Therapists in Illinois

View cities and counties in Illinois
Photo of Courtney Robinson, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Courtney Robinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
As the world moves around us and things feel out of control, you might need help to sort through it all. I am committed to holding space for you to work through the challenges you are facing and to helping you find ways to create a more balanced life. If you are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, needing more from your relationships, or wanting to get to know yourself on a deeper level, you are in the right place. I help clients living with grief + loss, anxiety, and trauma as well as those who are experiencing life transitions.
As the world moves around us and things feel out of control, you might need help to sort through it all. I am committed to holding space for you to work through the challenges you are facing and to helping you find ways to create a more balanced life. If you are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, needing more from your relationships, or wanting to get to know yourself on a deeper level, you are in the right place. I help clients living with grief + loss, anxiety, and trauma as well as those who are experiencing life transitions.
(773) 570-7136 View (773) 570-7136
Photo of Michelle Pernini, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Pernini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60622  (Online Only)
I focus on helping people feel best in relationship with themselves, others, and the world around them. Throughout the past 10 years, I have specialized in supporting folks having relationship concerns, experiencing partner abuse, or working through the impacts of trauma, anxiety and depression. I offer support around common feelings of anxiety, self-criticism, and shame with an intentional focus on self-compassion and understanding. I hope to help you find your way forward, re-center yourself, and thrive.
I focus on helping people feel best in relationship with themselves, others, and the world around them. Throughout the past 10 years, I have specialized in supporting folks having relationship concerns, experiencing partner abuse, or working through the impacts of trauma, anxiety and depression. I offer support around common feelings of anxiety, self-criticism, and shame with an intentional focus on self-compassion and understanding. I hope to help you find your way forward, re-center yourself, and thrive.
(773) 985-4612 View (773) 985-4612
Photo of Emily Slominski, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Slominski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) licensed in Illinois and Wisconsin. I received my Masters degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and have been practicing for 6 years. I have experience in multiple settings with diverse clients including medical facilities, schools, intensive outpatient/partial hospitalization programs, and outpatient practice. I feel grateful and privileged to hear the life stories and share in the therapy process with my clients.
Hello! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) licensed in Illinois and Wisconsin. I received my Masters degree from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and have been practicing for 6 years. I have experience in multiple settings with diverse clients including medical facilities, schools, intensive outpatient/partial hospitalization programs, and outpatient practice. I feel grateful and privileged to hear the life stories and share in the therapy process with my clients.
(224) 378-0655 View (224) 378-0655
Photo of Jamie Suh, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jamie Suh
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
I believe that you are the expert of your own experiences. Our sessions will be a collaborative space where we'll explore areas of your life that you want to understand better. Together, we'll work toward personal growth and address the challenges you bring to therapy.
I believe that you are the expert of your own experiences. Our sessions will be a collaborative space where we'll explore areas of your life that you want to understand better. Together, we'll work toward personal growth and address the challenges you bring to therapy.
(847) 908-9095 x539 View (847) 908-9095 x539
Photo of Brenda Sommer - Brenda Sommer Therapy & Consulting, LLC, MA, LCPC
Brenda Sommer Therapy & Consulting, LLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Savoy, IL 61874
Hope is the Anchor for the Soul. Anxiety, depression, stress, grief, and trauma can be overwhelming to live with. Change and recovery are possible for everyone; one step at a time. Establishing and maintaining healthy relationships with yourself and others is life changing, and empowering! Managing everyday conflict is a game changer! Be in control of your own health and healing! You can do it!
Hope is the Anchor for the Soul. Anxiety, depression, stress, grief, and trauma can be overwhelming to live with. Change and recovery are possible for everyone; one step at a time. Establishing and maintaining healthy relationships with yourself and others is life changing, and empowering! Managing everyday conflict is a game changer! Be in control of your own health and healing! You can do it!
(217) 216-1963 View (217) 216-1963
Photo of Denise Casey, PsyD, CADC, NBCCHT, Psychologist
Denise Casey
Psychologist, PsyD, CADC, NBCCHT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lake Zurich, IL 60047
HOPE, HELP, HEALING. Dr. Casey would best describe her intentions for her clients in one word "Transformation". As founder of Barrington Behavioral Health & Wellness, she has created a "home" for people where growth and healing are possible. Her own journey has taught her as much as the diplomas on her wall and the credentials behind her name. She was on staff at Lutheran General Hospital and taught at Northeastern IL University. She is trained as a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, a Certified Alcohol & Drug Abuse Counselor, is versed in Hypnotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. She is also an Employee Assistance Provider.
HOPE, HELP, HEALING. Dr. Casey would best describe her intentions for her clients in one word "Transformation". As founder of Barrington Behavioral Health & Wellness, she has created a "home" for people where growth and healing are possible. Her own journey has taught her as much as the diplomas on her wall and the credentials behind her name. She was on staff at Lutheran General Hospital and taught at Northeastern IL University. She is trained as a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, a Certified Alcohol & Drug Abuse Counselor, is versed in Hypnotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. She is also an Employee Assistance Provider.
(888) 265-6418 View (888) 265-6418
Photo of Carley Nigro, LCPC, NCC
Carley Nigro
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor , LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bloomington, IL 61701
Waitlist for new clients
At this time, I have a waitlist. I’m aware of the unique psychological, emotional, and social challenges faced by young individuals as they navigate the complexities of childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. I would like to walk alongside of those who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, and family dynamics concerns. I believe that you are capable of growth and healing!
At this time, I have a waitlist. I’m aware of the unique psychological, emotional, and social challenges faced by young individuals as they navigate the complexities of childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. I would like to walk alongside of those who are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, and family dynamics concerns. I believe that you are capable of growth and healing!
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Photo of Rachel Dunning, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Dunning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Iam a LCSW in the state of Illinois and have been practicing for 10 years. I help people struggling with grief, depression and anxiety to work through these difficult emotions and live with more hope. I use a combination of CBT, Grief Therapy, and Supportive Therapy in my work with clients. My goal is for my clients to always feel heard and supported.
Iam a LCSW in the state of Illinois and have been practicing for 10 years. I help people struggling with grief, depression and anxiety to work through these difficult emotions and live with more hope. I use a combination of CBT, Grief Therapy, and Supportive Therapy in my work with clients. My goal is for my clients to always feel heard and supported.
(224) 298-7872 View (224) 298-7872
Photo of Megan Borhart | Narcissistic Abuse Recovery, LCSW, LMT, CR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Borhart | Narcissistic Abuse Recovery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMT, CR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hinsdale, IL 60521
Narcissistic abuse is a confusing and painful experience, characterized by gaslighting, blame-shifting, coercive control, and the questioning of one’s reality. My mission is to provide specialized, trauma-informed care designed specifically for people experiencing this unique kind of emotional and psychological abuse. People exhibiting narcissistic traits are drawn to compassionate and empathetic people, who often feel these admirable qualities have been exploited. It's not your fault.
Narcissistic abuse is a confusing and painful experience, characterized by gaslighting, blame-shifting, coercive control, and the questioning of one’s reality. My mission is to provide specialized, trauma-informed care designed specifically for people experiencing this unique kind of emotional and psychological abuse. People exhibiting narcissistic traits are drawn to compassionate and empathetic people, who often feel these admirable qualities have been exploited. It's not your fault.
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Photo of Dylan J Mahaffey, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dylan J Mahaffey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
Are you feeling lost, overwhelmed, or stuck? Are you feeling lonely, out of touch, or struggling? We all need support at some point during our lives. I specialize in working with clients with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, difficulty adjusting, substance abuse, and overwhelming stress. It takes courage to take the first step. You are worth it. I take an eclectic approach to counseling. I like to use your strengths to empower future growth and happiness. I have experience in working with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am becoming certified as an Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinical Specialist (ASDCS).
Are you feeling lost, overwhelmed, or stuck? Are you feeling lonely, out of touch, or struggling? We all need support at some point during our lives. I specialize in working with clients with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, difficulty adjusting, substance abuse, and overwhelming stress. It takes courage to take the first step. You are worth it. I take an eclectic approach to counseling. I like to use your strengths to empower future growth and happiness. I have experience in working with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am becoming certified as an Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinical Specialist (ASDCS).
(217) 212-2164 View (217) 212-2164
Photo of Abel Dejene, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Abel Dejene
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60660  (Online Only)
Life can be stressful. Talking about and processing our emotions can help us cope and gain a better understanding of ourselves and our environments. Many of us deal with feelings of inadequacy and unworthiness which can manifest as anxiety, depression and/or other concerns. I support clients in recognizing these patterns and cultivating self-compassion and awareness.
Life can be stressful. Talking about and processing our emotions can help us cope and gain a better understanding of ourselves and our environments. Many of us deal with feelings of inadequacy and unworthiness which can manifest as anxiety, depression and/or other concerns. I support clients in recognizing these patterns and cultivating self-compassion and awareness.
(847) 994-4951 View (847) 994-4951
Photo of Dennise Demitro, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dennise Demitro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Geneva, IL 60134
Do you feel trapped? Do you constantly feel irritable? I work with my clients to discover a greater sense of clarity regarding the thoughts that are keeping them up late at night, frustrated in their relationships, or losing hope. You’re not alone. I’m here to guide you through the healing process. Together, we’ll navigate your unique journey with a gentle yet direct approach, fostering resilience and growth. Bilingual services available—porque tu bienestar es mi prioridad.
Do you feel trapped? Do you constantly feel irritable? I work with my clients to discover a greater sense of clarity regarding the thoughts that are keeping them up late at night, frustrated in their relationships, or losing hope. You’re not alone. I’m here to guide you through the healing process. Together, we’ll navigate your unique journey with a gentle yet direct approach, fostering resilience and growth. Bilingual services available—porque tu bienestar es mi prioridad.
(331) 253-5052 View (331) 253-5052
Photo of Courtney Bowles, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Bowles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Park Ridge, IL 60068
I believe in the inherent power each person possesses to make positive changes in their life. I utilize a strengths based, nonjudgmental approach with my clients. I believe in providing a safe, private and supportive space for my clients to freely explore experiences and themes in their life that may cause them pain or stress. I am additionally certified as a Reiki practitioner, and this helps inform my holistic and intuitive approach to therapy. I have experienced time and again the power of therapy to truly help people, and I am passionate about the work I do. I work best with people who are motivated to heal.
I believe in the inherent power each person possesses to make positive changes in their life. I utilize a strengths based, nonjudgmental approach with my clients. I believe in providing a safe, private and supportive space for my clients to freely explore experiences and themes in their life that may cause them pain or stress. I am additionally certified as a Reiki practitioner, and this helps inform my holistic and intuitive approach to therapy. I have experienced time and again the power of therapy to truly help people, and I am passionate about the work I do. I work best with people who are motivated to heal.
(847) 807-1182 View (847) 807-1182
Photo of Kathleen O'Keefe - K. O'Keefe, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
K. O'Keefe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618
Hi, I'm K and I'm glad you're here! Therapy is an evidence-based practice that is shown to increase well being in clients of all backgrounds. You deserve a safe and accepting space to explore and process what is on your mind with a multiculturally competent counselor. I emphasize dynamic mental health practices, open communication and kindness in the therapy room. Finding a therapist can be stressful and we know that. I invite you to shoot me an email, text, or phone call with any questions you may have! Your messages are very welcome.
Hi, I'm K and I'm glad you're here! Therapy is an evidence-based practice that is shown to increase well being in clients of all backgrounds. You deserve a safe and accepting space to explore and process what is on your mind with a multiculturally competent counselor. I emphasize dynamic mental health practices, open communication and kindness in the therapy room. Finding a therapist can be stressful and we know that. I invite you to shoot me an email, text, or phone call with any questions you may have! Your messages are very welcome.
(773) 985-4730 View (773) 985-4730
Photo of Staci McNicholl, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Staci McNicholl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Champaign, IL 61820
Healthy relationships, children, parenting, and families are my passion. In addition to having a set of 20-year-old twins and 16-year-old, my husband and I also have a toddler. This, together with my almost 25 years in practice and specialized certifications, allows me to work alongside you on life stressors such as family court, custody, and family/divorce mediation/parent coordination concerns as well as the issues of anxiety, trauma, depression, eating disorders, body image, and family/marriage issues.
Healthy relationships, children, parenting, and families are my passion. In addition to having a set of 20-year-old twins and 16-year-old, my husband and I also have a toddler. This, together with my almost 25 years in practice and specialized certifications, allows me to work alongside you on life stressors such as family court, custody, and family/divorce mediation/parent coordination concerns as well as the issues of anxiety, trauma, depression, eating disorders, body image, and family/marriage issues.
(217) 253-8676 View (217) 253-8676
Photo of Priscila Marroquin, LSW
Priscila Marroquin
Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Verified Verified
Elmhurst, IL 60126
My work is deeply rooted in the belief that everyone deserves to realize their self-worth and sense of empowerment. I am dedicated to supporting women and children, with a special place in my heart for immigrant women and children. I draw on my own experiences to empathize with and advocate for those navigating similar paths. My goal is to help individuals uncover their potential and achieve a sense of fulfillment, leveraging my education and personal background to make a tangible impact in their lives. I also can provide therapy sessions in Spanish. Born in Guatemala and moved to the US at the age of six,
My work is deeply rooted in the belief that everyone deserves to realize their self-worth and sense of empowerment. I am dedicated to supporting women and children, with a special place in my heart for immigrant women and children. I draw on my own experiences to empathize with and advocate for those navigating similar paths. My goal is to help individuals uncover their potential and achieve a sense of fulfillment, leveraging my education and personal background to make a tangible impact in their lives. I also can provide therapy sessions in Spanish. Born in Guatemala and moved to the US at the age of six,
(708) 729-9539 x1 View (708) 729-9539 x1
Photo of Mark Radel, PsyD, Psychologist
Mark Radel
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oak Park, IL 60302
LifeSpan Counseling & Psychological Services offers services to children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. In therapy, I work to create an empathic, open, and collaborative atmosphere to treat issues such as trauma, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. Identity development, grief and loss, relationship problems, and domestic violence and abuse are other concerns that I help people address through therapy. I practice primarily from a psychodynamic approach and also use cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and interpersonal therapy to enrich the therapeutic process.
LifeSpan Counseling & Psychological Services offers services to children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. In therapy, I work to create an empathic, open, and collaborative atmosphere to treat issues such as trauma, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. Identity development, grief and loss, relationship problems, and domestic violence and abuse are other concerns that I help people address through therapy. I practice primarily from a psychodynamic approach and also use cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and interpersonal therapy to enrich the therapeutic process.
(708) 401-6511 View (708) 401-6511
Photo of Anna Perna, ALMFT, MBA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Anna Perna
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, ALMFT, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60646
As an individual, family and couple therapist I work with clients who struggle with a range of symptoms that impact their daily functioning in relationships with themselves and others. I value a relational perspective and understand that the human experience is not meant for isolation. Maladaptive coping can leave us feeling disconnected and lonely. We are a part of many systems in our lives and struggling in one area can bleed into others. I work with clients to create connection and meaning in the human experience in order to show up in their relationships as the most authentic version of themselves.
As an individual, family and couple therapist I work with clients who struggle with a range of symptoms that impact their daily functioning in relationships with themselves and others. I value a relational perspective and understand that the human experience is not meant for isolation. Maladaptive coping can leave us feeling disconnected and lonely. We are a part of many systems in our lives and struggling in one area can bleed into others. I work with clients to create connection and meaning in the human experience in order to show up in their relationships as the most authentic version of themselves.
(773) 825-5761 View (773) 825-5761
Photo of Tovah Means, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tovah Means
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
20 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
I am a graduate from Northwestern University's Family Institute, and Owner of Watch Hill Therapy, Trauma Specialty Practice in downtown Chicago and in McHenry Co. Our clinicians use a holistic, relational, and collaborative approach to address the many needs that being traumatized creates. We are invested in your long term recovery and the quality of care you receive.
I am a graduate from Northwestern University's Family Institute, and Owner of Watch Hill Therapy, Trauma Specialty Practice in downtown Chicago and in McHenry Co. Our clinicians use a holistic, relational, and collaborative approach to address the many needs that being traumatized creates. We are invested in your long term recovery and the quality of care you receive.
(630) 580-8316 View (630) 580-8316
Photo of Patricia Perez, LCSW, CADC, MAATP, MBA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia Perez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, MAATP, MBA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60629
I am bilingual in English/Spanish and bi-cultural in the Latino/American Culture. As a warm, empathetic and a non-judgmental therapist, I seek to help individuals to find solutions, relief, balance and insight in their own ability to cope with life's problems. Soy bilingüe en inglés /español y bi-cultural en la cultura latina. Como terapeuta cálido, empático y sin prejuicios, busco ayudar a las personas a encontrar soluciones, alivio, equilibrio y comprensión de su propia capacidad para hacer frente a los problemas de la vida.
I am bilingual in English/Spanish and bi-cultural in the Latino/American Culture. As a warm, empathetic and a non-judgmental therapist, I seek to help individuals to find solutions, relief, balance and insight in their own ability to cope with life's problems. Soy bilingüe en inglés /español y bi-cultural en la cultura latina. Como terapeuta cálido, empático y sin prejuicios, busco ayudar a las personas a encontrar soluciones, alivio, equilibrio y comprensión de su propia capacidad para hacer frente a los problemas de la vida.
(773) 672-2795 View (773) 672-2795
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How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Illinois who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Aetna
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Illinois see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Illinois?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.