issues, geriatric/aging, women's issues, mood disorders.
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker in the state of Iowa. I graduated from Simpson College in 2004 with a Bachelor's degree in Psychology and St. Ambrose University in 2006 with a Master's degree in Social Work (MSW). I have been working with clients in health care and mental health settings since 2006. As a therapist, I strive to make services accessbile and welcoming. Therapy is a place to feel accepted and free from judgment. In this fast-paced world, we all deserve a space to be supported as our authentic selves.
(515) 517-2527 View (515) 517-2527

See more therapy options for Windsor Heights

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.