Therapists in Urbandale, IA

Photo of Monique And Rick Elgersma - Real Connections Counseling, A Cotherapy company!, LMFT, M Litt, Marriage & Family Therapist
Real Connections Counseling, A Cotherapy company!
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, M Litt
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Instead of staring at a therapist staring back at you, you join up with a TEAM in a place where you belong, in a way where we all show up for practice together. Together we create your dream relationship. You work hard ... blood, sweat, and tears kind of hard sometimes. At the end of it you'll have the kind of love you may never have dreamed you could have. This isn't just therapy, it's co-therapy. A philosophy that empowers couples like you to discover the magic of "us." We're your team, and your needs come first. Sessions START at 85 mins. The RCC-System means you succeed, all outside the constraints and limitations of insurance.
Instead of staring at a therapist staring back at you, you join up with a TEAM in a place where you belong, in a way where we all show up for practice together. Together we create your dream relationship. You work hard ... blood, sweat, and tears kind of hard sometimes. At the end of it you'll have the kind of love you may never have dreamed you could have. This isn't just therapy, it's co-therapy. A philosophy that empowers couples like you to discover the magic of "us." We're your team, and your needs come first. Sessions START at 85 mins. The RCC-System means you succeed, all outside the constraints and limitations of insurance.
(515) 346-6075 View (515) 346-6075
Photo of Elijah James Evans, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Elijah James Evans
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with clients who want to improve the way they approach their relationships with themselves, others, or the world. These clients may have recognized their current way of doing things is hurting themselves or others, or they may have simply identified they are not feeling their best. I am passionate about helping people understand and enact more effective patterns of being.
I enjoy working with clients who want to improve the way they approach their relationships with themselves, others, or the world. These clients may have recognized their current way of doing things is hurting themselves or others, or they may have simply identified they are not feeling their best. I am passionate about helping people understand and enact more effective patterns of being.
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Photo of Sarah Cammoun-Myers, LMHC, Counselor
Sarah Cammoun-Myers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Waitlist for new clients
At Sage Counseling and Wellness, I believe that healing can occur to develop a fulfilling and harmonious life filled with meaningful connections. I strive to help clients discover and feel comfortable with their authentic self and empower them to have the courage to bring that authenticity into their relationships. I believe in the importance of maintaining a supportive and affirming environment throughout the therapeutic process. I welcome people from all walks of life, including but not limited to: LGBTQIA+, BIPOC, and individuals with disabilities by providing a safe and affirming environment to all.
At Sage Counseling and Wellness, I believe that healing can occur to develop a fulfilling and harmonious life filled with meaningful connections. I strive to help clients discover and feel comfortable with their authentic self and empower them to have the courage to bring that authenticity into their relationships. I believe in the importance of maintaining a supportive and affirming environment throughout the therapeutic process. I welcome people from all walks of life, including but not limited to: LGBTQIA+, BIPOC, and individuals with disabilities by providing a safe and affirming environment to all.
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Photo of Gary Selof, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gary Selof
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Life is a journey with challenging twists and turns that can be hard to navigate alone. Many feel stuck and unsure how to move forward. My goal is to guide people in overcoming these obstacles and pursuing a fulfilling life. I help individuals realize their desired selves by collaboratively identifying goals and working together to achieve them. My services support couples with communication issues, infidelity recovery, and daily struggles, as well as individuals facing trauma, anxiety, and depression. I am passionate about supporting Veterans, drawing on my military background.
Life is a journey with challenging twists and turns that can be hard to navigate alone. Many feel stuck and unsure how to move forward. My goal is to guide people in overcoming these obstacles and pursuing a fulfilling life. I help individuals realize their desired selves by collaboratively identifying goals and working together to achieve them. My services support couples with communication issues, infidelity recovery, and daily struggles, as well as individuals facing trauma, anxiety, and depression. I am passionate about supporting Veterans, drawing on my military background.
(515) 325-4929 View (515) 325-4929
Photo of Mason Miller, MS, t-LMHC
Mason Miller
MS, t-LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Mason is a person-centered therapist with 5 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. Mason is also an experienced life coach and sports psychologist helping young teens and adolescents with performance anxiety and other sports-related issues. Before becoming a therapist, Mason was a wrestling coach at the youth, high school, and college levels following his long-time career as competitor in the sport of wrestling. Mason strives to help all individuals in a safe, positive, and supportive environment to regain hope and heal.
Mason is a person-centered therapist with 5 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. Mason is also an experienced life coach and sports psychologist helping young teens and adolescents with performance anxiety and other sports-related issues. Before becoming a therapist, Mason was a wrestling coach at the youth, high school, and college levels following his long-time career as competitor in the sport of wrestling. Mason strives to help all individuals in a safe, positive, and supportive environment to regain hope and heal.
(515) 501-5549 View (515) 501-5549
Photo of Laura Taggart, t-LMHC, Counselor
Laura Taggart
Counselor, t-LMHC
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322  (Online Only)
A mother’s well-being and mental health have a large impact on not only herself but on her children and family. My passion is supporting women as they navigate the internal and external challenges that come with motherhood and growing a family. We’ll work together to navigate the situations of your choosing. You are the expert of your life and I feel honored to be here to support you and your therapeutic goals, as healing can be a hard thing to do by ourselves. Whether your situation or symptoms are past or present, an individualized approach can help you on your path to personal growth, healing, and mental wellness in the present.
A mother’s well-being and mental health have a large impact on not only herself but on her children and family. My passion is supporting women as they navigate the internal and external challenges that come with motherhood and growing a family. We’ll work together to navigate the situations of your choosing. You are the expert of your life and I feel honored to be here to support you and your therapeutic goals, as healing can be a hard thing to do by ourselves. Whether your situation or symptoms are past or present, an individualized approach can help you on your path to personal growth, healing, and mental wellness in the present.
(515) 855-6970 View (515) 855-6970
Photo of Erika Hansen, LMHC, Counselor
Erika Hansen
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
Hello! I am scheduling new clients. I work with adults 18 and older. I don't have a waitlist currently as I am taking new clients. I specialize in Neurodivergent disorders, ADHD, Autism, and CPTSD. I also am comfortable in working with client who experiencing suicidal thinking and/or self-harm thinking. I am comfortable talking about suicide and figuring out a safety plan for you. I have been told by previous clients that I am very open, kink-friendly, sexually positive, LGBTQ+ affirming, and a nonjudgmental counselor. I really make sure that you are able to take up space and be heard.
Hello! I am scheduling new clients. I work with adults 18 and older. I don't have a waitlist currently as I am taking new clients. I specialize in Neurodivergent disorders, ADHD, Autism, and CPTSD. I also am comfortable in working with client who experiencing suicidal thinking and/or self-harm thinking. I am comfortable talking about suicide and figuring out a safety plan for you. I have been told by previous clients that I am very open, kink-friendly, sexually positive, LGBTQ+ affirming, and a nonjudgmental counselor. I really make sure that you are able to take up space and be heard.
(515) 523-6919 View (515) 523-6919
Photo of Jennifer Haidar, LISW, MEd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Haidar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322  (Online Only)
I am honored to walk alongside teens, adults and couples as they learn to navigate and find strength and purpose in their own story. I believe therapy is a healing relationship, in which individuals are empowered to use their own gifts and resiliency to heal and grow. I utilize several trauma-informed therapeutic approaches including EMDR, CBT, and IFS. With teens, I enjoy using art and client-centered therapy.
I am honored to walk alongside teens, adults and couples as they learn to navigate and find strength and purpose in their own story. I believe therapy is a healing relationship, in which individuals are empowered to use their own gifts and resiliency to heal and grow. I utilize several trauma-informed therapeutic approaches including EMDR, CBT, and IFS. With teens, I enjoy using art and client-centered therapy.
(515) 206-8307 View (515) 206-8307
Photo of Penny Nichols-Peterson, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Penny Nichols-Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
I believe in the process of therapy and I am dedicated to helping you reach your goals. If you are seeking assistance and would like to begin therapy with a down-to-earth and compassionate therapist, I may be the right match for you. I believe you have the answers within you and any changes you make are the result of your hard work. If you choose to share your story with me, I will feel honored to help guide conversations, offer a different point of view, challenge thoughts, and listen with a non-judgmental mind and open heart.
I believe in the process of therapy and I am dedicated to helping you reach your goals. If you are seeking assistance and would like to begin therapy with a down-to-earth and compassionate therapist, I may be the right match for you. I believe you have the answers within you and any changes you make are the result of your hard work. If you choose to share your story with me, I will feel honored to help guide conversations, offer a different point of view, challenge thoughts, and listen with a non-judgmental mind and open heart.
(515) 619-5257 View (515) 619-5257
Photo of Brian L Bentley, MA, LMFT, CADC, EMDR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Brian L Bentley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CADC, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
I am an emotion focused and cognitive behavioral therapist that incorporates a systemic, relational perspective to my work. I am passionate about helping individuals and couples create the relationship they desire, providing families with the tools necessary to create meaningful relationships, and assisting those in need of support and counsel with a variety of mental health issues. I use 28 years of marital and family counseling experience to provide therapy in the areas of marital therapy, affair reconciliation, divorce adjustment, sexual & drug addictions, depression, and anxiety.
I am an emotion focused and cognitive behavioral therapist that incorporates a systemic, relational perspective to my work. I am passionate about helping individuals and couples create the relationship they desire, providing families with the tools necessary to create meaningful relationships, and assisting those in need of support and counsel with a variety of mental health issues. I use 28 years of marital and family counseling experience to provide therapy in the areas of marital therapy, affair reconciliation, divorce adjustment, sexual & drug addictions, depression, and anxiety.
(515) 393-2774 View (515) 393-2774
Photo of Nicole Taylor-Irwin, PhD, Psychologist
Nicole Taylor-Irwin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
Are you looking for a warm and supportive therapist who will also challenge and empower you? I believe you have many answers within you but I look forward to collaborating with you to facilitate growth. I will create a space for you to feel safe exploring yourself and your needs so you can achieve a greater level of meaning, purpose, and wellness in your life. I embrace feminist and anti-racist values and work with clients from all genders, sexual orientations, races, and backgrounds.
Are you looking for a warm and supportive therapist who will also challenge and empower you? I believe you have many answers within you but I look forward to collaborating with you to facilitate growth. I will create a space for you to feel safe exploring yourself and your needs so you can achieve a greater level of meaning, purpose, and wellness in your life. I embrace feminist and anti-racist values and work with clients from all genders, sexual orientations, races, and backgrounds.
(515) 512-4985 View (515) 512-4985
Photo of Hallie Henely, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Hallie Henely
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
My name is Hallie and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults with various emotional needs. I specialize in treating trauma and have experience working with all ages on processing and healing after trauma, however I also see adults and children for anxiety, depression, or difficulty in relationships. I tend to develop a teamwork approach with my clients. Developing a trusting, comfortable relationship is an important part of the therapy process. I enjoy using humor, games, art and music in my therapy sessions - whatever fits for you!
My name is Hallie and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults with various emotional needs. I specialize in treating trauma and have experience working with all ages on processing and healing after trauma, however I also see adults and children for anxiety, depression, or difficulty in relationships. I tend to develop a teamwork approach with my clients. Developing a trusting, comfortable relationship is an important part of the therapy process. I enjoy using humor, games, art and music in my therapy sessions - whatever fits for you!
(515) 373-8423 View (515) 373-8423
Photo of Shayna Bell, MS, T-LMHC, Counselor
Shayna Bell
Counselor, MS, T-LMHC
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
The idea of beginning therapy can be incredibly overwhelming. It is often a time when many of us feel our most vulnerable, whether this is your first experience or you’ve been through a previous therapeutic journey. It is my hope and intention to create an inviting, safe, and inclusive space when you enter my office. I graduated from Simpson College with my Bachelor of Arts Degree in 2015 before pursuing my Master of Science Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Drake University.
The idea of beginning therapy can be incredibly overwhelming. It is often a time when many of us feel our most vulnerable, whether this is your first experience or you’ve been through a previous therapeutic journey. It is my hope and intention to create an inviting, safe, and inclusive space when you enter my office. I graduated from Simpson College with my Bachelor of Arts Degree in 2015 before pursuing my Master of Science Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Drake University.
(515) 497-9701 View (515) 497-9701
Photo of Kelsey Finch, LMHC, Counselor
Kelsey Finch
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
Waitlist for new clients
Making the decision to begin therapy can be difficult. Regardless of the circumstances that have brought you to consider therapy, you can be sure to find a safe, judgement-free space in my office. My role is to work with you to help you achieve your goals, whether that's overcoming obstacles, processing factors impacting you, or improving your overall satisfaction with life.
Making the decision to begin therapy can be difficult. Regardless of the circumstances that have brought you to consider therapy, you can be sure to find a safe, judgement-free space in my office. My role is to work with you to help you achieve your goals, whether that's overcoming obstacles, processing factors impacting you, or improving your overall satisfaction with life.
(515) 379-8685 View (515) 379-8685
Photo of Shana Boger, MS, LMFT, CADC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shana Boger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Waitlist for new clients
Hi there! I'm an LMFT & CADC. I have a variety of clinical interests and experience including individual/family recovery from addiction, relationship issues, anxiety, depression/mood disorders, emotional intensity, grief and loss, and life transitions. I am passionate about helping clients explore and achieve their balance within to support their growth and fulfillment. I'm intentional in being genuine and show up as a human first in the therapy room, and work alongside my clients to support them in moving toward healthy relationships and fulfilling lives through a strengths-based approach.
Hi there! I'm an LMFT & CADC. I have a variety of clinical interests and experience including individual/family recovery from addiction, relationship issues, anxiety, depression/mood disorders, emotional intensity, grief and loss, and life transitions. I am passionate about helping clients explore and achieve their balance within to support their growth and fulfillment. I'm intentional in being genuine and show up as a human first in the therapy room, and work alongside my clients to support them in moving toward healthy relationships and fulfilling lives through a strengths-based approach.
(515) 949-4533 View (515) 949-4533
Photo of Carmen Tillman, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Carmen Tillman
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
Not accepting new clients
My goal as a therapist is to help you navigate your own murky waters of life. I want to work towards identifying what might be getting in the way of you allowing the you that is already there to come out and be seen.
My goal as a therapist is to help you navigate your own murky waters of life. I want to work towards identifying what might be getting in the way of you allowing the you that is already there to come out and be seen.
(515) 446-7284 View (515) 446-7284
Photo of Rebecca O'Connell, MA, LMFT, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rebecca O'Connell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCTP
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
Immediate and Early Evening Appointments Available. I view therapy as a journey. The path on this journey of life is twisting and winding with many detours, and it can be difficult to navigate on our own. The therapy hour is time carved out just for the client; a safe place with no shame, where people can give voice to their stories. It is my privilege to come alongside people on this journey to wholeness.
Immediate and Early Evening Appointments Available. I view therapy as a journey. The path on this journey of life is twisting and winding with many detours, and it can be difficult to navigate on our own. The therapy hour is time carved out just for the client; a safe place with no shame, where people can give voice to their stories. It is my privilege to come alongside people on this journey to wholeness.
(515) 212-7667 View (515) 212-7667
Photo of Alondra Ray, tLMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alondra Ray
Pre-Licensed Professional, tLMFT
Verified Verified
Urbandale, IA 50322
My name is Alondra and I am a Temporary Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I graduated from Utah Valley University and received a M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy at Mount Mercy University. I am committed to embracing all individuals, with all experiences and perspectives, as they engage in healing through connection with self and others. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families and utilize an Emotion-Focused and Experiential approach. At my core, I value the importance of my clients living a full life and focus on human connection being the means to accomplish just that.
My name is Alondra and I am a Temporary Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I graduated from Utah Valley University and received a M.A. in Marriage and Family Therapy at Mount Mercy University. I am committed to embracing all individuals, with all experiences and perspectives, as they engage in healing through connection with self and others. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families and utilize an Emotion-Focused and Experiential approach. At my core, I value the importance of my clients living a full life and focus on human connection being the means to accomplish just that.
(515) 679-6582 View (515) 679-6582
Photo of Renae L Ludwig, MS, LPCC, LMHC, Counselor
Renae L Ludwig
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
I have been doing therapy for more years than I care to say and the wisdom of age and experience to go with it! I usually can get new clients in within 1-2 weeks and have late afternoon, evening and weekend appointments available. I see individuals, adults, couples and families. I specialize in helping those with depression, anxiety, ADHD, family conflict, relationship issues, job and career issues, trauma, sexual abuse, and stress. Look forward to hearing from you!
I have been doing therapy for more years than I care to say and the wisdom of age and experience to go with it! I usually can get new clients in within 1-2 weeks and have late afternoon, evening and weekend appointments available. I see individuals, adults, couples and families. I specialize in helping those with depression, anxiety, ADHD, family conflict, relationship issues, job and career issues, trauma, sexual abuse, and stress. Look forward to hearing from you!
(515) 417-2947 View (515) 417-2947
Photo of Jim Wilwerding, MDiv, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Jim Wilwerding
Counselor, MDiv, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Urbandale, IA 50322
I know that the choice to begin counseling can often be a difficult one. Congratulations on taking the first step toward having the kind of life you want for yourself! I look forward to the opportunity to be of assistance to you on that journey. My areas of interest/specialty include all aspects of mental health counseling for adults, adolescents, and families in the areas of depression, anxiety, addictions, co-occuring disorders, codependency and spirituality. I draw upon diverse resources to approach the counseling process from the perspective of your strengths and your place in life.
I know that the choice to begin counseling can often be a difficult one. Congratulations on taking the first step toward having the kind of life you want for yourself! I look forward to the opportunity to be of assistance to you on that journey. My areas of interest/specialty include all aspects of mental health counseling for adults, adolescents, and families in the areas of depression, anxiety, addictions, co-occuring disorders, codependency and spirituality. I draw upon diverse resources to approach the counseling process from the perspective of your strengths and your place in life.
(515) 599-3255 View (515) 599-3255
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Urbandale, IA

100+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Urbandale, IA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
82% Trauma and PTSD
77% Self Esteem
75% Coping Skills
72% Stress

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% BlueCross and BlueShield
79% Wellmark BCBS
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Urbandale, IA see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Urbandale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.