Therapists in Visalia, CA
![Photo of Catherine Spears, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8d3f903f-9b08-42e9-9603-cb5cf4252202/2/320x400.jpeg)
Catherine Spears
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Visalia, CA 93291
Waitlist for new clients
Asking for help can be scary. Life can sometimes be difficult to manage; and taking that courageous step and asking for help allows us to gain a better understanding of how to manage our life stressors, our relationships with others, and improve our quality of life. I work with individuals who struggle with substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and trauma who often experience anger/aggression, impulsivity, low self-esteem, communication struggles, and family/social relational conflicts.
Asking for help can be scary. Life can sometimes be difficult to manage; and taking that courageous step and asking for help allows us to gain a better understanding of how to manage our life stressors, our relationships with others, and improve our quality of life. I work with individuals who struggle with substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and trauma who often experience anger/aggression, impulsivity, low self-esteem, communication struggles, and family/social relational conflicts.
As a certified, advanced practitioner of Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, I can assist you with -improving relationships impacted by a history of abuse, neglect, attachment trauma, and other childhood issues; navigating through stressful situations and grief; resolving trauma and PTSD; and finding relief from anxiety and depression. As an Emotional Focused Couples therapist, I can assist couples to calm emotional reactivity, escape patterns of pain and turmoil, and rebuild a secure and trusted connection.
As a certified, advanced practitioner of Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, I can assist you with -improving relationships impacted by a history of abuse, neglect, attachment trauma, and other childhood issues; navigating through stressful situations and grief; resolving trauma and PTSD; and finding relief from anxiety and depression. As an Emotional Focused Couples therapist, I can assist couples to calm emotional reactivity, escape patterns of pain and turmoil, and rebuild a secure and trusted connection.
![Photo of Stephanie Donabedian, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d205a58b-cfb0-4de7-b053-b6e93614a9f7/2/320x400.jpeg)
Stephanie Donabedian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Visalia, CA 93291
Hello and welcome. There are moments in everyone's life when things can begin to feel overwhelming. You have taken the first step towards a journey to gain healing of mind, body and spirit. Therapy can be extremely helpful in learning new ways to cope with our complex lives and learn to live more fully. Together we can create a new path in your life in which you will learn self-acceptance and be more in tune with thoughts, feelings and emotions. Remember that your healing and transformation is a process that requires patience, kindness, and allowing yourself to be human.
Hello and welcome. There are moments in everyone's life when things can begin to feel overwhelming. You have taken the first step towards a journey to gain healing of mind, body and spirit. Therapy can be extremely helpful in learning new ways to cope with our complex lives and learn to live more fully. Together we can create a new path in your life in which you will learn self-acceptance and be more in tune with thoughts, feelings and emotions. Remember that your healing and transformation is a process that requires patience, kindness, and allowing yourself to be human.
![Photo of Alison Twitty, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b56ad579-b4b9-4e01-874d-63e1d19cd647/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am honored to be able to come alongside you in decision to seek help and am grateful you have made the decision to move forward in healing. You deserve to feel heard, valued and cared for. I approach therapy understanding that each person has their own individual experiences and needs.
I am honored to be able to come alongside you in decision to seek help and am grateful you have made the decision to move forward in healing. You deserve to feel heard, valued and cared for. I approach therapy understanding that each person has their own individual experiences and needs.
![Photo of Paul Hyppolite, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e41e4ac6-ecb6-4da3-b185-97eb2a20d735/1/320x400.png)
Paul is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works from a strengths-based, client-centered, humanistic approach, focusing on aspects of mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I carefully consider client's cultural upbringing/religious background when addressing conditions such as anxiety, depression, and other life experiences. I work with an array of clients, from different, social and economic background and have worked with conditions such as depression, anxiety, stress, divorce, and family conflicts.
Paul is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works from a strengths-based, client-centered, humanistic approach, focusing on aspects of mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I carefully consider client's cultural upbringing/religious background when addressing conditions such as anxiety, depression, and other life experiences. I work with an array of clients, from different, social and economic background and have worked with conditions such as depression, anxiety, stress, divorce, and family conflicts.
![Photo of Alicia Zayas, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6b1ee9a3-d1f4-4c11-8bb2-582ed89507a3/2/320x400.jpeg)
Alicia Zayas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Visalia, CA 93291
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to a safe space where you are welcome to join me in a journey to wellness. I work with children, youth, and adults on a variety of issues. You've taken the first step to seek treatment and support. Clients who are experiencing, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, relational issues or past trauma are welcome! I am passionate about helping women experiencing Perinatal Mental Health issues, which includes: infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, traumatic birth, prenatal/postnatal depression, anxiety, PTSD, etc. If you are a mom or want to be a mom, it's vital to build your support team - it's never too late!
Welcome to a safe space where you are welcome to join me in a journey to wellness. I work with children, youth, and adults on a variety of issues. You've taken the first step to seek treatment and support. Clients who are experiencing, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, relational issues or past trauma are welcome! I am passionate about helping women experiencing Perinatal Mental Health issues, which includes: infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, traumatic birth, prenatal/postnatal depression, anxiety, PTSD, etc. If you are a mom or want to be a mom, it's vital to build your support team - it's never too late!
![Photo of Tony Aceves, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/394ec8ae-233f-46eb-b974-52bea34c7d12/2/320x400.png)
Tony Aceves
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Visalia, CA 93277 (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Antonio Martin Aceves Santiago... But I go by Tony. I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist from California who currently resides in Santa Barbara. I got my BA at UCSB and my Masters in Clinical Psychology from Antioch Universtiy-Santa Barbara. I have been practicing since 2021, I've researched therapeutic work through video game therapy in college and provided it to children. I've worked in Community Mental Health, Group Practice and was the clinical coordinator for a crisis residential unit.
Hi! I'm Antonio Martin Aceves Santiago... But I go by Tony. I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist from California who currently resides in Santa Barbara. I got my BA at UCSB and my Masters in Clinical Psychology from Antioch Universtiy-Santa Barbara. I have been practicing since 2021, I've researched therapeutic work through video game therapy in college and provided it to children. I've worked in Community Mental Health, Group Practice and was the clinical coordinator for a crisis residential unit.
![Photo of Thuy Tran, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/19001e06-a919-4773-8dca-e5df440aeaa5/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello, my name is Thuy (Twee) Tran. I'm a licensed clinical social worker who helps individuals identify and utilize their inner resilience to cope with various life stressors or adversities. I have worked with people from all walks of life. Those who struggles with anxiety, depression, and/or trauma. I had the honor to work with survivors of human trafficking, domestic violence, and various forms of abuse during childhood.
Hello, my name is Thuy (Twee) Tran. I'm a licensed clinical social worker who helps individuals identify and utilize their inner resilience to cope with various life stressors or adversities. I have worked with people from all walks of life. Those who struggles with anxiety, depression, and/or trauma. I had the honor to work with survivors of human trafficking, domestic violence, and various forms of abuse during childhood.
![Photo of Franchesca Bawks, LPCC, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cf084699-8246-4223-8003-5d0f1a14b1e6/3/320x400.jpeg)
My heart’s calling is to work with adults who are striving for a more fulfilling life. I help my clients identify patterns and issues that contribute to feeling stuck. Let me help you consider new ways of thinking and coping as we address how past experiences may be influencing present situations. My goal is to help you get immediate relief from symptoms that are causing distress and dig deep to heal long-standing wounds if needed.
My heart’s calling is to work with adults who are striving for a more fulfilling life. I help my clients identify patterns and issues that contribute to feeling stuck. Let me help you consider new ways of thinking and coping as we address how past experiences may be influencing present situations. My goal is to help you get immediate relief from symptoms that are causing distress and dig deep to heal long-standing wounds if needed.
The Allen H. Middleton Veterans Counseling Clinic
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Visalia, CA 93277
If you suffer from debilitating panic attacks, persistent worry, fears or phobias, or stress from trauma experiences, help is available. We work to help patients better understand and manage the physical and psychological effects of anxiety disorders. Through personalized treatment, we can examine the causes of your anxiety, analyze the emotions associated with it, and reveal how you can change the resulting negative thoughts and behaviors. Our goal is to help you experience freedom from the debilitating effects of anxiety disorders and improve your quality of life.
If you suffer from debilitating panic attacks, persistent worry, fears or phobias, or stress from trauma experiences, help is available. We work to help patients better understand and manage the physical and psychological effects of anxiety disorders. Through personalized treatment, we can examine the causes of your anxiety, analyze the emotions associated with it, and reveal how you can change the resulting negative thoughts and behaviors. Our goal is to help you experience freedom from the debilitating effects of anxiety disorders and improve your quality of life.
![Photo of Venessa Medina, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d48490ed-baaf-45ef-860d-f7ce0e41aa68/1/320x400.jpeg)
Venessa Medina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Visalia, CA 93277
Waitlist for new clients
I work with clients who are dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression and relationship struggles. In addition to this I work with clients who are struggling with infertility, grief and couples/families who want to strengthen their relationship.
I work with clients who are dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression and relationship struggles. In addition to this I work with clients who are struggling with infertility, grief and couples/families who want to strengthen their relationship.
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![Photo of Danica Garcia, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c2c1b862-aebc-4b31-83a7-7c5ed36595f0/2/320x400.jpeg)
Hi, I'm Danica Garcia, I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist doing telehealth from Northern California. I have experience in a variety of specialties, but my current focus is helping my clients heal from trauma in a warm and grounding context. I love facilitating lasting change in the brain so you can live more fully! I see adults of all ages in individual therapy with a focus on how the past is affecting current functioning in order to bring wholeness and healing. Brainspotting is very effective for virtually any condition or diagnosis.
Hi, I'm Danica Garcia, I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist doing telehealth from Northern California. I have experience in a variety of specialties, but my current focus is helping my clients heal from trauma in a warm and grounding context. I love facilitating lasting change in the brain so you can live more fully! I see adults of all ages in individual therapy with a focus on how the past is affecting current functioning in order to bring wholeness and healing. Brainspotting is very effective for virtually any condition or diagnosis.
![Photo of Debra Winegarden, PhD, CST, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3fe30833-deb2-4e52-ae15-476528d1e1b9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Whether it’s extra motivation for a dream project, a troubled relationship, or feeling down and anxious, Dr Winegarden offers direct and compassionate ideas designed to help you flourish and work towards happiness. Our therapists will help you define your goals, work through problems and create the best atmosphere for growth and moving beyond the frustration of a current or lasting problem.
Whether it’s extra motivation for a dream project, a troubled relationship, or feeling down and anxious, Dr Winegarden offers direct and compassionate ideas designed to help you flourish and work towards happiness. Our therapists will help you define your goals, work through problems and create the best atmosphere for growth and moving beyond the frustration of a current or lasting problem.
![Photo of Meredith Casares, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/37e9df5d-1c3f-423d-9de9-10abad956b17/2/320x400.jpeg)
Meredith Casares
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Visalia, CA 93292 (Online Only)
Hi there, I'm Meredith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am committed to your investment in "self". Life transitions, relationships and trauma all deserve exploration and attention. Knowing, loving, accepting and healing ourselves can take work and I want to promote your curiosity in the "who, how, what and whys" in your life. I look forward to providing and holding space for you during our time together.
Hi there, I'm Meredith and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am committed to your investment in "self". Life transitions, relationships and trauma all deserve exploration and attention. Knowing, loving, accepting and healing ourselves can take work and I want to promote your curiosity in the "who, how, what and whys" in your life. I look forward to providing and holding space for you during our time together.
![Photo of Frances S Morales, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/24f039ec-b27a-41e7-823e-1dd39dd67a6b/3/320x400.jpeg)
I offer telehealth options to respond to the COVID 19 virus, free consultations and accepting new clients. Please call my office. Life can be overwhelming, and a struggle to just keep your head above water. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has extensive experience working with adults, adolescents, children, couples and families. I have been in the helping field since 2006.
I offer telehealth options to respond to the COVID 19 virus, free consultations and accepting new clients. Please call my office. Life can be overwhelming, and a struggle to just keep your head above water. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has extensive experience working with adults, adolescents, children, couples and families. I have been in the helping field since 2006.
![Photo of John Sevilla, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/34eb8bc9-f95f-438d-ba47-8eca2bf4790c/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello there! I am John Sevilla, a licensed marriage and family therapist with experience working with children and adults. My expertise lies in addressing depression, anxiety, men's issues and helping individuals navigate life changes and stressful situations. I primarily utilize a humanistic existential approach to assist my clients change what is within their control, accept what they cannot and to find purpose and meaning. My style and approach work best with adults.
Hello there! I am John Sevilla, a licensed marriage and family therapist with experience working with children and adults. My expertise lies in addressing depression, anxiety, men's issues and helping individuals navigate life changes and stressful situations. I primarily utilize a humanistic existential approach to assist my clients change what is within their control, accept what they cannot and to find purpose and meaning. My style and approach work best with adults.
![Photo of Paraclete Counseling Leslie R. Mudaheranwa, DDiv , MTh, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c93a4835-7cef-4234-b5c5-01c78bb0122f/3/320x400.jpeg)
Paraclete Counseling Leslie R. Mudaheranwa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DDiv , MTh, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Visalia, CA 93291
Evidence has shown one of the determining factors of obtaining results from therapy, is how comfortable you feel with your therapist. It is my goal to establish an environment of trust, safety, and authenticity with you, In an effort to share the unique experience of the therapeutic relationship. I work with individuals, couples and families through a range of evidence based modalities. My approach is to work collaboratively with you to develop an ideal treatment plan to work on your identified needs. I practice through a strength based perspective and I am EMDR trained to work with clients who may have experienced life trauma.
Evidence has shown one of the determining factors of obtaining results from therapy, is how comfortable you feel with your therapist. It is my goal to establish an environment of trust, safety, and authenticity with you, In an effort to share the unique experience of the therapeutic relationship. I work with individuals, couples and families through a range of evidence based modalities. My approach is to work collaboratively with you to develop an ideal treatment plan to work on your identified needs. I practice through a strength based perspective and I am EMDR trained to work with clients who may have experienced life trauma.
![Photo of Susie Romero, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/61c32be4-85c8-43fe-8d80-a045aef53c81/2/320x400.jpeg)
Healing is a series of stories with many sequels and a complex process. It is often vulnerable, ambiguous, intimate, and timeless. It is embodied, loud, silent, stagnant, unconscious and conscious. It’s an invitation to intentionality and slowing down your nervous system. But most importantly it requires your readiness. Healing naturally occurs when you respond to your pain, punishment, criticism, shame, or trauma and begin to reconstruct your new narrative. Many people who seek out therapy with me are children & teens. Individuals who struggle with anxiety, feel disconnected from themselves/others and have negative thoughts.
Healing is a series of stories with many sequels and a complex process. It is often vulnerable, ambiguous, intimate, and timeless. It is embodied, loud, silent, stagnant, unconscious and conscious. It’s an invitation to intentionality and slowing down your nervous system. But most importantly it requires your readiness. Healing naturally occurs when you respond to your pain, punishment, criticism, shame, or trauma and begin to reconstruct your new narrative. Many people who seek out therapy with me are children & teens. Individuals who struggle with anxiety, feel disconnected from themselves/others and have negative thoughts.
![Photo of Andrea E Lott - Andrea Lott - Heartworks , MA, APCC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f4beac0c-4d27-4994-b08f-f3970c61e0fc/3/320x400.jpeg)
Andrea Lott - Heartworks
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
Visalia, CA 93277
Life is a journey, full of twists and turns and can be challenging for anyone at any time. While a life full of peace and happiness is desired, sometimes choice of direction, emotional and or physical wounds, trauma, bullying, abuse, loss, illness, caregiver stress, complicated grief, or unmet expectations can throw one off track and seriously disrupt journeys.If you are feeling off track, seeking redirection and peace; be assured your journey matters.
Life is a journey, full of twists and turns and can be challenging for anyone at any time. While a life full of peace and happiness is desired, sometimes choice of direction, emotional and or physical wounds, trauma, bullying, abuse, loss, illness, caregiver stress, complicated grief, or unmet expectations can throw one off track and seriously disrupt journeys.If you are feeling off track, seeking redirection and peace; be assured your journey matters.
![Photo of Kathleen Bono, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/43999e6f-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Kathleen Bono
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Visalia, CA 93291
Waitlist for new clients
It can be difficult to let go of worries, stressors, and complications in life. We risk missing out when those worries are all we see. My goals in life, and as a therapist, are to live in the moment, increase skillfulness with struggles, and to remain focused on what's important. As a therapist, I am knowledgable and educated in human behavior, however you, the client, is the expert in your own life, and my role is to consult, assisting you in self-discovery, problem solving, and moving toward change.
It can be difficult to let go of worries, stressors, and complications in life. We risk missing out when those worries are all we see. My goals in life, and as a therapist, are to live in the moment, increase skillfulness with struggles, and to remain focused on what's important. As a therapist, I am knowledgable and educated in human behavior, however you, the client, is the expert in your own life, and my role is to consult, assisting you in self-discovery, problem solving, and moving toward change.
See more therapy options for Visalia
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Visalia, CA
200+
Average cost per session
$135
Therapists in Visalia, CA who prioritize treating:
92% | Anxiety |
88% | Depression |
74% | Coping Skills |
72% | Self Esteem |
69% | Relationship Issues |
68% | Stress |
66% | Trauma and PTSD |
Average years in practice
12 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
79% | Aetna |
78% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
75% | Cigna and Evernorth |
How Therapists in Visalia, CA see their clients
87% | In Person and Online | |
13% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
81% | Female | |
19% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Visalia?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.