Therapists in Alachua County, FL

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Photo of Mimi Culpepper, LMHC, CPC, MCAP, CCTP, Counselor
Mimi Culpepper
Counselor, LMHC, CPC, MCAP, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32601
Hello! There are times in life where we may find ourselves struggling with current stressors or are experiencing challenges coping with wounds from the past. While seemingly functioning in the day-to-day routines of work, school, home, and within relationships, it becomes increasingly difficult or sometimes even impossible to manage.
Hello! There are times in life where we may find ourselves struggling with current stressors or are experiencing challenges coping with wounds from the past. While seemingly functioning in the day-to-day routines of work, school, home, and within relationships, it becomes increasingly difficult or sometimes even impossible to manage.
(352) 254-3856 View (352) 254-3856
Photo of Marcus Jeremy Lewis - E M D R Consultant, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marcus Jeremy Lewis - E M D R Consultant
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32608  (Online Only)
Change is possible for everyone, regardless of your past doings and experiences. Within YOU lies the strength that can help you live your best life. As a therapist, I’ve helped many people who felt hopeless or stuck work through their struggles and access that inner strength. You have what it takes! Whether its anxiety, trauma, depression, anger, or life transitions, I’m confident that we can work one-on-one or in a group setting (family and friends can attend depending on the need).
Change is possible for everyone, regardless of your past doings and experiences. Within YOU lies the strength that can help you live your best life. As a therapist, I’ve helped many people who felt hopeless or stuck work through their struggles and access that inner strength. You have what it takes! Whether its anxiety, trauma, depression, anger, or life transitions, I’m confident that we can work one-on-one or in a group setting (family and friends can attend depending on the need).
(352) 280-3161 View (352) 280-3161
Photo of Cheryl Kay Fraley, LMHC, BCBA, Counselor
Cheryl Kay Fraley
Counselor, LMHC, BCBA
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32653  (Online Only)
Great to meet you! I am a licensed mental health counselor in the state of Florida, as well as a board certified behavior analyst, with 25 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, family conflicts, trauma and abuse, & parenting issues.
Great to meet you! I am a licensed mental health counselor in the state of Florida, as well as a board certified behavior analyst, with 25 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, family conflicts, trauma and abuse, & parenting issues.
(352) 580-2372 View (352) 580-2372
Photo of Ashley Bobroff, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ashley Bobroff
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606
Is your child struggling with a trauma, life event, grief, or navigating this neurotypical world that we live in? Does your child need some extra support in processing difficult experiences? I'm here to walk alongside them in their journey. I have specific training and experience in working from a trauma-informed lens with children who have been through trauma/abuse, struggle with suicidal ideation, have experienced grief/loss, and neurodivergent children that may need help figuring out how to move through the world around them. I tailor my therapy to the individual child and their experience, developmental level, and personality.
Is your child struggling with a trauma, life event, grief, or navigating this neurotypical world that we live in? Does your child need some extra support in processing difficult experiences? I'm here to walk alongside them in their journey. I have specific training and experience in working from a trauma-informed lens with children who have been through trauma/abuse, struggle with suicidal ideation, have experienced grief/loss, and neurodivergent children that may need help figuring out how to move through the world around them. I tailor my therapy to the individual child and their experience, developmental level, and personality.
(352) 525-4026 View (352) 525-4026
Photo of Alexandra Miller, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alexandra Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606  (Online Only)
Are you at a turning point in your life and looking for change but not sure what to do? Frustrated with behavior that seems to be counterproductive? Haunted by past events, nightmares or anxiety? You can't get your ducks in a row if they are all in the closet; therapy is a good way to get them out and gives you someone to help herd them. “More Joy” is my motto, in life and in counseling, and I'd love to help you.
Are you at a turning point in your life and looking for change but not sure what to do? Frustrated with behavior that seems to be counterproductive? Haunted by past events, nightmares or anxiety? You can't get your ducks in a row if they are all in the closet; therapy is a good way to get them out and gives you someone to help herd them. “More Joy” is my motto, in life and in counseling, and I'd love to help you.
(458) 221-9425 View (458) 221-9425
Photo of Nikki Nelson, MEd, EdS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Nikki Nelson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32601
Does life feel like it's harder than it should be? Do you feel like you’re somehow too much or not enough? Do you find yourself thinking “I could just kill myself" a little too often? When you have felt alone in this for a long time, it can feel impossible to imagine a different way of being. No wonder you're seeking relief, escape, or comfort. I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern who specializes in working with clients who feel limited by the ways they are living or by the things that have happened to them. The healing work of therapy can reveal the possibilities of a life that feels more free and more meaningful.
Does life feel like it's harder than it should be? Do you feel like you’re somehow too much or not enough? Do you find yourself thinking “I could just kill myself" a little too often? When you have felt alone in this for a long time, it can feel impossible to imagine a different way of being. No wonder you're seeking relief, escape, or comfort. I am a Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern who specializes in working with clients who feel limited by the ways they are living or by the things that have happened to them. The healing work of therapy can reveal the possibilities of a life that feels more free and more meaningful.
(352) 289-8914 View (352) 289-8914
Photo of Monica R Grey - Florida Acupuncture and Counseling, Inc., LCSW, LMT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Florida Acupuncture and Counseling, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMT
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32606
My career as a therapist, since 1993, along with my life experience, and study of both traditional, and complementary modalities, has provided me with the skills, insight, and ability to work with a diverse population. We live in challenging times. We are often faced with life situations that are difficult to deal with. By helping clients to address issues, supporting them to find their own answers, as well as providing helpful tools to improve coping, symptoms of depression and anxiety can be reduced or eliminated. My goal is to help you to live a better life, enjoy your relationships and families, and work efficiently.
My career as a therapist, since 1993, along with my life experience, and study of both traditional, and complementary modalities, has provided me with the skills, insight, and ability to work with a diverse population. We live in challenging times. We are often faced with life situations that are difficult to deal with. By helping clients to address issues, supporting them to find their own answers, as well as providing helpful tools to improve coping, symptoms of depression and anxiety can be reduced or eliminated. My goal is to help you to live a better life, enjoy your relationships and families, and work efficiently.
(352) 535-0982 View (352) 535-0982
Photo of Erin Green, MA, RMHCI
Erin Green
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32606
Are you seeking a safe space to ask for and receive help? Do you feel as though you are stuck in a deep valley and cannot find your way out? I am passionate about people and their stories, where mental health and Christianity intersect, and how God is calling us toward redemption. We all encounter circumstances that require introspection, and I delight in walking through the valley with my clients, leading them toward the light.
Are you seeking a safe space to ask for and receive help? Do you feel as though you are stuck in a deep valley and cannot find your way out? I am passionate about people and their stories, where mental health and Christianity intersect, and how God is calling us toward redemption. We all encounter circumstances that require introspection, and I delight in walking through the valley with my clients, leading them toward the light.
(352) 660-8216 View (352) 660-8216
Photo of Jasmine Schroeder, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Jasmine Schroeder
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32601
Do you feel stuck in your relationship? You desire more connection, intimacy, security, and better communication in your relationship but aren’t sure how to get there? Whether you're about to give up or are thriving and just want to strengthen what you have, I believe an even more fulfilling relationship is still possible. I hold the conviction that each one of us was created with the capacity to heal, individually and as a couple. Primarily using Emotionally Focused Therapy, based in Attachment Theory, I can help you and your partner identify unhelpful cycles so that you can become more aware and empowered to create new patterns.
Do you feel stuck in your relationship? You desire more connection, intimacy, security, and better communication in your relationship but aren’t sure how to get there? Whether you're about to give up or are thriving and just want to strengthen what you have, I believe an even more fulfilling relationship is still possible. I hold the conviction that each one of us was created with the capacity to heal, individually and as a couple. Primarily using Emotionally Focused Therapy, based in Attachment Theory, I can help you and your partner identify unhelpful cycles so that you can become more aware and empowered to create new patterns.
(352) 646-2643 View (352) 646-2643
Photo of Rafaella Leathers, RMHCI, MEd, EdS
Rafaella Leathers
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, RMHCI, MEd, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606
Hi! My name is Raf Leathers and I am honored you are here. I believe that to be human is to feel many things, probably all at once, and to hold space for everything we are and all that comes up. I believe that emotions need a witness, another fellow human to remind us that we are not alone. There is such a complexity of emotions that come from simply existing. Especially in our society today. That forever search and discovery of one’s most authentic self all while navigating the current world around you. The unlearning and remembering of who you are/want to be. Finding the language to communicate who we are and our stories matter.
Hi! My name is Raf Leathers and I am honored you are here. I believe that to be human is to feel many things, probably all at once, and to hold space for everything we are and all that comes up. I believe that emotions need a witness, another fellow human to remind us that we are not alone. There is such a complexity of emotions that come from simply existing. Especially in our society today. That forever search and discovery of one’s most authentic self all while navigating the current world around you. The unlearning and remembering of who you are/want to be. Finding the language to communicate who we are and our stories matter.
(352) 290-2499 View (352) 290-2499
Photo of Emily K Gray, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Emily K Gray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32609
I realize that choosing a therapist is a very important decision, which is influenced by many factors. For this reason, I offer a free, fifteen-minute consultation to all potential clients. My goal is to support the people in my community with getting the services they need so, I am always happy to provide referrals based on individual needs. I enjoy working with all types of clients and have specialized training in Trauma, Depression, and Anxiety. I also specialize in Child Development and working with Families and teens who have experienced Trauma.
I realize that choosing a therapist is a very important decision, which is influenced by many factors. For this reason, I offer a free, fifteen-minute consultation to all potential clients. My goal is to support the people in my community with getting the services they need so, I am always happy to provide referrals based on individual needs. I enjoy working with all types of clients and have specialized training in Trauma, Depression, and Anxiety. I also specialize in Child Development and working with Families and teens who have experienced Trauma.
(352) 329-8799 View (352) 329-8799
Photo of Watson Louidor, LMHC, LPC, MAC, Counselor
Watson Louidor
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, MAC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32609
I've been a therapist in the State of Florida and state of Georgia since 2006. I have been licensed as a Mental Health Counselor in the State of Florida since 2011 and as a Licensed Professional Counselor in the State of Georgia since 2017.
I've been a therapist in the State of Florida and state of Georgia since 2006. I have been licensed as a Mental Health Counselor in the State of Florida since 2011 and as a Licensed Professional Counselor in the State of Georgia since 2017.
(352) 780-1524 View (352) 780-1524
Photo of Josephine Chu, PsyD, Psychologist
Josephine Chu
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32606  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy centers your personal and cultural values. If you feel held back from living the life you want because your anxious thoughts have too much power or take up too much time, I’d like to help. Sometimes these thoughts may be so obsessive yet difficult to share with anyone because they don't align with who you are - the very fact that they cross your mind can feel scary, weird, or embarrassing. I will help you confront and overcome them while using humor and being real with you in the process. Schedule a free intro call to get a sense of whether I'm the right therapist for you!
My approach to therapy centers your personal and cultural values. If you feel held back from living the life you want because your anxious thoughts have too much power or take up too much time, I’d like to help. Sometimes these thoughts may be so obsessive yet difficult to share with anyone because they don't align with who you are - the very fact that they cross your mind can feel scary, weird, or embarrassing. I will help you confront and overcome them while using humor and being real with you in the process. Schedule a free intro call to get a sense of whether I'm the right therapist for you!
(813) 773-2642 View (813) 773-2642
Photo of Jenelle N. Ashley, LMHC, MCAP, CCTP, Counselor
Jenelle N. Ashley
Counselor, LMHC, MCAP, CCTP
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32601
Do you struggle with depression, anxiety and/or stress in your life? I enjoy helping clients explore their life story and establish connections from their past with their current behavioral patterns. As we go through life, we often receive messages that having certain emotions are a bad thing. When we experience hurt, rejection and/or abandonment, we often become overly focused on finding ways to prevent ourselves from experiencing pain. This often comes at a cost which can then compound the pain we are feeling. Additionally, many of my clients struggle with control and/or perfectionist thinking.
Do you struggle with depression, anxiety and/or stress in your life? I enjoy helping clients explore their life story and establish connections from their past with their current behavioral patterns. As we go through life, we often receive messages that having certain emotions are a bad thing. When we experience hurt, rejection and/or abandonment, we often become overly focused on finding ways to prevent ourselves from experiencing pain. This often comes at a cost which can then compound the pain we are feeling. Additionally, many of my clients struggle with control and/or perfectionist thinking.
(352) 508-4818 View (352) 508-4818
Photo of Karissa K Boser, MPA, MA, LMHC
Karissa K Boser
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MPA, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32601
Throughout life, we face life changes, identity and personal crises, losses, and possible disconnection with ourselves and with others. When we begin to explore these changes in a safe and supportive space, we may begin to authentically express our needs and desires, while also creating and maintaining healthy boundaries for ourselves. Creating a life of greater joy and abundance is achieved through honest and open communication, reflection, and a deeper relationship with ourselves and with others.
Throughout life, we face life changes, identity and personal crises, losses, and possible disconnection with ourselves and with others. When we begin to explore these changes in a safe and supportive space, we may begin to authentically express our needs and desires, while also creating and maintaining healthy boundaries for ourselves. Creating a life of greater joy and abundance is achieved through honest and open communication, reflection, and a deeper relationship with ourselves and with others.
(352) 436-8439 View (352) 436-8439
Photo of Jennifer S Weis, MS, CPLC
Jennifer S Weis
MS, CPLC
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32608
Welcome! I believe our best work is created in a collaborative spirit; whether we choose a coaching or therapy modality to work. We each have personal strengths; let's utilize yours to stabilize your weaknesses while we work through your present transition. Life comes at us fast. Sometimes, we need someone beside us to remind us we do have what we need inside, if we know where to look. Often times it’s just a matter of finding a bit of clarity and setting goals. In our work together we’ll strive to ensure you reach success in practicing new skills & attain new heights. It’s time to define that life desired. What is your True North?
Welcome! I believe our best work is created in a collaborative spirit; whether we choose a coaching or therapy modality to work. We each have personal strengths; let's utilize yours to stabilize your weaknesses while we work through your present transition. Life comes at us fast. Sometimes, we need someone beside us to remind us we do have what we need inside, if we know where to look. Often times it’s just a matter of finding a bit of clarity and setting goals. In our work together we’ll strive to ensure you reach success in practicing new skills & attain new heights. It’s time to define that life desired. What is your True North?
(352) 292-8618 View (352) 292-8618
Photo of Marshall Knudson, PhD, Psychologist
Marshall Knudson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Gainesville, FL 32606
I believe crisis is part of living.How each of us survives and potentially grows from our times of life crisis, emotional trauma or injury , will shape who we are and how we approach our life path.Prior to beginning private practice, I spent 35 years as clinical supervisor and director of the Alachua County Crisis Center, I counseled individuals, couples and families as they struggled on their life journeys... Dealing with relationship issues, loss of loved ones, facing traumatic pasts and uncertain futures have often led to feelings of despair, anxiety , hopelessness ,depression and a sense of isolation and disconnection.
I believe crisis is part of living.How each of us survives and potentially grows from our times of life crisis, emotional trauma or injury , will shape who we are and how we approach our life path.Prior to beginning private practice, I spent 35 years as clinical supervisor and director of the Alachua County Crisis Center, I counseled individuals, couples and families as they struggled on their life journeys... Dealing with relationship issues, loss of loved ones, facing traumatic pasts and uncertain futures have often led to feelings of despair, anxiety , hopelessness ,depression and a sense of isolation and disconnection.
(352) 600-5002 View (352) 600-5002
Photo of Cyndi Rodriguez Oberdan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cyndi Rodriguez Oberdan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32610  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Cyndi Oberdan, and if you’re reading my page, I can tell that no matter what you're going through right now, you have COURAGE. Maybe you don’t feel brave, but it takes COURAGE to ask for help, and Courage to venture “into the unknown.” I would be honored to journey with you on this new adventure of yours. I have been serving people for over 15 years. My experience includes serving people with disabilities, (both physical and/or intellectual/developmental), ADHD, abuse/neglect, anxiety, trauma, chronic medical illness, case management and medical social work. Let me help you find peace and joy; to be carefree again.
Hi, I’m Cyndi Oberdan, and if you’re reading my page, I can tell that no matter what you're going through right now, you have COURAGE. Maybe you don’t feel brave, but it takes COURAGE to ask for help, and Courage to venture “into the unknown.” I would be honored to journey with you on this new adventure of yours. I have been serving people for over 15 years. My experience includes serving people with disabilities, (both physical and/or intellectual/developmental), ADHD, abuse/neglect, anxiety, trauma, chronic medical illness, case management and medical social work. Let me help you find peace and joy; to be carefree again.
(352) 499-1547 View (352) 499-1547
Photo of Dr. Jennifer Martin, PhD, CGP, Psychologist
Dr. Jennifer Martin
Psychologist, PhD, CGP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32605
Lets begin your journey towards increased wellness, balance, passion, and purpose. You may have found yourself feeling stuck, lost touch with your true self, and not living in alignment with your goals and values. You have tried to make changes on your own, but it hasn’t resulted in lasting improvements. If you are ready to experience tangible progress, therapy can be your catalyst for change in creating a full, authentic life. We will identify the ways you are holding yourself back, and weave in skills and language to create a life you love! You have the wisdom and strength inside of you, and my role is to help you access that.
Lets begin your journey towards increased wellness, balance, passion, and purpose. You may have found yourself feeling stuck, lost touch with your true self, and not living in alignment with your goals and values. You have tried to make changes on your own, but it hasn’t resulted in lasting improvements. If you are ready to experience tangible progress, therapy can be your catalyst for change in creating a full, authentic life. We will identify the ways you are holding yourself back, and weave in skills and language to create a life you love! You have the wisdom and strength inside of you, and my role is to help you access that.
(352) 540-7195 View (352) 540-7195
Photo of Julia Murchison, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Murchison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gainesville, FL 32653  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Florida working as a clinical therapist. My focus is helping people learn to feel safe in their own body while addressing issues of stress, anxiety, depression, grief, complex trauma, and substance use.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Florida working as a clinical therapist. My focus is helping people learn to feel safe in their own body while addressing issues of stress, anxiety, depression, grief, complex trauma, and substance use.
(352) 309-2177 View (352) 309-2177

See more therapy options for Alachua County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alachua County, FL

400+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Alachua County, FL who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
78% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
74% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
84% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
72% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Alachua County, FL see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alachua County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.