Therapists in Laurel Hill, FL

Photo of Christopher Santini, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher Santini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Laurel Hill, FL 32567
My name is Christopher Santini and I am an LCSW in the state of Florida. As a clinical social worker with over 20 years of experience, I have had the privilege of working with culturally, economically, and ethnically diverse individuals, families, couples, and groups from all walks of life. I have practiced domestically and internationally including, NYC, California, and most recently in Dublin, Ireland. I have found using teletherapy to be very convenient for clients with challenging schedules. Taking the step to enter into therapy can be a difficult but rewarding one.
My name is Christopher Santini and I am an LCSW in the state of Florida. As a clinical social worker with over 20 years of experience, I have had the privilege of working with culturally, economically, and ethnically diverse individuals, families, couples, and groups from all walks of life. I have practiced domestically and internationally including, NYC, California, and most recently in Dublin, Ireland. I have found using teletherapy to be very convenient for clients with challenging schedules. Taking the step to enter into therapy can be a difficult but rewarding one.
(786) 981-4978 View (786) 981-4978
Photo of Sarah Williams, MSW
Sarah Williams
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Laurel Hill, FL 32567
When life begins to feel overwhelming, having someone in your corner is helpful. I would be honored to provide support as you navigate life’s challenges. A therapeutic relationship is of the utmost importance and I strive to create a safe, welcoming environment for you to begin your healing journey.
When life begins to feel overwhelming, having someone in your corner is helpful. I would be honored to provide support as you navigate life’s challenges. A therapeutic relationship is of the utmost importance and I strive to create a safe, welcoming environment for you to begin your healing journey.
(850) 468-3466 View (850) 468-3466
Photo of Jodi Rabkin-Turner, LMHC, Counselor
Jodi Rabkin-Turner
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Laurel Hill, FL 32567
Hi. My name is Jodi Rabkin-Turner, LMHC, LPC. I specialize in trauma, PTSD and the disorders that come from those issues. I typically work with clients that have depression and anxiety, PTSD, sexual abuse, trauma, substance abuse or any symptoms that occur due to past or present life experiences. I am very straight forward and tend not to beat around the bush. It takes some work to change and get past your issues, so I give out some real life assignments that can be used in the "real world" to help clients to get passed their core issues.
Hi. My name is Jodi Rabkin-Turner, LMHC, LPC. I specialize in trauma, PTSD and the disorders that come from those issues. I typically work with clients that have depression and anxiety, PTSD, sexual abuse, trauma, substance abuse or any symptoms that occur due to past or present life experiences. I am very straight forward and tend not to beat around the bush. It takes some work to change and get past your issues, so I give out some real life assignments that can be used in the "real world" to help clients to get passed their core issues.
(321) 517-0616 View (321) 517-0616

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Chelsie Braden, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chelsie Braden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Crestview, FL 32539  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello, I am Chelsie Braden, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Florida. I am an Army veteran. I have over 5 years of experience working in the mental health field. I work with clients who are experiencing a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, domestic violence relationship, career challenges, addiction, trauma, and grief and loss. I am also a Geek/Nerd Culture informed therapist.
Hello, I am Chelsie Braden, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Florida. I am an Army veteran. I have over 5 years of experience working in the mental health field. I work with clients who are experiencing a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, domestic violence relationship, career challenges, addiction, trauma, and grief and loss. I am also a Geek/Nerd Culture informed therapist.
(850) 468-3933 View (850) 468-3933

Online Therapists

Photo of Lauren Soutullo, MS, LMHC, RYT 200
Lauren Soutullo
MS, LMHC, RYT 200
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pensacola, FL 32504
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about working with those who feel as if they'll never break free from their past. Those who struggle with and can't seem to escape the same patterns, thoughts, and feelings. Maybe you logically -know- something wasn't your fault, but it still -feels- like it was, or you're tired of not feeling "good enough". I take special care in gently creating a safe space where you can be your authentic self, while honoring your unique journey. I have specialized training and experience working with those impacted by trauma, and guiding them towards healing.
I am passionate about working with those who feel as if they'll never break free from their past. Those who struggle with and can't seem to escape the same patterns, thoughts, and feelings. Maybe you logically -know- something wasn't your fault, but it still -feels- like it was, or you're tired of not feeling "good enough". I take special care in gently creating a safe space where you can be your authentic self, while honoring your unique journey. I have specialized training and experience working with those impacted by trauma, and guiding them towards healing.
(850) 749-4764 View (850) 749-4764
Photo of Virginia B Gaddis, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Virginia B Gaddis
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Panama City, FL 32404  (Online Only)
My name is Virginia B. Gaddis , and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I am a people person; and as such have a passion for helping people. I received my Masters in Counseling from Barry University and specialize in Mental Health Counseling & Marriage and Family Therapy.
My name is Virginia B. Gaddis , and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I am a people person; and as such have a passion for helping people. I received my Masters in Counseling from Barry University and specialize in Mental Health Counseling & Marriage and Family Therapy.
(305) 384-6691 View (305) 384-6691
Photo of Sarah Tilley, MA, LCPC, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Sarah Tilley
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Panama City Beach, FL 32408  (Online Only)
As your counselor, I will meet you exactly where you are in life. The direction that you want to go is entirely up to you. I will provide you with compassionate counseling that will enable you to rest, heal, and strengthen from the past so you may pursue your future with freedom. Your journey belongs to you.
As your counselor, I will meet you exactly where you are in life. The direction that you want to go is entirely up to you. I will provide you with compassionate counseling that will enable you to rest, heal, and strengthen from the past so you may pursue your future with freedom. Your journey belongs to you.
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Photo of Erika Young, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erika Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Panama City, FL 32404  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Erika! If you're reading this, you've already taken your first step toward change by seeking a therapist. How exciting! And also maybe nerve-racking, as anything new can be. As your therapist, you can expect me to be nonjudgmental, empathetic, and genuine. I will provide you with tools and skills to help you maintain the progress we've made even after our time together has concluded.
Hi, I'm Erika! If you're reading this, you've already taken your first step toward change by seeking a therapist. How exciting! And also maybe nerve-racking, as anything new can be. As your therapist, you can expect me to be nonjudgmental, empathetic, and genuine. I will provide you with tools and skills to help you maintain the progress we've made even after our time together has concluded.
(813) 519-4685 View (813) 519-4685
Photo of Emily Anne Reed, MS
Emily Anne Reed
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Crestview, FL 32536
I am a registered mental health counselor intern with a passion for helping people achieve their mental health goals. I specialize in working with the military community, including active duty service members, spouses, dependents, and families. I understand the unique challenges and opportunities that come with being part of this community, as I have been a military child and spouse of an active duty member myself. I offer a safe, supportive, and confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings, cope with stress and trauma, and develop skills and strategies to improve your well-being.
I am a registered mental health counselor intern with a passion for helping people achieve their mental health goals. I specialize in working with the military community, including active duty service members, spouses, dependents, and families. I understand the unique challenges and opportunities that come with being part of this community, as I have been a military child and spouse of an active duty member myself. I offer a safe, supportive, and confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings, cope with stress and trauma, and develop skills and strategies to improve your well-being.
(850) 662-6321 View (850) 662-6321
Photo of Mya Brown, MS, RMHCI
Mya Brown
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, RMHCI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Crestview, FL 32539
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal client is committed to navigating significant life transitions, healing from past traumas, and strengthening relationships. Couples may seek help with communication breakdowns, trust issues, or parenting conflicts, aiming to enhance their connection and family harmony. Young adults often need support with identity formation, career choices, and managing stress. Veterans may seek to process military experiences and reintegrate into civilian life. My clients are open to self-reflection and motivated to make positive changes, valuing the guidance and support of therapy.
My ideal client is committed to navigating significant life transitions, healing from past traumas, and strengthening relationships. Couples may seek help with communication breakdowns, trust issues, or parenting conflicts, aiming to enhance their connection and family harmony. Young adults often need support with identity formation, career choices, and managing stress. Veterans may seek to process military experiences and reintegrate into civilian life. My clients are open to self-reflection and motivated to make positive changes, valuing the guidance and support of therapy.
(850) 616-2378 x5 View (850) 616-2378 x5
Photo of Pamela Jones, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Wewahitchka, FL 32465
Stress is often associated with difficulties in life. It can however be an opportunity to grow. With over 15 years experience in the mental health field, I have worked with individuals with stress of various kinds: Anxiety, depression, substance use, trauma and PTSD. Stress can come from managing many of life's changes. I believe the broken pieces of your life can come together to form a you that is whole and well-balanced. Together it is possible to grow in the challenges of life.
Stress is often associated with difficulties in life. It can however be an opportunity to grow. With over 15 years experience in the mental health field, I have worked with individuals with stress of various kinds: Anxiety, depression, substance use, trauma and PTSD. Stress can come from managing many of life's changes. I believe the broken pieces of your life can come together to form a you that is whole and well-balanced. Together it is possible to grow in the challenges of life.
(850) 604-1158 View (850) 604-1158
Photo of Catie Myers - Catie Myers, LMFT, LMHC, LMFT, LMHC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Catie Myers, LMFT, LMHC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Panama City, FL 32401  (Online Only)
As a Christian therapist, I am honored to join with individuals, couples, and families who are seeking personal and relational insight and healing, through the pairing of cognitive/behavioral interventions with the wisdom of scripture and prayer. I understand the decision to embark on this journey may seem scary and challenging. It may be difficult to trust that you, along with your thoughts, feelings, struggles, and vulnerabilities, will be treated empathetically and professionally. Thus, I have a deep respect and admiration for those who seek wise counsel. “He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds” (Psalm 147:3).
As a Christian therapist, I am honored to join with individuals, couples, and families who are seeking personal and relational insight and healing, through the pairing of cognitive/behavioral interventions with the wisdom of scripture and prayer. I understand the decision to embark on this journey may seem scary and challenging. It may be difficult to trust that you, along with your thoughts, feelings, struggles, and vulnerabilities, will be treated empathetically and professionally. Thus, I have a deep respect and admiration for those who seek wise counsel. “He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds” (Psalm 147:3).
(850) 604-4379 View (850) 604-4379
Photo of Claritza Bunten - Prevailing Souls LLC, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Prevailing Souls LLC
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Panama City Beach, FL 32407
As a seasoned mental health counselor I am dedicated to fostering healthier mindsets and promoting overall wellness. With 15 years of experience, my expertise is in helping individuals build resilience by addressing and transforming ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs. specialized in guiding clients through the intricacies of personal growth, focusing on creating practical strategies that align with each individual’s aspirations.
As a seasoned mental health counselor I am dedicated to fostering healthier mindsets and promoting overall wellness. With 15 years of experience, my expertise is in helping individuals build resilience by addressing and transforming ineffective behaviors, habits, and beliefs. specialized in guiding clients through the intricacies of personal growth, focusing on creating practical strategies that align with each individual’s aspirations.
(850) 721-1610 View (850) 721-1610
Photo of Jeralyn R Tharp - Freedom Fighters Therapy LLC, MEd, LMHC, LPCC-S, LICDC, Counselor
Freedom Fighters Therapy LLC
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
Milton, FL 32571  (Online Only)
IT's Time for Operation YOU. Welcome to Freedom Fighters Therapy LLC, we are a growing Christian private group practice with caring skilled therapist in Pace Florida, Dayton, Ohio and San Antonio, Texas via telehealth. Our distinctive therapy program is designed to help Military Members deal with Trauma and PTSD related to adjusting to the Military life, combat deployments, reintegration and long-term effects of post military. We are a VACCN community care provider, we understand how to work with your referral and VA clinics or Military systems. We also provide counseling services for the mental health needs of the community.
IT's Time for Operation YOU. Welcome to Freedom Fighters Therapy LLC, we are a growing Christian private group practice with caring skilled therapist in Pace Florida, Dayton, Ohio and San Antonio, Texas via telehealth. Our distinctive therapy program is designed to help Military Members deal with Trauma and PTSD related to adjusting to the Military life, combat deployments, reintegration and long-term effects of post military. We are a VACCN community care provider, we understand how to work with your referral and VA clinics or Military systems. We also provide counseling services for the mental health needs of the community.
(850) 726-5501 View (850) 726-5501
Photo of Jessica Cowick, LCSW, LAPSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Cowick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAPSW
Verified Verified
Fort Walton Beach, FL 32547  (Online Only)
Welcome to Cowick Mental Health Services! Serving Florida and Kentucky residents - I am an Army Veteran as well as current spouse, so I also can relate to the military lifestyle. All are welcome as my clients! Many people come to therapy with many years of experience in therapy or maybe for the first time. As a client of mine, you can ensure you will find a safe space, free from judgment.
Welcome to Cowick Mental Health Services! Serving Florida and Kentucky residents - I am an Army Veteran as well as current spouse, so I also can relate to the military lifestyle. All are welcome as my clients! Many people come to therapy with many years of experience in therapy or maybe for the first time. As a client of mine, you can ensure you will find a safe space, free from judgment.
(850) 790-2404 View (850) 790-2404
Photo of Pamela Ann Monaco-Trompeter, MA, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela Ann Monaco-Trompeter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Panama City, FL 32401
I am privileged to work with those struggling with life issues. I work with chronic mental and addictive issues, couples issues, and coaching life skills. Helping to reset unchallenged life boundaries; assisting in the development of your unique and wonderful self. I view therapy as a journey through another's life; helping rescript coping skills so they can become the person they want to be, attain goals never imagined. It is my mission to provide an environment allowing personal safety so they can explore possibilities and decide what changes they want to make to enrich their lives.
I am privileged to work with those struggling with life issues. I work with chronic mental and addictive issues, couples issues, and coaching life skills. Helping to reset unchallenged life boundaries; assisting in the development of your unique and wonderful self. I view therapy as a journey through another's life; helping rescript coping skills so they can become the person they want to be, attain goals never imagined. It is my mission to provide an environment allowing personal safety so they can explore possibilities and decide what changes they want to make to enrich their lives.
(850) 972-1522 View (850) 972-1522
Photo of Lisa A Alvey, MS, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Lisa A Alvey
Counselor, MS, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Walton Beach, FL 32547
Feeling sad, depressed, overwhelmed or anxious? Afraid your marriage won’t last, or your child’s grades are dropping? Life experiences trigger a cascade of painful emotions, limiting beliefs, and destructive thoughts and patterns of behavior that can seem impossible to resolve. Together we'll use methods to understand and remove obstacles and limiting beliefs that prevent you from living.
Feeling sad, depressed, overwhelmed or anxious? Afraid your marriage won’t last, or your child’s grades are dropping? Life experiences trigger a cascade of painful emotions, limiting beliefs, and destructive thoughts and patterns of behavior that can seem impossible to resolve. Together we'll use methods to understand and remove obstacles and limiting beliefs that prevent you from living.
(850) 909-9293 View (850) 909-9293
Photo of Clifton Ables, PsyD, Psychologist
Clifton Ables
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Panama City, FL 32404  (Online Only)
Hello: I was born and raised in Florida, and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I have provided mental health assessment, treatment, and consultation services as a clinical psychologist for 22 years so far. Before that, I practiced with a Master's degree for 10 years. So, I have enjoyed working with people to help them improve their mental health and overall functioning for more than 30 years. I am 58 years old, and as a member of the LGBTQIA+ community myself, I especially enjoy working with others on the queer spectrum.
Hello: I was born and raised in Florida, and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I have provided mental health assessment, treatment, and consultation services as a clinical psychologist for 22 years so far. Before that, I practiced with a Master's degree for 10 years. So, I have enjoyed working with people to help them improve their mental health and overall functioning for more than 30 years. I am 58 years old, and as a member of the LGBTQIA+ community myself, I especially enjoy working with others on the queer spectrum.
(786) 882-2167 View (786) 882-2167
Photo of Beverly S Brown - Beverly S. Brown LMHC, CHT, LMHC, LPC, CHT, RRT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Beverly S. Brown LMHC, CHT
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC, CHT, RRT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lynn Haven, FL 32444
It’s a feeling, no, it's not even a real thing, but it won’t go away. It’s a sensation that happens in your chest or stomach. It’s a signal that lets you know it is about to start. It could be the loop of hearing those negative thoughts. You know what I’m talking about, the thoughts that say you’re so stupid, you’re ugly, you can’t do anything, over and over. Or it could be those memories that are always there and that feeling of hopelessness that keeps popping up again and again. You can call it anxiety, depression, grief, or trauma. It doesn’t matter what you call it; it keeps you stuck and disrupts your life. I can help.
It’s a feeling, no, it's not even a real thing, but it won’t go away. It’s a sensation that happens in your chest or stomach. It’s a signal that lets you know it is about to start. It could be the loop of hearing those negative thoughts. You know what I’m talking about, the thoughts that say you’re so stupid, you’re ugly, you can’t do anything, over and over. Or it could be those memories that are always there and that feeling of hopelessness that keeps popping up again and again. You can call it anxiety, depression, grief, or trauma. It doesn’t matter what you call it; it keeps you stuck and disrupts your life. I can help.
(850) 659-7725 View (850) 659-7725
Photo of Dr. Andrea McCrary, PhD, LMHC, MS, MEd, Counselor
Dr. Andrea McCrary
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, MS, MEd
Verified Verified
Panama City, FL 32409
I am a licensed psychotherapist and have extensive experience in working with depression, anxiety, relational issues, trauma, schizophrenia, Bipolar I and II, ADHD, gender issues, sexual issues, parental conflicts, blended family issues, compulsive disorders, grief, eating disorders, incest survivors, infidelity, inheritance disputes, chronic illness, divorce, sexual orientation issues, gender issues, borderline personality disorder, anger management, substance abuse, self-esteem, agoraphobia, sleep discomfort, and suicidal ideation.
I am a licensed psychotherapist and have extensive experience in working with depression, anxiety, relational issues, trauma, schizophrenia, Bipolar I and II, ADHD, gender issues, sexual issues, parental conflicts, blended family issues, compulsive disorders, grief, eating disorders, incest survivors, infidelity, inheritance disputes, chronic illness, divorce, sexual orientation issues, gender issues, borderline personality disorder, anger management, substance abuse, self-esteem, agoraphobia, sleep discomfort, and suicidal ideation.
(850) 633-2496 View (850) 633-2496

See more therapy options for Laurel Hill

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Laurel Hill, FL

< 10

Therapists in Laurel Hill, FL who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Adoption
100% Behavioral Issues
67% Depression
67% Child
67% Grief

Average years in practice

3 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Laurel Hill, FL see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Laurel Hill?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.