Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Appling County, GA
Hello, my name is Haley Peck. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 4 years of clinical experience guiding and helping individuals and minors facing Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and PTSD. I utilize a combination of Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), EMDR, Client-Centered Therapy, and Trauma Focused therapies during treatments with my clients. It is of the utmost importance to me that we focus on your progress along the way, as well as self-encouragement during the hard times to remind you why you started therapy and all of the positive outcomes to look forward to.
Hello, my name is Haley Peck. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 4 years of clinical experience guiding and helping individuals and minors facing Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and PTSD. I utilize a combination of Attachment-based, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), EMDR, Client-Centered Therapy, and Trauma Focused therapies during treatments with my clients. It is of the utmost importance to me that we focus on your progress along the way, as well as self-encouragement during the hard times to remind you why you started therapy and all of the positive outcomes to look forward to.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist who started my career in mental health over 10 years ago. My journey begin with assisting a family member cope with postpartum and divorce. My motivation and passion is with healing others who are experiencing life struggles and are seeking assistance with coping with life stressors such as: mood disorders, anger management, relational problems, and conflict resolution to name a few. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing to address thought processes and behaviors.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist who started my career in mental health over 10 years ago. My journey begin with assisting a family member cope with postpartum and divorce. My motivation and passion is with healing others who are experiencing life struggles and are seeking assistance with coping with life stressors such as: mood disorders, anger management, relational problems, and conflict resolution to name a few. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing to address thought processes and behaviors.
Gay’s clinical areas of interest include Mindful Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy.
Gay welcomes those going through life’s challenges, with warm and ease. She facilitates a safe and empowering environment, where counseling can be an effective way to alleviate distress, to discover better ways to solve long-term behavioral concerns. The counseling relationship allows you to seek perspective through a mutual relationship that is accepting, empathic, and authentic. Gay welcomes those going through life’s challenges, with warm and ease. She facilitates a safe and empowering environment, where counseling can be an effective way to alleviate distress, to discover better ways to solve long-term behavioral concerns.
Gay’s clinical areas of interest include Mindful Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy.
Gay welcomes those going through life’s challenges, with warm and ease. She facilitates a safe and empowering environment, where counseling can be an effective way to alleviate distress, to discover better ways to solve long-term behavioral concerns. The counseling relationship allows you to seek perspective through a mutual relationship that is accepting, empathic, and authentic. Gay welcomes those going through life’s challenges, with warm and ease. She facilitates a safe and empowering environment, where counseling can be an effective way to alleviate distress, to discover better ways to solve long-term behavioral concerns.
Online Therapists
Kristin G Simmon-Lowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Savannah, GA 31401 (Online Only)
I am trained in evidence-based modalities for anxiety disorders and OCD: Mindfulness, DBT informed, CBT, intensively trained ERP, I- CBT, PE, ACT and ComB for BFRB's.
High anxiety keeping you from doing things? Dealing with intrusive thoughts or avoidance of anxiety provoking things? Thoughts that horrify you? I specialize in anxiety /OCD & have completed the IOCDF's renowned BTTI training for Exposure & Response Prevention. I treat all types of OCD & Anxiety - Social, Generalized, Health Anxiety, PTSD, Panic Disorder, Phobia: sexual, scrupulosity/moral, sensory, checking, harm, contamination, etc. Additionally, I am trained in Inference Based Therapy (I- CBT) for OCD. I treat BFRBs with ComB Therapy (hairpulling, skin picking) & trauma using Prolonged Exposure & Cognitive Processing Therapy.
I am trained in evidence-based modalities for anxiety disorders and OCD: Mindfulness, DBT informed, CBT, intensively trained ERP, I- CBT, PE, ACT and ComB for BFRB's.
High anxiety keeping you from doing things? Dealing with intrusive thoughts or avoidance of anxiety provoking things? Thoughts that horrify you? I specialize in anxiety /OCD & have completed the IOCDF's renowned BTTI training for Exposure & Response Prevention. I treat all types of OCD & Anxiety - Social, Generalized, Health Anxiety, PTSD, Panic Disorder, Phobia: sexual, scrupulosity/moral, sensory, checking, harm, contamination, etc. Additionally, I am trained in Inference Based Therapy (I- CBT) for OCD. I treat BFRBs with ComB Therapy (hairpulling, skin picking) & trauma using Prolonged Exposure & Cognitive Processing Therapy.
When individuals come to treatment they have taken a courageous step in improving their lives. As you take that step on to the path of healing and improvement, know that there is help along your path. He employs multiple evidenced based treatment approaches, which include, Existential therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral therapy and Solution focused. He understands each person is unique in how they in situations of stress and crisis. With his your treatment will be individualized and tailored to meet your needs. His approach to treatment is genuine and empathic.
When individuals come to treatment they have taken a courageous step in improving their lives. As you take that step on to the path of healing and improvement, know that there is help along your path. He employs multiple evidenced based treatment approaches, which include, Existential therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral therapy and Solution focused. He understands each person is unique in how they in situations of stress and crisis. With his your treatment will be individualized and tailored to meet your needs. His approach to treatment is genuine and empathic.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Georgia with eight years of clinical experience. I am fully bilingual and can provide therapy in both English and Spanish. Most of my work is treating anxiety-related disorders, OCD, and working with LGBTQ+ communities. The therapy models I work with are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Mindfulness, Affirmative Therapy (LGBTQ+ communities), Exposure to Response Prevention (ERP), and Supportive Therapy. I work with adults experiencing OCD symptoms, anxiety, and stress. I can provide you with coping skills and strategies to improve your well-being.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Georgia with eight years of clinical experience. I am fully bilingual and can provide therapy in both English and Spanish. Most of my work is treating anxiety-related disorders, OCD, and working with LGBTQ+ communities. The therapy models I work with are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Mindfulness, Affirmative Therapy (LGBTQ+ communities), Exposure to Response Prevention (ERP), and Supportive Therapy. I work with adults experiencing OCD symptoms, anxiety, and stress. I can provide you with coping skills and strategies to improve your well-being.
I tend to primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, but this varies depending on my client's needs.
My name is Christina Baffuto, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with clients based in Georgia via Telehealth. I primarily work with individuals ages 25-45 but also have years of experience working with children and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, and processing life changes, and grief. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused therapy to help my clients feel more in control and help them feel better throughout all the seasons of life.
I tend to primarily use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, but this varies depending on my client's needs.
My name is Christina Baffuto, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with clients based in Georgia via Telehealth. I primarily work with individuals ages 25-45 but also have years of experience working with children and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, and processing life changes, and grief. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused therapy to help my clients feel more in control and help them feel better throughout all the seasons of life.
Salina Baaith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Warner Robins, GA 31088
I subscribe to using only evidence-based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
Hi, my name is Salina and I'm here to help! I provide a non-judgmental, safe space for you to talk about whatever you feel comfortable disclosing. You have a voice and I want to hear what you have to say. My ears are primed to hear your story and help you figure out how best to move forward to wellness. Additionally, I am passionate about assisting you in achieving your goals in a collaborative and supportive way. I believe we can do it together!
I subscribe to using only evidence-based approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
Hi, my name is Salina and I'm here to help! I provide a non-judgmental, safe space for you to talk about whatever you feel comfortable disclosing. You have a voice and I want to hear what you have to say. My ears are primed to hear your story and help you figure out how best to move forward to wellness. Additionally, I am passionate about assisting you in achieving your goals in a collaborative and supportive way. I believe we can do it together!
I have special training in CT-R, an alternative to traditional CBT which may work even if therapy hasn't been effective in treating your depression in the past.
My name is Richard Soper and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I've been in practice for 7 years helping patients with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, and coping with diabetes. I believe that by acknowledging and nurturing our talents and positive attributes we can outgrow any problem. I use a variety of Strengths-Based Techniques and Cognitive Therapies ( CBT, CT-R).
I have special training in CT-R, an alternative to traditional CBT which may work even if therapy hasn't been effective in treating your depression in the past.
My name is Richard Soper and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I've been in practice for 7 years helping patients with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, and coping with diabetes. I believe that by acknowledging and nurturing our talents and positive attributes we can outgrow any problem. I use a variety of Strengths-Based Techniques and Cognitive Therapies ( CBT, CT-R).
Patricia Cosey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Valdosta, GA 31602
My style is a mixture of Person Centered and Cognitive Therapy Styles.
I enjoy the therapeutic process and helping people to grow, change, develop, and become. I enjoy helping people develop a plan of self care in a safe and nonjudgmental setting. With today's challenges to find time for self care I have recently added two new services to include: Tele-therapy as an option for clients who cannot come into the office for traditional services, and emotional support animal evaluation for those who need documentation of their need for their emotional support pet.
My style is a mixture of Person Centered and Cognitive Therapy Styles.
I enjoy the therapeutic process and helping people to grow, change, develop, and become. I enjoy helping people develop a plan of self care in a safe and nonjudgmental setting. With today's challenges to find time for self care I have recently added two new services to include: Tele-therapy as an option for clients who cannot come into the office for traditional services, and emotional support animal evaluation for those who need documentation of their need for their emotional support pet.
I am a strengths-based, trauma-informed clinician and primarily use elements of Person-Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing as therapeutic approaches.
Come to a comfortable, safe space to unpack whatever concerns the you have. I utilize a strengths-based approach in talk therapy with an emphasis on instilling hope. Together we will celebrate the victories, find a way through the barriers, and walk a path of recovery in whatever part of the journey you are on. I consider it a privilege when a client allows me into their sacred space. I have extensive experience working with diverse ages, cultures, faiths, occupations, and socioeconomic backgrounds. I am licensed as LPC in Georgia, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
I am a strengths-based, trauma-informed clinician and primarily use elements of Person-Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing as therapeutic approaches.
Come to a comfortable, safe space to unpack whatever concerns the you have. I utilize a strengths-based approach in talk therapy with an emphasis on instilling hope. Together we will celebrate the victories, find a way through the barriers, and walk a path of recovery in whatever part of the journey you are on. I consider it a privilege when a client allows me into their sacred space. I have extensive experience working with diverse ages, cultures, faiths, occupations, and socioeconomic backgrounds. I am licensed as LPC in Georgia, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
I apply a variety of therapeutic techniques, such as Play Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Psychoeducation, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
Clients say that I am compassionate, understanding, and easy to talk to. Though I enjoy working with adults, I am particularly passionate about working with children and adolescents. But, I have seen the best treatment for children involves the incorporation of the parents in sessions. I strive to help your child but also to create a healthy relationship between child and parent. I aim to encourage and empower each and every one of my clients to achieve their goals. I advocate for therapy being a collaborative effort between the therapist and client, regardless of the client’s age.
I apply a variety of therapeutic techniques, such as Play Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Psychoeducation, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
Clients say that I am compassionate, understanding, and easy to talk to. Though I enjoy working with adults, I am particularly passionate about working with children and adolescents. But, I have seen the best treatment for children involves the incorporation of the parents in sessions. I strive to help your child but also to create a healthy relationship between child and parent. I aim to encourage and empower each and every one of my clients to achieve their goals. I advocate for therapy being a collaborative effort between the therapist and client, regardless of the client’s age.
Christi Johnson Hedgepeth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Marys, GA 31558
Using CBT ( cognitive behavior therapy) and Psychodynamic Therapy, we work together to create awareness and understanding of the patterns and cycles that are no longer working for us.
Change only occurs in chaos or crisis. If everything is ok, why change? If you are uncomfortable in your life because of your job, your relationships, or even yourself, I challenge you to lean into the discomfort. Can you imagine walking into a room and feeling completely at peace and authentically you? If you can’t imagine this life, you are missing out on the authenticity of it all!
Using CBT ( cognitive behavior therapy) and Psychodynamic Therapy, we work together to create awareness and understanding of the patterns and cycles that are no longer working for us.
Change only occurs in chaos or crisis. If everything is ok, why change? If you are uncomfortable in your life because of your job, your relationships, or even yourself, I challenge you to lean into the discomfort. Can you imagine walking into a room and feeling completely at peace and authentically you? If you can’t imagine this life, you are missing out on the authenticity of it all!
Ja’Nika Nash-Lightsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Savannah, GA 31419 (Online Only)
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to explore thoughts and emotions, and help you make a connection between how you feel, the way you think and the behavior that follow.
Do you often feel symptoms of depression, self doubt or loneliness? Has it been difficult to understand yourself or even communicate your feelings to others? Sometimes it can be very difficult to find someone to connect with, who also has a nonjudgmental view and a listening ear. It is very possible that you may be experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, anger, guilt or simply feeling uncertain. I can help you navigate those thoughts, and explore your emotions to help you reach inner peace.
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to explore thoughts and emotions, and help you make a connection between how you feel, the way you think and the behavior that follow.
Do you often feel symptoms of depression, self doubt or loneliness? Has it been difficult to understand yourself or even communicate your feelings to others? Sometimes it can be very difficult to find someone to connect with, who also has a nonjudgmental view and a listening ear. It is very possible that you may be experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, anger, guilt or simply feeling uncertain. I can help you navigate those thoughts, and explore your emotions to help you reach inner peace.
Michelle Alden Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, CAMS, II
Verified Verified
Valdosta, GA 31605
I have an eclectic modality and include with CBT, Solution Focused, Rogerian Client Centered, Adlerian and Gestalt interventions but always working the Family System.
I am a fully licensed, bilingual clinician working with a diverse population. Since 2010, I have worked with Adolescents and Children as well as with families, and groups. The populations were diverse anywhere from depression, multiple personalities, trauma victims, alcohol abuse, physical/emotional and sexual abuse, anxiety, anger management, self-mutilators, bipolar, bullying victims, OCD, conduct/Oppositional, some eating disorders, grief self-esteem to name a few.
I have an eclectic modality and include with CBT, Solution Focused, Rogerian Client Centered, Adlerian and Gestalt interventions but always working the Family System.
I am a fully licensed, bilingual clinician working with a diverse population. Since 2010, I have worked with Adolescents and Children as well as with families, and groups. The populations were diverse anywhere from depression, multiple personalities, trauma victims, alcohol abuse, physical/emotional and sexual abuse, anxiety, anger management, self-mutilators, bipolar, bullying victims, OCD, conduct/Oppositional, some eating disorders, grief self-esteem to name a few.
Dr. Karen Nicole Kearby
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPCMHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) with a doctorate in Psychology and six years of experience in the field. I’ve worked with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and groups with self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, partner relational problems, anger/stress management, trauma, and life adjustment issues. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Positive Psychology, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), and Dialectical (DBT) modalities. I believe that when people have hope and replace irrational thoughts and attitudes, they are able to change.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) with a doctorate in Psychology and six years of experience in the field. I’ve worked with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and groups with self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, partner relational problems, anger/stress management, trauma, and life adjustment issues. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Positive Psychology, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), and Dialectical (DBT) modalities. I believe that when people have hope and replace irrational thoughts and attitudes, they are able to change.
Kayla Mazzoni
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Savannah, GA 31405
Waitlist for new clients
I also integrate a person-centered approach with Cognitive Behavioral interventions, relaxation, and mindfulness practices.
Searching for a therapist can be scary, time-consuming, and intimidating, but congratulations to you for making the effort. This demonstrates huge willingness on your part! I believe that every person already possesses strengths and skills to heal, but sometimes layers of trauma or pain can make it difficult to do so leading to unwanted symptoms or behaviors such as anxiety, depression, addiction, etc. My approach focuses less on a person’s diagnosis and more on finding triggers, processing trauma, and establishing goals and healthy coping skills.
I also integrate a person-centered approach with Cognitive Behavioral interventions, relaxation, and mindfulness practices.
Searching for a therapist can be scary, time-consuming, and intimidating, but congratulations to you for making the effort. This demonstrates huge willingness on your part! I believe that every person already possesses strengths and skills to heal, but sometimes layers of trauma or pain can make it difficult to do so leading to unwanted symptoms or behaviors such as anxiety, depression, addiction, etc. My approach focuses less on a person’s diagnosis and more on finding triggers, processing trauma, and establishing goals and healthy coping skills.
Wesley Richard Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW, CADCII
Verified Verified
Allenhurst, GA 31301 (Online Only)
My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, humanistic.
More About Me: I am a Vietnam-Era Veteran with experience working with veterans and the homeless population. Although my expertise is with Substance Abuse; I am skilled in Mental Health issues as well (PTSD, Depression, Anxiety Disorder, Bipolar Disorder). My life experiences have helped develop my skills in certain areas due to my diagnosis with PTSD and Substance Use Disorder. I understand the ambivalence when it comes to trusting and opening up your life to a total stranger. I want to be that person to help guide you along your journey.
My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, humanistic.
More About Me: I am a Vietnam-Era Veteran with experience working with veterans and the homeless population. Although my expertise is with Substance Abuse; I am skilled in Mental Health issues as well (PTSD, Depression, Anxiety Disorder, Bipolar Disorder). My life experiences have helped develop my skills in certain areas due to my diagnosis with PTSD and Substance Use Disorder. I understand the ambivalence when it comes to trusting and opening up your life to a total stranger. I want to be that person to help guide you along your journey.
Karen Kraul
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP, LAC
Verified Verified
Savannah, GA 31406
Waitlist for new clients
I focus on providing individualized treatment through evidence-based practice models, including specialized experience with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for trauma treatment and Integrated Treatment for Co-occurring Disorders.
Currently accepting new clients ages 6+ for individual and family therapy- I enjoy working with people who are experiencing challenges with life stressors, anxiety, depression, trauma, bipolar disorders and substance use disorders. Experiencing any of these can leave you feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, and disconnected. It can feel impossible to find a way out on your own. Many people find that when they try to reach out for help that they can’t connect with anyone who actually takes the time to listen and understand. I believe that taking a collaborative approach and staying focused on what matters to you is the key.
I focus on providing individualized treatment through evidence-based practice models, including specialized experience with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for trauma treatment and Integrated Treatment for Co-occurring Disorders.
Currently accepting new clients ages 6+ for individual and family therapy- I enjoy working with people who are experiencing challenges with life stressors, anxiety, depression, trauma, bipolar disorders and substance use disorders. Experiencing any of these can leave you feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, and disconnected. It can feel impossible to find a way out on your own. Many people find that when they try to reach out for help that they can’t connect with anyone who actually takes the time to listen and understand. I believe that taking a collaborative approach and staying focused on what matters to you is the key.
Oftentimes, we focus on past life experiences or are anxious about the future; therefore, I use a combination approach that includes mindfulness (being present) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (thoughts influence behaviors).
I'm Ayana Lewis and I am a licensed clinical therapist in Georgia and Texas. I work well with those wanting to learn skills to better manage Anxiety and/or Depression. I also help many navigate their relationships with others while working on their own self-concept (how they see themselves and the world around them). I work well with clients that are experiencing low self-esteem and self-worth. I help clients recognize their value and how they are presenting to the world around them. Additionally, I assist those attempting to navigate life transitions including relationships, work, or family matters.
Oftentimes, we focus on past life experiences or are anxious about the future; therefore, I use a combination approach that includes mindfulness (being present) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (thoughts influence behaviors).
I'm Ayana Lewis and I am a licensed clinical therapist in Georgia and Texas. I work well with those wanting to learn skills to better manage Anxiety and/or Depression. I also help many navigate their relationships with others while working on their own self-concept (how they see themselves and the world around them). I work well with clients that are experiencing low self-esteem and self-worth. I help clients recognize their value and how they are presenting to the world around them. Additionally, I assist those attempting to navigate life transitions including relationships, work, or family matters.
See more therapy options for Appling County
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists
How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?
Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.
When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?
It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.
How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?
To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.
Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?
CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.