Therapists in Lexington, MA

Photo of Christine Pontes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Pontes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
My ideal client is a person who is coming into therapy ready for change. This client would have issues including depression, anxiety, and substance use. This client would need their therapist to help them improve their self-worth, improve their ability to manage their mental health conditions and decrease their substance use. This client's goals would include developing healthy thinking patterns and beliefs about self and others, enhancing their ability to cope effectively with stressors and worries, and acquiring skills to establish a sustained recovery.
My ideal client is a person who is coming into therapy ready for change. This client would have issues including depression, anxiety, and substance use. This client would need their therapist to help them improve their self-worth, improve their ability to manage their mental health conditions and decrease their substance use. This client's goals would include developing healthy thinking patterns and beliefs about self and others, enhancing their ability to cope effectively with stressors and worries, and acquiring skills to establish a sustained recovery.
(339) 500-7920 View (339) 500-7920
Photo of Arianna Davis, LMHC, Counselor
Arianna Davis
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
My ideal client is someone who is higher functioning and has some self-awareness. My ideal client is between the ages of 25-40, struggling with managing emotional distress, and often has issues with relationships in their lives. My ideal client is in a place where they are ready to do the work, even if it's uncomfortable. Their needs are often centered around building confidence, improving emotional regulation, setting boundaries, and building healthy relationships with themselves and others. My clients desire to obtain peace in their lives, even if that means letting go of what no longer serves them.
My ideal client is someone who is higher functioning and has some self-awareness. My ideal client is between the ages of 25-40, struggling with managing emotional distress, and often has issues with relationships in their lives. My ideal client is in a place where they are ready to do the work, even if it's uncomfortable. Their needs are often centered around building confidence, improving emotional regulation, setting boundaries, and building healthy relationships with themselves and others. My clients desire to obtain peace in their lives, even if that means letting go of what no longer serves them.
(339) 231-8773 View (339) 231-8773
Photo of Karen L Ford, LMHC, Counselor
Karen L Ford
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02420
Not accepting new clients
In over twenty-five years of working with adolescents and adults in schools and clinics, I have learned that people seek therapy because they are struggling to manage overwhelming emotions and experiences. Therapy offers the opportunity to explore symptoms like depression and anxiety with another person, so these feelings can be tolerated and understood. As you investigate your patterns of relating, your coping strategies, and your resources, you will develop new perspectives and recognize your own capacities.
In over twenty-five years of working with adolescents and adults in schools and clinics, I have learned that people seek therapy because they are struggling to manage overwhelming emotions and experiences. Therapy offers the opportunity to explore symptoms like depression and anxiety with another person, so these feelings can be tolerated and understood. As you investigate your patterns of relating, your coping strategies, and your resources, you will develop new perspectives and recognize your own capacities.
(339) 201-9590 View (339) 201-9590
Photo of Linda Helmig Bram, PhD, Psychologist
Linda Helmig Bram
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02420
Not accepting new clients
I provide brief and long-term therapy for children, adolescents, and adults struggling with loss, disability, depression, anxiety, and other life stressors; parent-child therapy for young children (toddlers, preschoolers); support for parents and siblings of children with special needs, including support advocating for special education services at school. As a parent of a child with a disability, I believe families deserve the opportunity to express and cope with the range of emotions that can occur when a child or family member presents with significant challenges.
I provide brief and long-term therapy for children, adolescents, and adults struggling with loss, disability, depression, anxiety, and other life stressors; parent-child therapy for young children (toddlers, preschoolers); support for parents and siblings of children with special needs, including support advocating for special education services at school. As a parent of a child with a disability, I believe families deserve the opportunity to express and cope with the range of emotions that can occur when a child or family member presents with significant challenges.
(785) 815-0235 View (785) 815-0235
Photo of William B Jaffee, PhD, LLC, Psychologist
William B Jaffee
Psychologist, PhD, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02421  (Online Only)
I am a cognitive-behavioral therapist specializing in the treatment of anxiety, mood and substance use disorders in adults and young adults. I am also certified in EMDR. While a grounding in the science of treatment informs all of my work, compassion and empathy are at its foundation. I am a Clinical Instructor of Psychology at the Harvard Medical School and Clinical Associate of Psychology at McLean Hospital.
I am a cognitive-behavioral therapist specializing in the treatment of anxiety, mood and substance use disorders in adults and young adults. I am also certified in EMDR. While a grounding in the science of treatment informs all of my work, compassion and empathy are at its foundation. I am a Clinical Instructor of Psychology at the Harvard Medical School and Clinical Associate of Psychology at McLean Hospital.
(617) 446-3239 View (617) 446-3239
Photo of Brian Orr - Brian Orr at Orr Therapy Services LLC, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brian Orr at Orr Therapy Services LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
I am a big believer that, when we are able to feel more at peace with ourselves, we find greater joy in life. The journey to feeling peaceful and satisfied is not always smooth–it can feel so personal that we may avoid talking about the “bumps” with our loved ones. Talking with (and thinking together with) someone who is objective & private can be so useful. I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with over seven years of clinical experience. I have worked with patients who have felt down, worried about every day stressors, dealt with burnout, struggled with a work/life balance, and wanted to find more satisfaction out of life.
I am a big believer that, when we are able to feel more at peace with ourselves, we find greater joy in life. The journey to feeling peaceful and satisfied is not always smooth–it can feel so personal that we may avoid talking about the “bumps” with our loved ones. Talking with (and thinking together with) someone who is objective & private can be so useful. I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with over seven years of clinical experience. I have worked with patients who have felt down, worried about every day stressors, dealt with burnout, struggled with a work/life balance, and wanted to find more satisfaction out of life.
(978) 467-4066 View (978) 467-4066
Photo of Cassandra Donner, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cassandra Donner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
I specialize in trauma and PTSD, eating disorders and body image, & sexual health. My ideal client is anyone who comes to me ready to engage in the real work of therapy. Someone looking for guidance, connection, and relentless support. Someone who wants to change something about their inner experience so they can show up differently for the people in their lives and have a positive ripple effect on the world.
I specialize in trauma and PTSD, eating disorders and body image, & sexual health. My ideal client is anyone who comes to me ready to engage in the real work of therapy. Someone looking for guidance, connection, and relentless support. Someone who wants to change something about their inner experience so they can show up differently for the people in their lives and have a positive ripple effect on the world.
(339) 255-1700 View (339) 255-1700
Photo of Vanessa Seibald, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vanessa Seibald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
I believe that through counseling one can heal from the impact of trauma and loss. I am a bilingual therapist with more than 12 years of experience working with adolescent and adult survivors of trauma. I have helped clients of all identities feel safe and empowered to address the impact of their traumatic life experiences.
I believe that through counseling one can heal from the impact of trauma and loss. I am a bilingual therapist with more than 12 years of experience working with adolescent and adult survivors of trauma. I have helped clients of all identities feel safe and empowered to address the impact of their traumatic life experiences.
(339) 215-8239 View (339) 215-8239
Photo of Austin Gatchell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Austin Gatchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
For me, there is no one "ideal client" because therapy is about addressing diverse challenges and finding unique solutions. My ideal client's issues might include anxiety, depression, self-esteem struggles, relationship difficulties, substance use, life transitions, and a broad range of emotional disorders clients' needs may include but are not limited to problem identification, developing coping strategies, psychoeducation, and awareness of one's thoughts and emotions. My client's goals would center on continuing or returning to normal function with safety as the priority, given that "normal" can and will look different per client.
For me, there is no one "ideal client" because therapy is about addressing diverse challenges and finding unique solutions. My ideal client's issues might include anxiety, depression, self-esteem struggles, relationship difficulties, substance use, life transitions, and a broad range of emotional disorders clients' needs may include but are not limited to problem identification, developing coping strategies, psychoeducation, and awareness of one's thoughts and emotions. My client's goals would center on continuing or returning to normal function with safety as the priority, given that "normal" can and will look different per client.
(856) 291-9878 View (856) 291-9878
Photo of Jennifer Almeida, LADC1, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Almeida
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LADC1, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
My ideal client is someone who is motivated to improve the quality of their thoughts and lives and is willing to put in the effort to make positive changes. They understand the importance of mental health and are open to exploring innovative techniques to improve their well-being. One of the key issues my ideal client might be facing is low self-esteem, addiction issues, difficulty setting boundaries, and navigating difficult life transitions. The goals of my ideal client are centered around self-discovery, personal growth, and living their best life.
My ideal client is someone who is motivated to improve the quality of their thoughts and lives and is willing to put in the effort to make positive changes. They understand the importance of mental health and are open to exploring innovative techniques to improve their well-being. One of the key issues my ideal client might be facing is low self-esteem, addiction issues, difficulty setting boundaries, and navigating difficult life transitions. The goals of my ideal client are centered around self-discovery, personal growth, and living their best life.
(339) 329-8572 View (339) 329-8572
Photo of Caitlyn Donaghey, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caitlyn Donaghey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
My goal when meeting with clients is to create a warm and safe environment where you feel comfortable exploring difficult feelings and cultivating change. Wherever you are in your pursuit of receiving support is where I meet you and begin our work together. Wherever you are is a good place to start. I want my clients to know that change is possible and that they are worthy and capable of creating a life they want to live.
My goal when meeting with clients is to create a warm and safe environment where you feel comfortable exploring difficult feelings and cultivating change. Wherever you are in your pursuit of receiving support is where I meet you and begin our work together. Wherever you are is a good place to start. I want my clients to know that change is possible and that they are worthy and capable of creating a life they want to live.
(781) 462-6264 View (781) 462-6264
Photo of Leslie O'Brien, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421
Not accepting new clients
As a clinical social worker, I've been working for almost two decades supporting parents, adults, and young adults. My areas of focus with clients include: neurodiverse profiles (autism, ADHD, NVLD, asperger's and other learning differences), anxiety, social cognition, family systems, parenting, self-esteem and executive functioning skills. I partner with my clients to recognize their abilities, build/implement tools to support their success and create/achieve their personal goals. In my practice, I provide: Individual psychotherapy for mental health or Consultation for parents or adults seeking social cognitive support.
As a clinical social worker, I've been working for almost two decades supporting parents, adults, and young adults. My areas of focus with clients include: neurodiverse profiles (autism, ADHD, NVLD, asperger's and other learning differences), anxiety, social cognition, family systems, parenting, self-esteem and executive functioning skills. I partner with my clients to recognize their abilities, build/implement tools to support their success and create/achieve their personal goals. In my practice, I provide: Individual psychotherapy for mental health or Consultation for parents or adults seeking social cognitive support.
(339) 218-3982 View (339) 218-3982
Photo of Jonathan Gabriel Goldin, LICSW, JD , Coach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jonathan Gabriel Goldin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, JD , Coach
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
You deserve wise answers as well as penetrating questions! This is my fundamental promise. Having high-conflict relationships; experiencing major life transitions, grief and trauma causing insecurity in career or personal life? My specialities include Adult ADHD, ASD, Anxiety and Attachment disorders, PTSD, and Sex Therapy. My approach is a synthesis CBT, Solution focused, Positive Psychology, and Mindfulness. Individuals and Couples. My intuition, empathy, and creativity help you find greater well-being. Looking for creative expression? I offer training in Expressing Your Authentic Self.
You deserve wise answers as well as penetrating questions! This is my fundamental promise. Having high-conflict relationships; experiencing major life transitions, grief and trauma causing insecurity in career or personal life? My specialities include Adult ADHD, ASD, Anxiety and Attachment disorders, PTSD, and Sex Therapy. My approach is a synthesis CBT, Solution focused, Positive Psychology, and Mindfulness. Individuals and Couples. My intuition, empathy, and creativity help you find greater well-being. Looking for creative expression? I offer training in Expressing Your Authentic Self.
(413) 320-4257 View (413) 320-4257
Photo of Sarah Currier Holbrook, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Sarah Currier Holbrook
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421  (Online Only)
I am a therapist with an Ecopsychology specialty offering a strengths-based, relational therapy with lots of interaction, collaboration, warmth and humor. I have been helping individuals and families in both mental health and education for over 30 years. I work with adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, addictions, relationship issues, life transitions, and more. I have a deep belief in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship, and offer you my years of professional, as well as life experience.
I am a therapist with an Ecopsychology specialty offering a strengths-based, relational therapy with lots of interaction, collaboration, warmth and humor. I have been helping individuals and families in both mental health and education for over 30 years. I work with adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, addictions, relationship issues, life transitions, and more. I have a deep belief in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship, and offer you my years of professional, as well as life experience.
(339) 213-8253 View (339) 213-8253
Photo of Jessica Berkowitz, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Berkowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421
I am a clinical social worker with over 25 years of experience working with adults and older teens. My professional goal is to develop the highest quality relationship with each client, while using a variety of specific techniques that are catered to each individual's needs. I offer a safe and supportive therapeutic environment based on trust and mutual respect. I use a solution focused approach based on each client's strengths in order to achieve his or her desired goals.
I am a clinical social worker with over 25 years of experience working with adults and older teens. My professional goal is to develop the highest quality relationship with each client, while using a variety of specific techniques that are catered to each individual's needs. I offer a safe and supportive therapeutic environment based on trust and mutual respect. I use a solution focused approach based on each client's strengths in order to achieve his or her desired goals.
(781) 787-2479 View (781) 787-2479
Photo of Mallory Kroll, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Mallory Kroll
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02421  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Life Coach, and Reiki Master. I honor the courage and vulnerability it takes to reach out and I celebrate you for showing up for yourself. I offer virtual therapy, specializing in life transitions, anxiety, spirituality, self-esteem, and existential challenges. I’m also a mother and understand the demands this can place on us while also balancing and navigating relationships, work demands, as well as identity. As a Reiki Master, I'm very attuned to clients' energy during sessions and I’ll support you with connecting to your intuition and mind-body connection.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, Life Coach, and Reiki Master. I honor the courage and vulnerability it takes to reach out and I celebrate you for showing up for yourself. I offer virtual therapy, specializing in life transitions, anxiety, spirituality, self-esteem, and existential challenges. I’m also a mother and understand the demands this can place on us while also balancing and navigating relationships, work demands, as well as identity. As a Reiki Master, I'm very attuned to clients' energy during sessions and I’ll support you with connecting to your intuition and mind-body connection.
(781) 527-5030 View (781) 527-5030
Photo of Lisa Langner, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Langner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
Not accepting new clients
I believe that we all have the potential within ourselves to build a satisfying life, with physical and emotional health, fulfilling pursuits and loving relationships. There are many factors that can negatively affect our ability to do this, including developmental/biological factors, trauma, addictions, and life stressors. I help people who feel stuck in negative patterns and emotional pain to find their inner strengths and wisdom - the life force we all possess - and to guide and support them in achieving their goals. People find me warm, engaging, knowledgable, dedicated, compassionate, and playful.
I believe that we all have the potential within ourselves to build a satisfying life, with physical and emotional health, fulfilling pursuits and loving relationships. There are many factors that can negatively affect our ability to do this, including developmental/biological factors, trauma, addictions, and life stressors. I help people who feel stuck in negative patterns and emotional pain to find their inner strengths and wisdom - the life force we all possess - and to guide and support them in achieving their goals. People find me warm, engaging, knowledgable, dedicated, compassionate, and playful.
(781) 691-5393 View (781) 691-5393
Photo of Neal M Patel, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Neal M Patel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02420
Neal has been in the mental health field since 2017, working with various populations and levels of care. He completed his clinical training at Harvard Medical School, Department of Mental Health, and Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital. Neal has had the most success helping adolescents and young adults with executive functioning, anxiety disorders (OCD), trauma, and maximizing potential through amotivational training. He works with NBA and NHL players/coaches to enhance their mental performance and recovery, boosting game-time confidence. With extensive experience in addictions, he is also well-versed in co-occurring disorders.
Neal has been in the mental health field since 2017, working with various populations and levels of care. He completed his clinical training at Harvard Medical School, Department of Mental Health, and Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital. Neal has had the most success helping adolescents and young adults with executive functioning, anxiety disorders (OCD), trauma, and maximizing potential through amotivational training. He works with NBA and NHL players/coaches to enhance their mental performance and recovery, boosting game-time confidence. With extensive experience in addictions, he is also well-versed in co-occurring disorders.
(609) 498-9410 View (609) 498-9410
Photo of Cynthia S Tavilla, PsyD, Psychologist
Cynthia S Tavilla
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lexington, MA 02420
My practice is often FULL. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 35 years and am as passionate about what I do as ever. Recently completed an Accredited Certificate Training Program to provide Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (PAT.) For folks who are journeying, I offer preparation and integration services. Trained and currently able to legally provide Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Recently completed Level I training in AEDP which is a therapy modality that resonates deeply with how I attempt to show up as a therapist.
My practice is often FULL. I have been practicing psychotherapy for 35 years and am as passionate about what I do as ever. Recently completed an Accredited Certificate Training Program to provide Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (PAT.) For folks who are journeying, I offer preparation and integration services. Trained and currently able to legally provide Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Recently completed Level I training in AEDP which is a therapy modality that resonates deeply with how I attempt to show up as a therapist.
(781) 476-5444 View (781) 476-5444
Photo of Jane Song, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jane Song
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
Jane Song is a Resident in Counseling who specializes in treating anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, and stress in adolescents and adults. During her work at Boston Harbor Christian Counseling Center, Jane serviced both couples and individuals. Her clients differed in age, gender, religion, and social/academic background. They ranged from college students to professionals to retirees. Due to the pandemic, most of Jane’s clients experienced symptoms such as depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, marital issues, substance-related issues, trauma, covid-related complications, and work and life balance concerns.
Jane Song is a Resident in Counseling who specializes in treating anxiety, depression, life transitions, self-esteem, and stress in adolescents and adults. During her work at Boston Harbor Christian Counseling Center, Jane serviced both couples and individuals. Her clients differed in age, gender, religion, and social/academic background. They ranged from college students to professionals to retirees. Due to the pandemic, most of Jane’s clients experienced symptoms such as depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, marital issues, substance-related issues, trauma, covid-related complications, and work and life balance concerns.
(781) 633-7185 View (781) 633-7185
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lexington, MA

400+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Lexington, MA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
63% Stress
58% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
55% Optum

How Therapists in Lexington, MA see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lexington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.