Therapists in Memphis, TN

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Photo of Lee Forbes-Belue, LPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lee Forbes-Belue
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38104
We often come to a crossroads in our lives, a time when staying where we are is no longer sustainable, yet we are not clear on how to do something different, or how to start down a new path. Many of us learned early on to only show aspects of ourselves that were “acceptable;” we learned which traits earned us love and cultivated those, but relinquished many others. Healing is a journey back to ourselves, a journey back our essence and back to who we were before we learned we were not enough.
We often come to a crossroads in our lives, a time when staying where we are is no longer sustainable, yet we are not clear on how to do something different, or how to start down a new path. Many of us learned early on to only show aspects of ourselves that were “acceptable;” we learned which traits earned us love and cultivated those, but relinquished many others. Healing is a journey back to ourselves, a journey back our essence and back to who we were before we learned we were not enough.
(901) 446-2428 View (901) 446-2428
Photo of Teresa Hall-Franklin, EdS, LPC, MHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Teresa Hall-Franklin
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38125
As a 3rd year Doctor of Behavioral Health Student, with 22 years of experience, you're in good hands! I am an advocate acceptance and safe spaces for all. Through a non-judgmental approach to healing and recovery, I offer talk and somatic counseling as tools to help with personal & professional goal attainment, unexpected life events, & painful experiences. I very much enjoy helping couples form stronger bonds for thriving marriages. It's a pleasure to walk alongside you on your journey to emotional and behavioral restoration. Call or text 901.608.1000 for the next available appointment.
As a 3rd year Doctor of Behavioral Health Student, with 22 years of experience, you're in good hands! I am an advocate acceptance and safe spaces for all. Through a non-judgmental approach to healing and recovery, I offer talk and somatic counseling as tools to help with personal & professional goal attainment, unexpected life events, & painful experiences. I very much enjoy helping couples form stronger bonds for thriving marriages. It's a pleasure to walk alongside you on your journey to emotional and behavioral restoration. Call or text 901.608.1000 for the next available appointment.
(901) 612-3799 View (901) 612-3799
Photo of Meredith Julian Mahaney, MEd
Meredith Julian Mahaney
MEd
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38125
Change is hard. Change can feel scary. Yet, change is absolutely necessary for us to grow and for our lives to become more meaningful. In my career and throughout my life, I have observed three main characteristics that stand out regarding human nature: first, all of us, adults as well as children, crave connection both within ourselves and with others. Secondly, we all have a need to feel seen and heard. Lastly, we all desire to experience joy and lightheartedness.
Change is hard. Change can feel scary. Yet, change is absolutely necessary for us to grow and for our lives to become more meaningful. In my career and throughout my life, I have observed three main characteristics that stand out regarding human nature: first, all of us, adults as well as children, crave connection both within ourselves and with others. Secondly, we all have a need to feel seen and heard. Lastly, we all desire to experience joy and lightheartedness.
(901) 665-0852 View (901) 665-0852
Photo of Ricki Briana Martin, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ricki Briana Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38141  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Finding the therapist for you can be taxing to say the least. Still, there is the right therapist for you. Therapy, while not widely accepted by everyone, has managed to become a cultural norm. However, normalcy is not enough. You should find a therapist that you can connect with, respect, and receive a quality and professional experience from. Everyone needs help, be it to process the past, balance the present stressors of life, or deal with crippling anxiousness that can come with planning for your future.
Finding the therapist for you can be taxing to say the least. Still, there is the right therapist for you. Therapy, while not widely accepted by everyone, has managed to become a cultural norm. However, normalcy is not enough. You should find a therapist that you can connect with, respect, and receive a quality and professional experience from. Everyone needs help, be it to process the past, balance the present stressors of life, or deal with crippling anxiousness that can come with planning for your future.
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Photo of Taylor LaPorte, MS, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Taylor LaPorte
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38117
Not accepting new clients
Over the past 3 years, I have dedicated myself to those dealing with eating disorders, depression, anxiety, and trauma. With almost 2 decades of personal recovery, I understand how the eating disorder can affect your ability to move forward in life, especially when there are coinciding disorders. The realization that you may need help takes a certain amount of courage and I’m here to walk along side you on that journey to recovery so you can fulfill your dreams. It will be hard, uncomfortable, and sometimes won’t seem worth it, but I assure you, there is more to life and you have the capability to heal.
Over the past 3 years, I have dedicated myself to those dealing with eating disorders, depression, anxiety, and trauma. With almost 2 decades of personal recovery, I understand how the eating disorder can affect your ability to move forward in life, especially when there are coinciding disorders. The realization that you may need help takes a certain amount of courage and I’m here to walk along side you on that journey to recovery so you can fulfill your dreams. It will be hard, uncomfortable, and sometimes won’t seem worth it, but I assure you, there is more to life and you have the capability to heal.
(901) 563-3243 View (901) 563-3243
Photo of Michelle Goldwin Kaufman, PhD, Psychologist
Michelle Goldwin Kaufman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120  (Online Only)
You may be wondering if you would benefit from outside help navigating life’s challenges. Maybe you struggle to get through the day without getting stuck in a cycle of worry, snapping at your loved ones, or feeling weighed down by a sense of sadness. There may be a clear transition or challenge that you’re facing, like trouble growing your family or a new medical diagnosis. Or, perhaps you’re struggling with something more chronic like navigating the demands of being a working parent. Whatever the source of your stress, your experience is valid, and you deserve and have the capacity to feel better.
You may be wondering if you would benefit from outside help navigating life’s challenges. Maybe you struggle to get through the day without getting stuck in a cycle of worry, snapping at your loved ones, or feeling weighed down by a sense of sadness. There may be a clear transition or challenge that you’re facing, like trouble growing your family or a new medical diagnosis. Or, perhaps you’re struggling with something more chronic like navigating the demands of being a working parent. Whatever the source of your stress, your experience is valid, and you deserve and have the capacity to feel better.
(901) 589-5842 View (901) 589-5842
Photo of Jay Allen Stone, BS, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jay Allen Stone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120
As a therapist I strive to provide a safe and nurturing space where you feel free to explore what it means to be you and navigate life’s struggles without judgement. Therapy brings us to some of our most vulnerable moments, and I make it my mission for you to feel heard, validated, and free to discover, maybe for the first time or perhaps again, who you are or who you’d like to become. I help clients navigate ways to improve their lives while also treating trauma-related issues, grief, relational and interpersonal challenges, family of origin issues, depression, and anxiety.
As a therapist I strive to provide a safe and nurturing space where you feel free to explore what it means to be you and navigate life’s struggles without judgement. Therapy brings us to some of our most vulnerable moments, and I make it my mission for you to feel heard, validated, and free to discover, maybe for the first time or perhaps again, who you are or who you’d like to become. I help clients navigate ways to improve their lives while also treating trauma-related issues, grief, relational and interpersonal challenges, family of origin issues, depression, and anxiety.
(901) 403-6807 View (901) 403-6807
Photo of Heather Thomasson, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Thomasson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38119
Heather offers support from a client-centered perspective that includes positive affirmations, heavy emphasis on self-compassion, challenging of unhealthy thoughts, and building upon skills to allow you to live your best life. Heather has extensive training to promote trauma resolution through EMDR and TF-CBT trainings. Heather has a strong passion for working with people as they navigate both pregnancy and postpartum adjustments. She works with fertility struggles, pregnancy loss and infant loss, in addition to perinatal/postpartum mood and anxiety disorders.
Heather offers support from a client-centered perspective that includes positive affirmations, heavy emphasis on self-compassion, challenging of unhealthy thoughts, and building upon skills to allow you to live your best life. Heather has extensive training to promote trauma resolution through EMDR and TF-CBT trainings. Heather has a strong passion for working with people as they navigate both pregnancy and postpartum adjustments. She works with fertility struggles, pregnancy loss and infant loss, in addition to perinatal/postpartum mood and anxiety disorders.
(901) 350-2515 View (901) 350-2515
Photo of Tiffany J Williams, LPC, MS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tiffany J Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38120
Clients come to therapy for a variety of reasons. They may need help adjusting to a new job, transitioning to a new city, communicating with a family member, or building self-confidence. They want to do these things in a timely manner. They want to live a fulfilling life. Maybe nothing is going on currently and they want to explore past events.
Clients come to therapy for a variety of reasons. They may need help adjusting to a new job, transitioning to a new city, communicating with a family member, or building self-confidence. They want to do these things in a timely manner. They want to live a fulfilling life. Maybe nothing is going on currently and they want to explore past events.
(901) 808-8710 View (901) 808-8710
Photo of Mary Hilgeman Neal, PhD, LPC, MHSP, S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary Hilgeman Neal
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, MHSP, S
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38117  (Online Only)
Hi! I have a passion for working with clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, and work life balance. I meet you where you are and challenge you as we work together to make needed changes in your life and heal from past experiences. I help you help yourself to improve your life for long lasting progress that will sustain past our time together. I strive to help you find joy in multiple areas of your life, improve your relationships, identify coping skills, and help you become a better communicator.
Hi! I have a passion for working with clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, and work life balance. I meet you where you are and challenge you as we work together to make needed changes in your life and heal from past experiences. I help you help yourself to improve your life for long lasting progress that will sustain past our time together. I strive to help you find joy in multiple areas of your life, improve your relationships, identify coping skills, and help you become a better communicator.
(901) 460-2704 View (901) 460-2704
Photo of Glen Matthew Stamps Jr., LPC, MHSP, MS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Glen Matthew Stamps Jr.
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38119
Searching for someone to help when we are struggling can be difficult and uncomfortable. I want to make that process a little bit easier by employing a non-judgmental approach to meet someone where they are. My name is Matt Stamps, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider. I believe in an empathic approach to therapy in which I work with my clients as partners to heal and recover from mental health issues. I utilize evidence-based approaches to assist clients in developing coping skills and new perspectives to improve day-to-day life.
Searching for someone to help when we are struggling can be difficult and uncomfortable. I want to make that process a little bit easier by employing a non-judgmental approach to meet someone where they are. My name is Matt Stamps, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider. I believe in an empathic approach to therapy in which I work with my clients as partners to heal and recover from mental health issues. I utilize evidence-based approaches to assist clients in developing coping skills and new perspectives to improve day-to-day life.
(901) 244-5731 View (901) 244-5731
Photo of Mackaria Estes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mackaria Estes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120
Oftentimes, it is helpful to be reminded that emotional peace and happiness are possible. I strive to create a safe and accepting environment where individuals can fully explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a meaningful way. The purpose of therapy is to embark on a path that will help you find balance within yourself and with the interpersonal relationships that you value.
Oftentimes, it is helpful to be reminded that emotional peace and happiness are possible. I strive to create a safe and accepting environment where individuals can fully explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a meaningful way. The purpose of therapy is to embark on a path that will help you find balance within yourself and with the interpersonal relationships that you value.
(901) 676-7861 View (901) 676-7861
Photo of Michael Warren, EdS, LCSW, RPT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Warren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdS, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38112
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with years of experience working with a wide range of clients. I have extensive training working with children and teenagers and have worked with families in the Greater Memphis Area for over 10 years. I have a unique insight that allows clients to best express their needs and work towards their individual goals.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with years of experience working with a wide range of clients. I have extensive training working with children and teenagers and have worked with families in the Greater Memphis Area for over 10 years. I have a unique insight that allows clients to best express their needs and work towards their individual goals.
(901) 295-6257 View (901) 295-6257
Photo of Will Adams, PhD, MBA, Psychologist
Will Adams
Psychologist, PhD, MBA
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120
At the core of my therapeutic approach lies an integrative methodology, seamlessly blending various therapeutic techniques to craft personalized treatment plans tailored to your unique needs. I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, sports psychology, career coaching, and navigating life transitions, and I'm adept at tackling the distinctive challenges you may encounter on your personal and professional journey. I'm dedicated to fostering a comprehensive and holistic approach to your mental well-being. I understand the profound impact of significant life changes and the intricacies that accompany such transitions.
At the core of my therapeutic approach lies an integrative methodology, seamlessly blending various therapeutic techniques to craft personalized treatment plans tailored to your unique needs. I specialize in addressing anxiety, depression, sports psychology, career coaching, and navigating life transitions, and I'm adept at tackling the distinctive challenges you may encounter on your personal and professional journey. I'm dedicated to fostering a comprehensive and holistic approach to your mental well-being. I understand the profound impact of significant life changes and the intricacies that accompany such transitions.
(901) 716-8185 View (901) 716-8185
Photo of Sharon D Richardson - Altruistic Wellness Counseling and Consulting, LPC, MHSP, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Altruistic Wellness Counseling and Consulting
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, CRC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38137
Welcome to the next chapter of your journey to better. My approach to counseling is client driven, individualized and solution focused. Therapy is designed to help each person develop an awareness of the current challenge and work towards alternate ways to manage life.
Welcome to the next chapter of your journey to better. My approach to counseling is client driven, individualized and solution focused. Therapy is designed to help each person develop an awareness of the current challenge and work towards alternate ways to manage life.
(901) 437-6399 View (901) 437-6399
Photo of Carissa Bacon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carissa Bacon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Not Verified Not Verified
Memphis, TN 38103
Hello there! I'm thrilled that you're here, considering taking a meaningful step towards your journey of self-discovery and growth. If you find yourself yearning for more in life but haven't quite committed to investing in your well-being, you're in the right place. Do you ever sense untapped potential within you, yet grapple with challenges like anxiety, wavering motivation, or self-doubt? Imagine a life filled with renewed passion, not just for your relationships with others but also for your relationship with yourself and your spiritual connection. That's the transformative journey I'm eager to embark on with you.
Hello there! I'm thrilled that you're here, considering taking a meaningful step towards your journey of self-discovery and growth. If you find yourself yearning for more in life but haven't quite committed to investing in your well-being, you're in the right place. Do you ever sense untapped potential within you, yet grapple with challenges like anxiety, wavering motivation, or self-doubt? Imagine a life filled with renewed passion, not just for your relationships with others but also for your relationship with yourself and your spiritual connection. That's the transformative journey I'm eager to embark on with you.
(901) 350-6728 View (901) 350-6728
Photo of Brooke J Boone, LMSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Brooke J Boone
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38103
Embark on a transformative journey with me, Brooke Boone, a leading real estate expert in the Mid-south. Tune in to my podcast, Real Estate 101 with Brooke Boone, where influential guests discuss various topics, setting the stage for your personal and business growth. Last Fall, I hosted Brunch with Brooke, an empowering event attended by over 250 women, leaving them inspired and motivated.
Embark on a transformative journey with me, Brooke Boone, a leading real estate expert in the Mid-south. Tune in to my podcast, Real Estate 101 with Brooke Boone, where influential guests discuss various topics, setting the stage for your personal and business growth. Last Fall, I hosted Brunch with Brooke, an empowering event attended by over 250 women, leaving them inspired and motivated.
(901) 716-9146 View (901) 716-9146
Photo of Holly Wade, LCSW, CDWF, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holly Wade
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDWF
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Memphis, TN 38104  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Would you like to find a way to recognize the positive things in your life and enjoy them without self doubt and anxiety? Are you in recovery from abuse or another traumatic event? Many people lose hope without realizing there are effective treatments to reduce reactivity and learn to walk through difficult times with grace. All of the Brené Brown, LMSW, PhD treatment models (The Daring Way, Rising Strong and Gifts of Imperfection) help you recognize your authenticity and gain skills to move through life with purpose and grace. EMDR can also help ease past trauma's and allow you to thrive despite difficult past experiences.
Would you like to find a way to recognize the positive things in your life and enjoy them without self doubt and anxiety? Are you in recovery from abuse or another traumatic event? Many people lose hope without realizing there are effective treatments to reduce reactivity and learn to walk through difficult times with grace. All of the Brené Brown, LMSW, PhD treatment models (The Daring Way, Rising Strong and Gifts of Imperfection) help you recognize your authenticity and gain skills to move through life with purpose and grace. EMDR can also help ease past trauma's and allow you to thrive despite difficult past experiences.
(901) 401-9415 View (901) 401-9415
Photo of Andy Killingsworth, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andy Killingsworth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120  (Online Only)
With over two decades of experience, I have learned that healing and change is a process that is unique to each individual. In counseling, we will walk this journey together by identifying, exploring, and working through our experiences and challenges. Whether you experience depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, behavioral addictions, trauma, extreme stress, etc., we will explore ways to manage thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and sensations associated with your life circumstances.
With over two decades of experience, I have learned that healing and change is a process that is unique to each individual. In counseling, we will walk this journey together by identifying, exploring, and working through our experiences and challenges. Whether you experience depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, behavioral addictions, trauma, extreme stress, etc., we will explore ways to manage thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and sensations associated with your life circumstances.
(901) 660-5532 View (901) 660-5532
Photo of Shara Danziger, LPC (T), PLPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shara Danziger
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC (T), PLPC
Verified Verified
Memphis, TN 38120
I work with couples and families. What they all have in common is a feeling of why is this happening to me? What do I do now? Is everyone doing better than I am? Is everyone managing so much easier than we are? Why is my marriage so difficult? Is parenting this hard for everyone? I know that life can be complicated, and it does not come with a manual. My goal is to work with clients to face and navigate their life so that they can gain perspective and grow. My love is working with clients so they can move through this world in such a way that they can be strong mentally and in healthy families and relationships.
I work with couples and families. What they all have in common is a feeling of why is this happening to me? What do I do now? Is everyone doing better than I am? Is everyone managing so much easier than we are? Why is my marriage so difficult? Is parenting this hard for everyone? I know that life can be complicated, and it does not come with a manual. My goal is to work with clients to face and navigate their life so that they can gain perspective and grow. My love is working with clients so they can move through this world in such a way that they can be strong mentally and in healthy families and relationships.
(901) 582-6324 View (901) 582-6324
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Memphis, TN

500+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Memphis, TN who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Depression
75% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Cigna and Evernorth
72% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Memphis, TN see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Memphis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.