Therapists in Clarke County, GA

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Photo of J. Kip Matthews, PhD, LP, Psychologist
J. Kip Matthews
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30606
I am a licensed psychologist who focuses on the treatment of stress and relationship concerns. I place particular emphasis on valuing the strengths and diversity that each person brings to the counseling process. My therapeutic interventions are aimed at helping the individual to become more empowered through greater awareness and by helping her/him to have a greater sense of their own identity. It is my hope that counseling will facilitate life-long changes which will promote resilience and enhance abilities to cope with future life challenges.
I am a licensed psychologist who focuses on the treatment of stress and relationship concerns. I place particular emphasis on valuing the strengths and diversity that each person brings to the counseling process. My therapeutic interventions are aimed at helping the individual to become more empowered through greater awareness and by helping her/him to have a greater sense of their own identity. It is my hope that counseling will facilitate life-long changes which will promote resilience and enhance abilities to cope with future life challenges.
(706) 751-9983 View (706) 751-9983
Photo of Alissa Darnell, MA, LPC, C-DBT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alissa Darnell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Athens, GA 30606
As a therapist, I have had the opportunity to provide support and encouragement to people as they face life challenges, and I have assisted them in their journeys toward growth and wellness. My approach is warm, compassionate, and genuine, and my focus is holistic, allowing all aspects of your wellness to be addressed. It is important to me to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment so you feel comfortable while working through your areas of concern. Through counseling and education, my passion is to empower you to be the best version of yourself.
As a therapist, I have had the opportunity to provide support and encouragement to people as they face life challenges, and I have assisted them in their journeys toward growth and wellness. My approach is warm, compassionate, and genuine, and my focus is holistic, allowing all aspects of your wellness to be addressed. It is important to me to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment so you feel comfortable while working through your areas of concern. Through counseling and education, my passion is to empower you to be the best version of yourself.
(770) 691-1146 View (770) 691-1146
Photo of Elizabeth Phillips, LSCW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCW
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30601  (Online Only)
Beth Phillips is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Georgia. She works closely with adults between the ages of 21 and 70 who are struggling to function to the fullest potential in their daily life. Beth holds a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree from the University of Georgia in Athens (GO DAWGS!) and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Psychology from Argosy University of Atlanta. Additionally, she is EMDR trained via an EMDRIA approved provider. Beth subscribes to the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, of which she is a member.
Beth Phillips is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Georgia. She works closely with adults between the ages of 21 and 70 who are struggling to function to the fullest potential in their daily life. Beth holds a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree from the University of Georgia in Athens (GO DAWGS!) and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Psychology from Argosy University of Atlanta. Additionally, she is EMDR trained via an EMDRIA approved provider. Beth subscribes to the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, of which she is a member.
(470) 649-1665 View (470) 649-1665
Photo of Tikita Ficklin, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tikita Ficklin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30601  (Online Only)
Tikita Ficklin is a Licensed Professional Counselor for the State of Georgia, and a National Certified Counselor who specializes in different modalities that fit the needs of the client; however, she specializes in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) because she believes that once you conquer the battle within your thoughts, controlling your emotions and behaviors will be easy.
Tikita Ficklin is a Licensed Professional Counselor for the State of Georgia, and a National Certified Counselor who specializes in different modalities that fit the needs of the client; however, she specializes in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) because she believes that once you conquer the battle within your thoughts, controlling your emotions and behaviors will be easy.
(706) 702-2694 View (706) 702-2694
Photo of Haley Holt, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Haley Holt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605
Haley Holt earned her undergraduate Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and her Master's in Social Work degree at Valdosta State University. She completed her internship at Archbold Northside Partial Hospitalization Program, where she provided psychological services to meet a variety of presenting concerns. After finishing her degree, she worked as an inpatient therapist conducting individual, group and family therapy in a hospital setting. Haley's professional experiences also consist of working in a leadership role, with duties including supervising entry level therapists and collaborating with community service providers.
Haley Holt earned her undergraduate Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and her Master's in Social Work degree at Valdosta State University. She completed her internship at Archbold Northside Partial Hospitalization Program, where she provided psychological services to meet a variety of presenting concerns. After finishing her degree, she worked as an inpatient therapist conducting individual, group and family therapy in a hospital setting. Haley's professional experiences also consist of working in a leadership role, with duties including supervising entry level therapists and collaborating with community service providers.
(706) 250-4549 View (706) 250-4549
Photo of Debi Huckaby, MA, LAPC, NCC
Debi Huckaby
Associate Professional Counselor, MA, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30606
Are you feeling stuck in your career, relationships, or life in general? Do you long for a life filled with purpose and hope? Our past experiences, addictions, self-deceptions, and everyday challenges can leave us feeling hopeless and disconnected from ourselves and our loved ones. Do you dream of a life worth living? Do you have goals and values you want to achieve? Do you aspire to live authentically, aligned with your core values? You know where you want to go but need guidance—a roadmap and the right tools. You need a partner to walk alongside you, cheer you on, hold you accountable, and explore ways you can help yourself.
Are you feeling stuck in your career, relationships, or life in general? Do you long for a life filled with purpose and hope? Our past experiences, addictions, self-deceptions, and everyday challenges can leave us feeling hopeless and disconnected from ourselves and our loved ones. Do you dream of a life worth living? Do you have goals and values you want to achieve? Do you aspire to live authentically, aligned with your core values? You know where you want to go but need guidance—a roadmap and the right tools. You need a partner to walk alongside you, cheer you on, hold you accountable, and explore ways you can help yourself.
(706) 725-4300 View (706) 725-4300
Photo of Rebecca Coursey, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Coursey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605
Rebecca Coursey is a Licensed Professional Counselor, who has been practicing since 2000. She graduated from Georgia State University with a MS. in "¨ Professional Counseling. Rebecca believes in CBT Treatment Her main areas of focus include Depression, Anxiety, OCD. In Rebecca's spare time, she enjoys music, reading books, walking, and hiking.
Rebecca Coursey is a Licensed Professional Counselor, who has been practicing since 2000. She graduated from Georgia State University with a MS. in "¨ Professional Counseling. Rebecca believes in CBT Treatment Her main areas of focus include Depression, Anxiety, OCD. In Rebecca's spare time, she enjoys music, reading books, walking, and hiking.
(762) 815-5288 View (762) 815-5288
Photo of Jessica Parker, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Parker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605
I work individuals and couples to help build better relationships and coping strategies for times of conflict and change. Having worked for several years with substance abuse groups along with anger management and family violence intervention, I have helped people of all ages to move beyond the negative self talk and low self esteem in order to be successful and thriving in their personal lives and relationships with others. I also offer EMDR to address trauma. Because I believe there is not a single way to deal with life, I like to meet my clients where they are in their own lives and help them to accomplish their personal goals.
I work individuals and couples to help build better relationships and coping strategies for times of conflict and change. Having worked for several years with substance abuse groups along with anger management and family violence intervention, I have helped people of all ages to move beyond the negative self talk and low self esteem in order to be successful and thriving in their personal lives and relationships with others. I also offer EMDR to address trauma. Because I believe there is not a single way to deal with life, I like to meet my clients where they are in their own lives and help them to accomplish their personal goals.
(706) 685-6559 View (706) 685-6559
Photo of Holly Turton, MEd, APC, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Holly Turton
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, APC, NCC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30606
One of the most rewarding things we can do is to take steps in learning about ourselves. What makes you thrive? How can you love yourself better? Are you trying to make sense of important life events? I hope to be a source of support for you in this endeavor. As your therapist, I will provide you with guidance as you learn to navigate life. Your goals are important to me and will always be at the forefront of our sessions.
One of the most rewarding things we can do is to take steps in learning about ourselves. What makes you thrive? How can you love yourself better? Are you trying to make sense of important life events? I hope to be a source of support for you in this endeavor. As your therapist, I will provide you with guidance as you learn to navigate life. Your goals are important to me and will always be at the forefront of our sessions.
(706) 705-8821 View (706) 705-8821
Photo of Kathleen Boyce, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathleen Boyce
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30601
Kathy Boyce is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 3 years of experience providing care to adult clients seeking assistance with sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and childhood trauma. Kathy can provide insights from both a religious and secular perspective. She is both an LGBTQIA ally and kink-affirming. Kathy received her Master's degree in Counseling from Crown College. She utilizes person-centered approaches, internal family systems therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to carefully listen to your needs and thoughts and help you set therapeutic goals.
Kathy Boyce is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 3 years of experience providing care to adult clients seeking assistance with sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and childhood trauma. Kathy can provide insights from both a religious and secular perspective. She is both an LGBTQIA ally and kink-affirming. Kathy received her Master's degree in Counseling from Crown College. She utilizes person-centered approaches, internal family systems therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to carefully listen to your needs and thoughts and help you set therapeutic goals.
(706) 420-3443 View (706) 420-3443
Photo of Shereese Pearsall, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shereese Pearsall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30601  (Online Only)
Hi I’m a licensed professional counselor based in Georgia, also licensed in California. I received my Masters degree from Argosy University and I have been practicing in a mental health field for over 20 years. I help adults of all ages struggling with everyday stressors, grief, anxiety, depression, issues with addiction, relationship issues, work stress etc. to assist and support in finding ways to manage these issues.
Hi I’m a licensed professional counselor based in Georgia, also licensed in California. I received my Masters degree from Argosy University and I have been practicing in a mental health field for over 20 years. I help adults of all ages struggling with everyday stressors, grief, anxiety, depression, issues with addiction, relationship issues, work stress etc. to assist and support in finding ways to manage these issues.
(706) 898-4766 View (706) 898-4766
Photo of Sydney Micheletti, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sydney Micheletti
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Athens, GA 30601
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome! My approach to therapy starts with believing that change is in our control and, by working from that mentality, we can learn to accept & grow from what we cannot control in order to live our life in an more optimal way. Being in the LGBT community myself, some of my clients value having a therapist that can connect with that experience. In my therapy space, I value authenticity, safety, freedom to choose, connection to others as well as ourselves, & being challenged. My clients want a safe & comfortable space that can help them facilitate growth (that can sometimes be uncomfortable) & I love when I can provide that.
Welcome! My approach to therapy starts with believing that change is in our control and, by working from that mentality, we can learn to accept & grow from what we cannot control in order to live our life in an more optimal way. Being in the LGBT community myself, some of my clients value having a therapist that can connect with that experience. In my therapy space, I value authenticity, safety, freedom to choose, connection to others as well as ourselves, & being challenged. My clients want a safe & comfortable space that can help them facilitate growth (that can sometimes be uncomfortable) & I love when I can provide that.
(706) 916-3703 View (706) 916-3703
Photo of Bonnie Jordan, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bonnie Jordan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Athens, GA 30607
Many people seek therapy when it is time to unravel and challenge old and worn-out beliefs about themselves and write a new story. Along that journey, I have the privilege of witnessing people learn to treat themselves with the same love and kindness they often give so freely to others. In our work together, self-compassion, emotional regulation, and mindfulness are fundamental to growth and healing. I enjoy working with those struggling with anxiety disorders, low self-worth, body image concerns, eating disorders and disordered eating, relational issues, family of origin issues, life transitions, trauma, and depression.
Many people seek therapy when it is time to unravel and challenge old and worn-out beliefs about themselves and write a new story. Along that journey, I have the privilege of witnessing people learn to treat themselves with the same love and kindness they often give so freely to others. In our work together, self-compassion, emotional regulation, and mindfulness are fundamental to growth and healing. I enjoy working with those struggling with anxiety disorders, low self-worth, body image concerns, eating disorders and disordered eating, relational issues, family of origin issues, life transitions, trauma, and depression.
(706) 899-3534 View (706) 899-3534
Photo of Craig Marker, PhD, Psychologist
Craig Marker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30601  (Online Only)
Craig Marker, Ph.D. founded The Anxiety Treatment Clinic of South Florida in 2006 while a professor at Nova Southeastern University and the University of Miami.
Craig Marker, Ph.D. founded The Anxiety Treatment Clinic of South Florida in 2006 while a professor at Nova Southeastern University and the University of Miami.
(706) 535-5222 View (706) 535-5222
Photo of Claire Davis, LPC, Counselor
Claire Davis
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605  (Online Only)
My therapy practice focuses on the balance and confluence of different aspects of identity and external environment. Through integrations of cognitive behavioral models, DBT, and narrative therapies, we work together to achieve this balance. Some of my most deeply held value systems center around social justice and equity, and I bring this into each session with my clients. I also focus on creating a person-centered and holistic therapy space in which clients may pursue their own reflection and introspection.
My therapy practice focuses on the balance and confluence of different aspects of identity and external environment. Through integrations of cognitive behavioral models, DBT, and narrative therapies, we work together to achieve this balance. Some of my most deeply held value systems center around social justice and equity, and I bring this into each session with my clients. I also focus on creating a person-centered and holistic therapy space in which clients may pursue their own reflection and introspection.
(706) 983-8836 View (706) 983-8836
Photo of Donna Slaboda, NCAC-II, CADC-II, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Donna Slaboda
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, NCAC-II, CADC-II
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605
Not accepting new clients
Are you an individual, couple or family member impacted by substance use, alcohol use, or relationships that feel out of balance. Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress or trauma? Would you like a safe space to talk and renew your hope? Together we can clarify your values, explore new directions and discover the tools and strategies that will support the change you desire. As a counselor, I am warm, open, encouraging and direct. I combine experience, education, curiosity and a sense of humor to a down-to-earth approach to counseling.
Are you an individual, couple or family member impacted by substance use, alcohol use, or relationships that feel out of balance. Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress or trauma? Would you like a safe space to talk and renew your hope? Together we can clarify your values, explore new directions and discover the tools and strategies that will support the change you desire. As a counselor, I am warm, open, encouraging and direct. I combine experience, education, curiosity and a sense of humor to a down-to-earth approach to counseling.
(762) 212-5445 View (762) 212-5445
Photo of Carron Alexander, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carron Alexander
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30605
My name is Carron Alexander, and I am a Licensed Professional Therapist. I have experience working with clients between the ages of 5-65 and am comfortable treating a variety of conditions including depression, anxiety, grief, women’s issues, trauma, and PTSD. My approach to therapy is eclectic, drawing from multiple modalities to fit your needs such as Complicated Grief Therapy (CGT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Person-Centered theories. I have worked with a variety of mental health issues in a variety of populations and look forward to helping you find a better path forward.
My name is Carron Alexander, and I am a Licensed Professional Therapist. I have experience working with clients between the ages of 5-65 and am comfortable treating a variety of conditions including depression, anxiety, grief, women’s issues, trauma, and PTSD. My approach to therapy is eclectic, drawing from multiple modalities to fit your needs such as Complicated Grief Therapy (CGT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Person-Centered theories. I have worked with a variety of mental health issues in a variety of populations and look forward to helping you find a better path forward.
(470) 664-5701 View (470) 664-5701
Photo of Kayla Hendricks, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kayla Hendricks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Athens, GA 30606
Waitlist for new clients
Every person has a story that deserves to be heard and understood. While I am not here to solve life’s problems for you, I am here to listen, empower, and walk with you on your path towards purposeful change and peace of mind. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, but have a passion for working with young adults. Emerging adulthood is often depicted as the prime of life; however some struggle with feeling anxiety, depression, and stress.
Every person has a story that deserves to be heard and understood. While I am not here to solve life’s problems for you, I am here to listen, empower, and walk with you on your path towards purposeful change and peace of mind. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, but have a passion for working with young adults. Emerging adulthood is often depicted as the prime of life; however some struggle with feeling anxiety, depression, and stress.
(706) 425-8900 x737 View (706) 425-8900 x737
Photo of Shelby Banach, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shelby Banach
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Athens, GA 30606
Accepting new clients. As a therapist, I work to develop a secure & trusting relationship with clients rooted in transparency and mutual vulnerability. We will work together to find your strengths, parts of you that have been lost to society’s grueling demands. How can you access a deep level of emotion when just trying to keep your head above water today? When you juggle a job, school, children, relationships, it can be challenging to experience moments of joy. My goal is to encourage you in your journey and help to make life more manageable & fulfilling-improving your interpersonal relationships, job/school performance & life.
Accepting new clients. As a therapist, I work to develop a secure & trusting relationship with clients rooted in transparency and mutual vulnerability. We will work together to find your strengths, parts of you that have been lost to society’s grueling demands. How can you access a deep level of emotion when just trying to keep your head above water today? When you juggle a job, school, children, relationships, it can be challenging to experience moments of joy. My goal is to encourage you in your journey and help to make life more manageable & fulfilling-improving your interpersonal relationships, job/school performance & life.
(706) 842-7465 View (706) 842-7465
Photo of Rachel Shower, NCC, LAPC
Rachel Shower
Associate Professional Counselor, NCC, LAPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Athens, GA 30606
Life can sometimes seem like just too much. Stressors like relationships, friendships, school, work, and family obligations can become too heavy to bear. Maybe there is a trauma you have carried for years that you still aren't quite sure how to handle. Maybe you are questioning aspects of your identity and you aren't sure where to turn to speak honestly about them. Or, maybe you just need someone to talk to who can help you process your daily life. That's where counseling can come in.
Life can sometimes seem like just too much. Stressors like relationships, friendships, school, work, and family obligations can become too heavy to bear. Maybe there is a trauma you have carried for years that you still aren't quite sure how to handle. Maybe you are questioning aspects of your identity and you aren't sure where to turn to speak honestly about them. Or, maybe you just need someone to talk to who can help you process your daily life. That's where counseling can come in.
(706) 981-8015 View (706) 981-8015
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See more therapy options for Clarke County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Clarke County, GA

400+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Clarke County, GA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
83% Depression
67% Coping Skills
67% Self Esteem
64% Trauma and PTSD
59% Relationship Issues
57% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
79% Cigna and Evernorth
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Clarke County, GA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Clarke County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.