Depression Therapists in Ottumwa, IA

Photo of Phillip L Davis - R & R Counseling Solutions, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
R & R Counseling Solutions
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501
I help people reduce stress, anxiety, and depression through relaxation and mindfulness techniques.
I work with clients who are struggling with complicated grief, anger, stress, anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood disorders, sexual abuse, relationship concerns and substance abuse. Counseling works great for people who are willing to do things different so they can have a more positive outcome. Mental health is not something to be ashamed of and does not have to be a life sentence. Most people struggle at some point in their life and could use some support. There are other counselors in the practice that can also provide help. Visit us at www.rrcsmentalhealth.com We look forward to helping you with your journey.
I help people reduce stress, anxiety, and depression through relaxation and mindfulness techniques.
I work with clients who are struggling with complicated grief, anger, stress, anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood disorders, sexual abuse, relationship concerns and substance abuse. Counseling works great for people who are willing to do things different so they can have a more positive outcome. Mental health is not something to be ashamed of and does not have to be a life sentence. Most people struggle at some point in their life and could use some support. There are other counselors in the practice that can also provide help. Visit us at www.rrcsmentalhealth.com We look forward to helping you with your journey.
(319) 214-7678 View (319) 214-7678
Photo of Rebecca j Schmitz, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca j Schmitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501
I specialize in working with trauma related problems, disability challenges, anxiety and depression.
With over 30 years of experience in the field of social work I have worked extensively with individuals, couples and families. My therapy is client-directed so that clients can determine how quickly they wish to delve into and resolve problems they are experiencing. For those who are spiritually inclined I can also integrate work on a spiritual level which enhances psychological progress by allowing clients to go deep into the source of the challenges they are facing. My goal in working with clients is to work myself out of a job by facilitating movement toward a more fulfilling life.
I specialize in working with trauma related problems, disability challenges, anxiety and depression.
With over 30 years of experience in the field of social work I have worked extensively with individuals, couples and families. My therapy is client-directed so that clients can determine how quickly they wish to delve into and resolve problems they are experiencing. For those who are spiritually inclined I can also integrate work on a spiritual level which enhances psychological progress by allowing clients to go deep into the source of the challenges they are facing. My goal in working with clients is to work myself out of a job by facilitating movement toward a more fulfilling life.
(641) 569-6323 View (641) 569-6323
Photo of Bekki Klodt, LMHC, NCC, MSE, EMDR-C, Counselor
Bekki Klodt
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, MSE, EMDR-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ottumwa, IA 52501  (Online Only)
I work with clients on topics including trauma, anxiety, depression, anger and irritability, suicidal thoughts, emotional abuse, and identity exploration.
In this hectic world, we can go through situations that feel bigger than our ways to cope. I'm here to help you get back to a place that feels good, where you can navigate life with confidence. Whether you want to process what you're going through, heal from the past, feel more in control of your life, or simply feel less anxious or overwhelmed, I will make sure your therapy space is safe, builds off your strengths, and helps you feel more centered (never judged or shamed).
I work with clients on topics including trauma, anxiety, depression, anger and irritability, suicidal thoughts, emotional abuse, and identity exploration.
In this hectic world, we can go through situations that feel bigger than our ways to cope. I'm here to help you get back to a place that feels good, where you can navigate life with confidence. Whether you want to process what you're going through, heal from the past, feel more in control of your life, or simply feel less anxious or overwhelmed, I will make sure your therapy space is safe, builds off your strengths, and helps you feel more centered (never judged or shamed).
(641) 381-5174 View (641) 381-5174
Photo of Amanda Smith, LMHC, Counselor
Amanda Smith
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ottumwa, IA 52501
I specialize in helping those struggling with infertility, child loss, life adjustments to and with childless and/or childfree changes, anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma, life transitions, LGBTQ+, adolescents, aging and geriatric, and women’s issues.
Accepting New Clients with Immediate Openings. The mind naturally wants to go towards wellness, sometimes we just need a little help in the right direction. Let me help you on your journey toward healing, growth, and wellness. Therapy is your unique journey towards wellness. Working in a partnership helps you know that you are in charge of your life, your healing, and your growth. Knowing you can depend on yourself with some guidance helps you blossom into the person you were meant to be. Together we will work through your journey of healing with you in the lead with me right beside you.
I specialize in helping those struggling with infertility, child loss, life adjustments to and with childless and/or childfree changes, anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma, life transitions, LGBTQ+, adolescents, aging and geriatric, and women’s issues.
Accepting New Clients with Immediate Openings. The mind naturally wants to go towards wellness, sometimes we just need a little help in the right direction. Let me help you on your journey toward healing, growth, and wellness. Therapy is your unique journey towards wellness. Working in a partnership helps you know that you are in charge of your life, your healing, and your growth. Knowing you can depend on yourself with some guidance helps you blossom into the person you were meant to be. Together we will work through your journey of healing with you in the lead with me right beside you.
(515) 854-3966 View (515) 854-3966
Photo of Teresa Anne Pappas, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Teresa Anne Pappas
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501  (Online Only)
I use a noninvasive intervention called Brainspotting for trauma. This technique helps move through trauma on the level of the brain, releasing the hold on you and increase freedom from past trauma. I use Mindfulness Interventions with people who have anxiety, depression, and addiction issues to reduce symptoms and to prevent relapse. I work with people who have experienced "Loss" in one form or another. For example, a loss of a loved one, a beloved pet or a disability that has changed ones life. I also do marriage counseling.
I use a noninvasive intervention called Brainspotting for trauma. This technique helps move through trauma on the level of the brain, releasing the hold on you and increase freedom from past trauma. I use Mindfulness Interventions with people who have anxiety, depression, and addiction issues to reduce symptoms and to prevent relapse. I work with people who have experienced "Loss" in one form or another. For example, a loss of a loved one, a beloved pet or a disability that has changed ones life. I also do marriage counseling.
(641) 212-6453 View (641) 212-6453
Photo of Cheryl Bailey, BA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cheryl Bailey
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have many years of experience working with people of all ages and from all walks of life. I enjoy working with couples who want to improve their relationship, parents and their children who are having difficulty getting along, and individuals who may be struggling in their lives and have a desire for personal growth.
I have many years of experience working with people of all ages and from all walks of life. I enjoy working with couples who want to improve their relationship, parents and their children who are having difficulty getting along, and individuals who may be struggling in their lives and have a desire for personal growth.
(641) 316-2298 View (641) 316-2298
Photo of Angela Andeway, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Angela Andeway
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501
I offer an in depth, diversity affirming approach to psychotherapy. I am passionate about providing clients with meaningful and effective services tailored to each person. My training, experience, and skill-set uniquely qualifies me to work within the intersections of addictions, attachment issues, traumatic experiences, and relationship issues. I engage with clients deeply to allow them to experience life more fully. Many people cover their genuine feelings to protect themselves from pain. I strive to create a safe environment where trust can be developed in the therapeutic relationship so that clients can gradually rely less on their need to protect themselves through self-destructive patterns.
I offer an in depth, diversity affirming approach to psychotherapy. I am passionate about providing clients with meaningful and effective services tailored to each person. My training, experience, and skill-set uniquely qualifies me to work within the intersections of addictions, attachment issues, traumatic experiences, and relationship issues. I engage with clients deeply to allow them to experience life more fully. Many people cover their genuine feelings to protect themselves from pain. I strive to create a safe environment where trust can be developed in the therapeutic relationship so that clients can gradually rely less on their need to protect themselves through self-destructive patterns.
(641) 236-1644 View (641) 236-1644
Photo of Alaina Ellington, LMHC, Counselor
Alaina Ellington
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ottumwa, IA 52501
I work with individuals who are ready to transform their mental health and wellbeing. Maybe you are trying to heal from the past, wanting to change your future, or learning to live in the present; maybe all three are true. Whatever your situation is, please know that change starts by taking the first step. I am here to help you take that step in creating the life you want and deserve! I work with individuals who are 15 years old and older.
I work with individuals who are ready to transform their mental health and wellbeing. Maybe you are trying to heal from the past, wanting to change your future, or learning to live in the present; maybe all three are true. Whatever your situation is, please know that change starts by taking the first step. I am here to help you take that step in creating the life you want and deserve! I work with individuals who are 15 years old and older.
(319) 220-3685 View (319) 220-3685
Photo of Doug Buttikofer, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Doug Buttikofer
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501
Not accepting new clients
I appreciate your consideration of me as your therapist. I am committed to assisting my clients in achieving their potential, and although I am a practitioner of several validated effective therapies, perhaps the most important trait I bring to my clients, is to be present for them and make an effort to create an environment that promotes wellness. "EMDR" is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
I appreciate your consideration of me as your therapist. I am committed to assisting my clients in achieving their potential, and although I am a practitioner of several validated effective therapies, perhaps the most important trait I bring to my clients, is to be present for them and make an effort to create an environment that promotes wellness. "EMDR" is a psychotherapy that enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences.
(641) 458-1982 View (641) 458-1982
Photo of Jenny Armstrong, MS, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Jenny Armstrong
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Ottumwa, IA 52501  (Online Only)
I became a therapist with a goal to intervene at early ages with children/youth who are at risk with the hopes to minimize long term behavioral issues that lead into criminal behavior. I currently work with children aged 8 and above and adults/couples/families who experience a variety of symptoms and real-life problems. Currently I am only accepting Tele-health clients.
I became a therapist with a goal to intervene at early ages with children/youth who are at risk with the hopes to minimize long term behavioral issues that lead into criminal behavior. I currently work with children aged 8 and above and adults/couples/families who experience a variety of symptoms and real-life problems. Currently I am only accepting Tele-health clients.
(641) 212-6460 View (641) 212-6460
Photo of Shanon A. Claussen, LISW, RPT-S, CADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shanon A. Claussen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, RPT-S, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ottumwa, IA 52501
Shanon Claussen LISW, RPT-S, CADC, Certified EMDR Therapist, has been providing mental health therapy since 2006, Shanon's clinical experience includes work with individuals (children 18 months & older, adolescents, adults, couples, & families). Shanon utilizes techniques appropriate to each client, individualizes treatment plans, & meets clients where they are at.
Shanon Claussen LISW, RPT-S, CADC, Certified EMDR Therapist, has been providing mental health therapy since 2006, Shanon's clinical experience includes work with individuals (children 18 months & older, adolescents, adults, couples, & families). Shanon utilizes techniques appropriate to each client, individualizes treatment plans, & meets clients where they are at.
(641) 321-3760 View (641) 321-3760

Online Therapists

Photo of Sabrina Sartori Chouinard, LISW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sabrina Sartori Chouinard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clive, IA 50325
I enjoy working with adolescents and adults and have training and experience in treating clients with anxiety, attachment issues, depression, eating disorders, grief, acculturation, and cross-cultural transitions (culture shock).
Welcome! Take a breath. Since you are reading this, you are most likely pursuing change in your life or relationships. Seeking counseling or asking for support takes courage, especially in a culture of independence and self-reliance. I know it is not easy, and I respect and value that you are taking this next step. I firmly believe that effective therapeutic relationships are powerful for achieving healing and lasting change. I have over 20 years of Clinical Psychology experience, and I am a licensed psychologist in Brazil. I completed the Master of Social Work program at the University of Iowa, emphasizing clinical therapy.
I enjoy working with adolescents and adults and have training and experience in treating clients with anxiety, attachment issues, depression, eating disorders, grief, acculturation, and cross-cultural transitions (culture shock).
Welcome! Take a breath. Since you are reading this, you are most likely pursuing change in your life or relationships. Seeking counseling or asking for support takes courage, especially in a culture of independence and self-reliance. I know it is not easy, and I respect and value that you are taking this next step. I firmly believe that effective therapeutic relationships are powerful for achieving healing and lasting change. I have over 20 years of Clinical Psychology experience, and I am a licensed psychologist in Brazil. I completed the Master of Social Work program at the University of Iowa, emphasizing clinical therapy.
(515) 461-8727 View (515) 461-8727
Photo of Natalie Snyders, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Natalie Snyders
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Windsor Heights, IA 50324
I have experience with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD and complex trauma, relationship and attachment issues, substance abuse, and grief and loss.
I recognize the vulnerability and courage it takes to start making real changes in your life. I believe all human beings deserve inner peace, true wellness and the ability to live a full and happy life. I also believe this is achievable for everyone and therapy can be a powerful tool to get there! By nature, I’m a systems thinker and like to work in a holistic way with my clients. No two people are alike, and we all have our unique soul signature.
I have experience with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD and complex trauma, relationship and attachment issues, substance abuse, and grief and loss.
I recognize the vulnerability and courage it takes to start making real changes in your life. I believe all human beings deserve inner peace, true wellness and the ability to live a full and happy life. I also believe this is achievable for everyone and therapy can be a powerful tool to get there! By nature, I’m a systems thinker and like to work in a holistic way with my clients. No two people are alike, and we all have our unique soul signature.
(515) 855-6628 View (515) 855-6628
Photo of Jenna Iben, MS, tLMHC, Counselor
Jenna Iben
Counselor, MS, tLMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Iowa City, IA 52240
My therapeutic approach is rooted in the belief that healing and growth occur through relationships and our connections with others. I believe that everyone desires a sense of belonging and thrives within a community. As your therapist, my role is to accompany you on your journey, providing a safe and comfortable space for you to explore your inner world and the world around you. I have experience working with teens, adult women, and gender-expansive individuals. I have worked closely with those facing relationship issues, low self-worth, life transitions, depression, anxiety, and intimate partner violence.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in the belief that healing and growth occur through relationships and our connections with others. I believe that everyone desires a sense of belonging and thrives within a community. As your therapist, my role is to accompany you on your journey, providing a safe and comfortable space for you to explore your inner world and the world around you. I have experience working with teens, adult women, and gender-expansive individuals. I have worked closely with those facing relationship issues, low self-worth, life transitions, depression, anxiety, and intimate partner violence.
(319) 946-4113 View (319) 946-4113
Photo of Richard Joens - Counseling Associates of Central Iowa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Counseling Associates of Central Iowa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Des Moines, IA 50266
We work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from therapy for depression and grief counseling to parenting support, couples counseling and beyond.
We are a group of experienced, caring professionals who are committed to collaborate and meet you at your specific place in life. We can provide support and guidance by empowering you to develop the strength, wisdom and courage to cope with the challenges in your life. Whether you are struggling with a difficult life situation or need some encouragement and understanding to help you make personal changes, we can help. Please call or email us for a therapy consultation today.
We work with a wide range of emotional and behavioral issues providing services that span from therapy for depression and grief counseling to parenting support, couples counseling and beyond.
We are a group of experienced, caring professionals who are committed to collaborate and meet you at your specific place in life. We can provide support and guidance by empowering you to develop the strength, wisdom and courage to cope with the challenges in your life. Whether you are struggling with a difficult life situation or need some encouragement and understanding to help you make personal changes, we can help. Please call or email us for a therapy consultation today.
(515) 619-5250 View (515) 619-5250
Photo of JoAnna Romero Cartaya, PhD, Psychologist
JoAnna Romero Cartaya
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Iowa City, IA 52240
Accepting new therapy clients for Fall 2023! I enjoy meeting with high school/college/graduate students and professionals who want to live life with authenticy, courage, and purpose and who are seeking ways to recharge and reconnect to themselves. Although experiences of life, including trauma, anxiety, or depression as well as changes or expansions of our responsibilities may impact how we think, feel, and behave these life experiences, while overwhelming at times, can also lead to the greatest growth, discovery, and reclaiming confidence and perhaps above all discovering that life is truly meaningful even while imperfect.
Accepting new therapy clients for Fall 2023! I enjoy meeting with high school/college/graduate students and professionals who want to live life with authenticy, courage, and purpose and who are seeking ways to recharge and reconnect to themselves. Although experiences of life, including trauma, anxiety, or depression as well as changes or expansions of our responsibilities may impact how we think, feel, and behave these life experiences, while overwhelming at times, can also lead to the greatest growth, discovery, and reclaiming confidence and perhaps above all discovering that life is truly meaningful even while imperfect.
(319) 774-8237 View (319) 774-8237
Photo of Molly Barrett, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Molly Barrett
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402  (Online Only)
My diverse therapeutic approach allows me to help clients experiencing a variety of challenges such as anxiety, depression, and sexual assault/abuse.
Accepting new clients to the agency. Hooray! You are here! You have taken a courageous first step on the road to healing, whether you are looking for yourself or someone you love. As the counselor, I am here to walk by your side! I strive to create a safe and welcoming space for you as you process and work through past and/or present challenges. We will work as a team to address challenges, set obtainable goals, and to work towards those goals in and outside of our therapy sessions.
My diverse therapeutic approach allows me to help clients experiencing a variety of challenges such as anxiety, depression, and sexual assault/abuse.
Accepting new clients to the agency. Hooray! You are here! You have taken a courageous first step on the road to healing, whether you are looking for yourself or someone you love. As the counselor, I am here to walk by your side! I strive to create a safe and welcoming space for you as you process and work through past and/or present challenges. We will work as a team to address challenges, set obtainable goals, and to work towards those goals in and outside of our therapy sessions.
(800) 531-4236 View (800) 531-4236
Photo of Emma Sakanovic, tLMHC, Counselor
Emma Sakanovic
Counselor, tLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Des Moines, IA 50266
I work with variety of issues and concerns including anxiety, depression, self-esteem, abuse, family conflict, communication issues, grief and loss, addiction, PTSD and trauma and changes in everyday life.
I believe that therapy is a sacred place where my clients will feel safe, welcome, and heard. Our lives can bring adversity and tribulations that shake us to our core, leaving us lost and alone. With me, you don’t have to be alone in your journey. With 20+ years of experience working with adults in the criminal justice system, I bring patience, empathy, understanding, and a nonjudgmental stance. I am grateful for the opportunity to help you grow and reach your full potential. While we can’t change our past experiences, together we can find ways to better understand and resolve life challenges.
I work with variety of issues and concerns including anxiety, depression, self-esteem, abuse, family conflict, communication issues, grief and loss, addiction, PTSD and trauma and changes in everyday life.
I believe that therapy is a sacred place where my clients will feel safe, welcome, and heard. Our lives can bring adversity and tribulations that shake us to our core, leaving us lost and alone. With me, you don’t have to be alone in your journey. With 20+ years of experience working with adults in the criminal justice system, I bring patience, empathy, understanding, and a nonjudgmental stance. I am grateful for the opportunity to help you grow and reach your full potential. While we can’t change our past experiences, together we can find ways to better understand and resolve life challenges.
(515) 824-2443 View (515) 824-2443
Photo of Marypat McMahon, MACJ, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marypat McMahon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MACJ, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
West Des Moines, IA 50265
I am a Clinician with a great deal of "life experience". So much of what we struggle with is nothing new. However, without sharing that pain we can stay stuck in the depression and anxiety of our thought. In the past I have worked with parents, families and in the school setting. I have also worked as a clinical therapist. Wherever I have ventured though, I have always seen the importance of "relationship" in therapy. I so look forward to helping you reach your goals.
I am a Clinician with a great deal of "life experience". So much of what we struggle with is nothing new. However, without sharing that pain we can stay stuck in the depression and anxiety of our thought. In the past I have worked with parents, families and in the school setting. I have also worked as a clinical therapist. Wherever I have ventured though, I have always seen the importance of "relationship" in therapy. I so look forward to helping you reach your goals.
(515) 320-8031 View (515) 320-8031
Photo of Hannah Frerichs, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hannah Frerichs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
West Des Moines, IA 50266
I specialize in Anxiety, Borderline Personality Disorder, Bipolar, Coping Skills, Depression, Grief, Life Transitions, Mindfulness, Peer Relationships, Relationship Issues, Self-Esteem, Stress, Suicidal Ideation. Therapy is a tool that I believe everyone can benefit from. I strive to create a safe and comfortable space that promotes personal change and growth.
I specialize in Anxiety, Borderline Personality Disorder, Bipolar, Coping Skills, Depression, Grief, Life Transitions, Mindfulness, Peer Relationships, Relationship Issues, Self-Esteem, Stress, Suicidal Ideation. Therapy is a tool that I believe everyone can benefit from. I strive to create a safe and comfortable space that promotes personal change and growth.
(515) 416-5638 View (515) 416-5638
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.