Family Therapy in Nashville, TN

Photo of Sloan S Mankin, LPC, MHSP, RPT , Licensed Professional Counselor
Sloan S Mankin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, RPT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
Life can often be overwhelming and difficult. I believe that within every person you have the tools to find what you need, but sometimes it is difficult to know where to start. Let me help you and your family sort through and get life back on track. My passion is walking alongside children, families, and adults and helping them to find different ways to navigate life. I strive to individualize therapy for each person, and after the initial intake, you and I will create an individualize treatment plan to match your specific needs.
Life can often be overwhelming and difficult. I believe that within every person you have the tools to find what you need, but sometimes it is difficult to know where to start. Let me help you and your family sort through and get life back on track. My passion is walking alongside children, families, and adults and helping them to find different ways to navigate life. I strive to individualize therapy for each person, and after the initial intake, you and I will create an individualize treatment plan to match your specific needs.
(615) 492-8841 View (615) 492-8841
Photo of Ruth Bryant, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ruth Bryant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37215
As a therapist, I approach our work together with warmth and curiosity. I seek to nurture a holding space that feels safe to address whatever unique concerns you bring, starting with your present concerns and also facilitating interest in your deeper self. I believe each of us has the courage to successfully navigate the change that we seek, and I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you in that endeavor.  I enjoy working with adults dealing with life transitions, grief and loss, family of origin concerns, relationship issues, trauma, and anxiety among other concerns.
As a therapist, I approach our work together with warmth and curiosity. I seek to nurture a holding space that feels safe to address whatever unique concerns you bring, starting with your present concerns and also facilitating interest in your deeper self. I believe each of us has the courage to successfully navigate the change that we seek, and I consider it a privilege to walk alongside you in that endeavor.  I enjoy working with adults dealing with life transitions, grief and loss, family of origin concerns, relationship issues, trauma, and anxiety among other concerns.
(615) 975-2438 View (615) 975-2438
Photo of Deborah Godwin, MSEd, LPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Deborah Godwin
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37215  (Online Only)
No matter if this is your first time coming for therapy or your 15th time to try again. Life happens. Experiences are different for each individual and these experiences can have a significant impact in our daily lives. Your mental health matters and I'm here for it. I also have years of experience helping children/adolescents explore more about themselves that can lead to healthier family interactions, behavioral goals, academics, and social skills.
No matter if this is your first time coming for therapy or your 15th time to try again. Life happens. Experiences are different for each individual and these experiences can have a significant impact in our daily lives. Your mental health matters and I'm here for it. I also have years of experience helping children/adolescents explore more about themselves that can lead to healthier family interactions, behavioral goals, academics, and social skills.
(615) 558-5720 View (615) 558-5720
Photo of Barbie Hessel - Simply Being Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Simply Being Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37204
Some of our clinicians are certified or have advanced training in Somatic Experiencing, EMDR, and Jungian Sandplay Therapy; we also use modalities such as Internal Family Systems (IFS) and DBT.
It is natural to experience a range of emotions; some flooding us thoroughly, and others frozen at our core. Sometimes we all feel challenged by life itself—anxious about change, lonely with ourselves, feeling captive by our past, and running from our fears. This is why it can be helpful to seek out a therapist. Our counseling practice is focused on helping adults and teens who struggle with trauma, depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. As clinical therapists and trauma specialists, we can help you to better recognize and resolve challenges, so you can feel better oriented to your present and prepared to create a balanced future.
Some of our clinicians are certified or have advanced training in Somatic Experiencing, EMDR, and Jungian Sandplay Therapy; we also use modalities such as Internal Family Systems (IFS) and DBT.
It is natural to experience a range of emotions; some flooding us thoroughly, and others frozen at our core. Sometimes we all feel challenged by life itself—anxious about change, lonely with ourselves, feeling captive by our past, and running from our fears. This is why it can be helpful to seek out a therapist. Our counseling practice is focused on helping adults and teens who struggle with trauma, depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. As clinical therapists and trauma specialists, we can help you to better recognize and resolve challenges, so you can feel better oriented to your present and prepared to create a balanced future.
(629) 205-9656 View (629) 205-9656
Photo of Karl S Bolton, LADAC, II, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Karl S Bolton
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADAC, II
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37220
Stuck? Suffering? Unsure of what to do next? I live to serve those struggling with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), and their families. If you or a family member is struggling with use of drugs an alcohol, I am here to help. In addition, those facing the challenges of ongoing recovery, including co-occurring disorders, family of origin issues, codependency, life stage issue, etc, will feel perfectly at home. I am ready to help you.
Stuck? Suffering? Unsure of what to do next? I live to serve those struggling with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), and their families. If you or a family member is struggling with use of drugs an alcohol, I am here to help. In addition, those facing the challenges of ongoing recovery, including co-occurring disorders, family of origin issues, codependency, life stage issue, etc, will feel perfectly at home. I am ready to help you.
(615) 258-6794 View (615) 258-6794
Photo of Bryan Holmes, LMFT, CCTP, MDiv, MBA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bryan Holmes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CCTP, MDiv, MBA
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37220
MBA business executive experience; chaplain in a children's hospital and assisted-living facility; family therapist for an opiate rehabilitation facility, have taught me we can cope with or overcome adversity.
Feeling stuck, wanting to make improvements in your life? Addictions, affairs, unhappy relationships, loss, grief, shame, sudden or permanent life changes -- I can help you gain understanding and relief, in a safe, supportive, confidential, and non-judgmental setting. It takes courage to try new ways of thinking and behaving in the quest to identify and fulfill unmet needs. I can accompany you through the process of self-discovery, self-acceptance, forgiveness, healing, personal growth and freedom.
MBA business executive experience; chaplain in a children's hospital and assisted-living facility; family therapist for an opiate rehabilitation facility, have taught me we can cope with or overcome adversity.
Feeling stuck, wanting to make improvements in your life? Addictions, affairs, unhappy relationships, loss, grief, shame, sudden or permanent life changes -- I can help you gain understanding and relief, in a safe, supportive, confidential, and non-judgmental setting. It takes courage to try new ways of thinking and behaving in the quest to identify and fulfill unmet needs. I can accompany you through the process of self-discovery, self-acceptance, forgiveness, healing, personal growth and freedom.
(615) 246-0081 View (615) 246-0081
Photo of Robert R Jacobs, PhD, Psychologist
Robert R Jacobs
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
Life can take turns that present difficult challenges. We experience those challenges in a number of different ways: difficulties adjusting to new circumstances, confusion in deciding on a career path, struggles in relationships, or coping with loss. Often we feel anxious, depressed, confused, or overwhelmed and need help dealing with feelings and problems that seem beyond our control. Help may come from friends, family members, or significant others, but in some cases help is needed from a trained professional. Therapy is a process that can help people identify more effective strategies both to cope with difficult situations and to achieve their goals.
Life can take turns that present difficult challenges. We experience those challenges in a number of different ways: difficulties adjusting to new circumstances, confusion in deciding on a career path, struggles in relationships, or coping with loss. Often we feel anxious, depressed, confused, or overwhelmed and need help dealing with feelings and problems that seem beyond our control. Help may come from friends, family members, or significant others, but in some cases help is needed from a trained professional. Therapy is a process that can help people identify more effective strategies both to cope with difficult situations and to achieve their goals.
(423) 408-8920 View (423) 408-8920
Photo of Natali Efstathiou - Natali Efstathiou, PhD, Psychologist
Natali Efstathiou
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203  (Online Only)
I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field in a variety of settings (private practice, community mental health, university counseling center, state hospital, and in-home services). My services include individual, family, and couples/marital therapy. I primarily work with adults and couples. I believe that disturbances of thought, feeling, and behavior are caused by ‘obstacles’ to healthy brain functioning. My role as a therapist is to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of you having 100% of your intellect, wisdom, passion, humor, curiosity, energy, logic, creativity, and joyfulness available to you!
I have over 10 years of experience in the mental health field in a variety of settings (private practice, community mental health, university counseling center, state hospital, and in-home services). My services include individual, family, and couples/marital therapy. I primarily work with adults and couples. I believe that disturbances of thought, feeling, and behavior are caused by ‘obstacles’ to healthy brain functioning. My role as a therapist is to remove the obstacles that stand in the way of you having 100% of your intellect, wisdom, passion, humor, curiosity, energy, logic, creativity, and joyfulness available to you!
(615) 697-4169 View (615) 697-4169
Photo of Joash Koh, TLMFT, MMFT, MAPC, EFT-C, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Joash Koh
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, TLMFT, MMFT, MAPC, EFT-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37211  (Online Only)
I curate my sessions to help you navigate these difficulties, allowing you to live with a greater sense of safety, connection, and satisfaction. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in relationships and intimacy. With years of clinical experience, I help clients to heal from anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, feeling stuck, or relationship issues, including infidelity, complex trauma, and abuse. I have many years of clinical experience working with diverse individuals and couples. My clients love my authenticity and healing space to nourish and grow in a safe space that aligns with their goals and values.
I curate my sessions to help you navigate these difficulties, allowing you to live with a greater sense of safety, connection, and satisfaction. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in relationships and intimacy. With years of clinical experience, I help clients to heal from anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, feeling stuck, or relationship issues, including infidelity, complex trauma, and abuse. I have many years of clinical experience working with diverse individuals and couples. My clients love my authenticity and healing space to nourish and grow in a safe space that aligns with their goals and values.
(615) 845-6236 View (615) 845-6236
Photo of Perry Lines, LMFT, MT-BC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Perry Lines
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MT-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
Coming from a background in family systems theory, I offer a perspective that allows clients to conceptualize their present issues in the context of their relationships.
I work well with clients who are driven toward growth and hungry for insight. I am here to help individuals who are seeking to find stability, discover their value and worth, and bring health and restoration to their relationships.
Coming from a background in family systems theory, I offer a perspective that allows clients to conceptualize their present issues in the context of their relationships.
I work well with clients who are driven toward growth and hungry for insight. I am here to help individuals who are seeking to find stability, discover their value and worth, and bring health and restoration to their relationships.
(615) 235-5082 View (615) 235-5082
Photo of Cory Bishop, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cory Bishop
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
Through an integrative, person-centered, and holistic counseling approach, Cory equips and empowers his clients to confidently move toward their own goals. His endless curiosity and desire to learn from and connect with others drives him to take clients from all walks of life: children, teenagers, individuals, and couples. From relationship issues, family dysfunction, difficult transitions and symptoms of anxiety or depression; to emotional literacy, relational tune-ups, spirituality, and exploring the problems you can’t quite put your finger on, Cory genuinely desires to walk alongside you in your healing journey.
Through an integrative, person-centered, and holistic counseling approach, Cory equips and empowers his clients to confidently move toward their own goals. His endless curiosity and desire to learn from and connect with others drives him to take clients from all walks of life: children, teenagers, individuals, and couples. From relationship issues, family dysfunction, difficult transitions and symptoms of anxiety or depression; to emotional literacy, relational tune-ups, spirituality, and exploring the problems you can’t quite put your finger on, Cory genuinely desires to walk alongside you in your healing journey.
(615) 637-8658 View (615) 637-8658
Photo of Tammy Camper, LMSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tammy Camper
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37228  (Online Only)
A few things I’m really good at helping people with: Couples + Relationship Counseling, Anxiety/Depression, Parenting/Family Conflict, and Trauma/PTSD.
I work with men and women of all ages who want to be the best they can be in every role they inhabit–parent, spouse, sibling, employee, leader, friend, etc. I especially enjoy helping you learn and practice effective communication strategies, cope and work through anxious and intrusive thoughts, and engage your interpersonal relationships with confidence and ease.
A few things I’m really good at helping people with: Couples + Relationship Counseling, Anxiety/Depression, Parenting/Family Conflict, and Trauma/PTSD.
I work with men and women of all ages who want to be the best they can be in every role they inhabit–parent, spouse, sibling, employee, leader, friend, etc. I especially enjoy helping you learn and practice effective communication strategies, cope and work through anxious and intrusive thoughts, and engage your interpersonal relationships with confidence and ease.
(615) 819-4371 View (615) 819-4371
Photo of Jennifer Strickland, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jennifer Strickland
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37214
I emphasize emotional support from friends and family and offer family sessions.
I understand how hard it is to ask for help during one of life's challenges and I honor the courage it takes to begin the counseling process. I partner with clients by meeting each person where they are and by providing a safe, non-judgmental therapuetic space to work through problems, process feelings and find solutions. I provide a sounding board and empowerment to each person by using sense of humor, direct communication and a strong, diverse counseling skill set to help individuals reach their goals.
I emphasize emotional support from friends and family and offer family sessions.
I understand how hard it is to ask for help during one of life's challenges and I honor the courage it takes to begin the counseling process. I partner with clients by meeting each person where they are and by providing a safe, non-judgmental therapuetic space to work through problems, process feelings and find solutions. I provide a sounding board and empowerment to each person by using sense of humor, direct communication and a strong, diverse counseling skill set to help individuals reach their goals.
(615) 645-3753 View (615) 645-3753
Photo of Michelle Coker, LPC, MHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Coker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37206
I also incorporate techniques from DBT, attachment theory and family systems.
Many of my clients came to therapy because they didn't feel confident, safe, or at peace in themselves, how they connect with others, or how they fit in the world. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, and identity issues. These areas are tied to the core of who you are and how you interact in the world. At times, it may be difficult to move forward and you may feel stuck. You may feel disconnected, unfulfilled, or overwhelmed. It may affect relationships, work, and your sense of self. It can be difficult to find your way back to yourself and the life you want to build. I am here to help navigate that journey.
I also incorporate techniques from DBT, attachment theory and family systems.
Many of my clients came to therapy because they didn't feel confident, safe, or at peace in themselves, how they connect with others, or how they fit in the world. I specialize in trauma, anxiety, and identity issues. These areas are tied to the core of who you are and how you interact in the world. At times, it may be difficult to move forward and you may feel stuck. You may feel disconnected, unfulfilled, or overwhelmed. It may affect relationships, work, and your sense of self. It can be difficult to find your way back to yourself and the life you want to build. I am here to help navigate that journey.
(615) 437-5621 View (615) 437-5621
Photo of Dr. King A Counts, DMin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. King A Counts
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37221
My aim is to serve my clients by providing excellent caring and effective therapy while respecting each client's individuality. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and a Christian minister. I love helping people heal and progress. I provide online therapy. I have extensive experience helping people not only as a clinical therapist but also as a consultant and approved supervisor. I am very experienced helping with trauma, anxiety, depression, and anger using EMDR and many other approaches. I am also highly skilled in doing marriage and family therapy and have helped many couples and families develop happy relationships.
My aim is to serve my clients by providing excellent caring and effective therapy while respecting each client's individuality. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and a Christian minister. I love helping people heal and progress. I provide online therapy. I have extensive experience helping people not only as a clinical therapist but also as a consultant and approved supervisor. I am very experienced helping with trauma, anxiety, depression, and anger using EMDR and many other approaches. I am also highly skilled in doing marriage and family therapy and have helped many couples and families develop happy relationships.
(615) 697-4077 View (615) 697-4077
Photo of Caitlin Foote, TLMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Caitlin Foote
Pre-Licensed Professional, TLMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37221
I work from an integrated approach that combines family systems therapy, parts work, and experiential modalities to provide individualized care for each client.
As a therapist, I believe that growth happens in relationship. Therapy is a collaborative process, and my goal is to provide a safe environment where curiosity, compassion, and connection can forge a path to healing. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist working from an attachment lens and a person-centered approach with a background in trauma and relational issues. I work with individuals and couples and have a particular interest in women's health and maternal mental health including infertility, loss, and navigating the pregnancy and postpartum period, as well as the changing relationship between partners during this time.
I work from an integrated approach that combines family systems therapy, parts work, and experiential modalities to provide individualized care for each client.
As a therapist, I believe that growth happens in relationship. Therapy is a collaborative process, and my goal is to provide a safe environment where curiosity, compassion, and connection can forge a path to healing. I am a Marriage and Family Therapist working from an attachment lens and a person-centered approach with a background in trauma and relational issues. I work with individuals and couples and have a particular interest in women's health and maternal mental health including infertility, loss, and navigating the pregnancy and postpartum period, as well as the changing relationship between partners during this time.
(615) 696-6341 View (615) 696-6341
Photo of Musenge Selina Luchembe, LMFT, LPC, MHSP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Musenge Selina Luchembe
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203
I integrate innovations such as non-violence, mindfulness, and body-mind holism with my training in Expressive Arts, Authentic Movement, Ecotherapy, Internal Family Systems (IFS), Hakomi Experiential Psychotherapy, and Psychedelic Harm Reduction & Integrations Therapy to work creatively and collaboratively with adults, couples, romantic partners and families.
No matter where you are in your journey, I am here to support you with embodying wellness in all areas of your life. Together we can explore what it means to be who you are, reconnect with your body, commune with nature, learn new patterns of thinking, find your voice, and heal. My warm and grounded presence provides a safe space for you to explore how beautiful and amazing, but often times our wounded relationship to our physical selves and the more than human world can impact our relationships, creativity, general well-being, and even our ability to reason and learn. ​
I integrate innovations such as non-violence, mindfulness, and body-mind holism with my training in Expressive Arts, Authentic Movement, Ecotherapy, Internal Family Systems (IFS), Hakomi Experiential Psychotherapy, and Psychedelic Harm Reduction & Integrations Therapy to work creatively and collaboratively with adults, couples, romantic partners and families.
No matter where you are in your journey, I am here to support you with embodying wellness in all areas of your life. Together we can explore what it means to be who you are, reconnect with your body, commune with nature, learn new patterns of thinking, find your voice, and heal. My warm and grounded presence provides a safe space for you to explore how beautiful and amazing, but often times our wounded relationship to our physical selves and the more than human world can impact our relationships, creativity, general well-being, and even our ability to reason and learn. ​
(615) 271-9898 View (615) 271-9898
Photo of Vanessa Pierre-Parker, MA, LMFT, TF-CBT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Vanessa Pierre-Parker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, TF-CBT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37203  (Online Only)
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, my specializations include issues relating to day-to-day stressors, childhood trauma, life transitions, anxiety, depression; pre-marital/post-marital counseling, conflict/infidelity; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); families challenged with multi-generational conflict, blended families and parenting.
I believe when clients have a safe place with genuine understanding and free of judgement, they are able to be their true selves and do their best work. With support and some guidance, clients have the opportunity to rediscover their strengths, build self-awareness and experience true connection which can lead to a life of purpose and fulfillment. I believe if you are willing, you have the ability to take action and kindle the fire inside of you to kick-start the changes you want to see in your life. I am passionate about helping to empower you to achieve your goals by bringing hope and possibility through psychotherapy.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, my specializations include issues relating to day-to-day stressors, childhood trauma, life transitions, anxiety, depression; pre-marital/post-marital counseling, conflict/infidelity; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); families challenged with multi-generational conflict, blended families and parenting.
I believe when clients have a safe place with genuine understanding and free of judgement, they are able to be their true selves and do their best work. With support and some guidance, clients have the opportunity to rediscover their strengths, build self-awareness and experience true connection which can lead to a life of purpose and fulfillment. I believe if you are willing, you have the ability to take action and kindle the fire inside of you to kick-start the changes you want to see in your life. I am passionate about helping to empower you to achieve your goals by bringing hope and possibility through psychotherapy.
(704) 461-0541 View (704) 461-0541
Photo of Anna Gorney Bridges, NCC, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Anna Gorney Bridges
Pre-Licensed Professional, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nashville, TN 37209
I work individually with girls and women as they navigate life's variety challenges. I aim to play a part in the emotional healing and growth of my clients by helping them work through challenges such as depression, anxiety, self- esteem, body image, disordered eating, life transitions, family dynamics and more. Through an integrative strengths based approach, I help my clients reach their goals in healthy, meaningful, and sustainable ways.
I work individually with girls and women as they navigate life's variety challenges. I aim to play a part in the emotional healing and growth of my clients by helping them work through challenges such as depression, anxiety, self- esteem, body image, disordered eating, life transitions, family dynamics and more. Through an integrative strengths based approach, I help my clients reach their goals in healthy, meaningful, and sustainable ways.
(629) 219-4807 View (629) 219-4807
Photo of Cat Tourangeau - Allied Behavioral Health Solutions, LPCMHSP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Allied Behavioral Health Solutions
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
Nashville, TN 37203
We are glad you are here. Allied Behavioral Health Solutions is a provider-owned behavioral health practice based out of Nashville. We are dedicated to providing high-quality services that result in better outcomes for all. Our clinicians are trained in a variety of methodologies to be able to meet the needs of each client and family we serve.
We are glad you are here. Allied Behavioral Health Solutions is a provider-owned behavioral health practice based out of Nashville. We are dedicated to providing high-quality services that result in better outcomes for all. Our clinicians are trained in a variety of methodologies to be able to meet the needs of each client and family we serve.
(615) 619-1795 View (615) 619-1795
Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.