Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of David Thanos Heliotis, MA, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
David Thanos Heliotis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I believe great therapy is all about us finding a strong connection together. As your therapist, it’s my goal to co-create an environment where we can be direct and real with one another, and where we can use concrete tools—like mindfulness and body awareness—to talk about what’s happening between us. Like two musicians playing a duet, therapy works best when we’re deeply in sync. I’m really responding to you, and you’re going to feel that.
I believe great therapy is all about us finding a strong connection together. As your therapist, it’s my goal to co-create an environment where we can be direct and real with one another, and where we can use concrete tools—like mindfulness and body awareness—to talk about what’s happening between us. Like two musicians playing a duet, therapy works best when we’re deeply in sync. I’m really responding to you, and you’re going to feel that.
(510) 907-6504 View (510) 907-6504
Photo of Woody Wu, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Woody Wu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94702
What do you want of this life? Are you living in alignment? What is being called to change? I'm here to help you heal, transform, and connect with your life force. This includes navigating difficult emotions, relationships, life transitions, and illuminating the most important things in your life; to free yourself from outdated patterns and become an active creator of your narrative.
What do you want of this life? Are you living in alignment? What is being called to change? I'm here to help you heal, transform, and connect with your life force. This includes navigating difficult emotions, relationships, life transitions, and illuminating the most important things in your life; to free yourself from outdated patterns and become an active creator of your narrative.
(510) 674-1523 View (510) 674-1523
Photo of Lesley Cherry, LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist
Lesley Cherry
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710  (Online Only)
I believe that we all are doing the best we can with what we have at any given moment. However, even at our best life can be difficult. I am passionate about helping individuals understand themselves and their emotions, believe in their inherent goodness, and work towards cultivating and living life effectively and skillfully. My work includes treating depression and anxiety, processing grief and loss, navigating difficult life transitions, managing difficult emotions, working through unprocessed trauma and unpacking racial and cultural life factors that make life more stressful. I work with teens and adults throughout the lifespan.
I believe that we all are doing the best we can with what we have at any given moment. However, even at our best life can be difficult. I am passionate about helping individuals understand themselves and their emotions, believe in their inherent goodness, and work towards cultivating and living life effectively and skillfully. My work includes treating depression and anxiety, processing grief and loss, navigating difficult life transitions, managing difficult emotions, working through unprocessed trauma and unpacking racial and cultural life factors that make life more stressful. I work with teens and adults throughout the lifespan.
(510) 892-2867 View (510) 892-2867
Photo of Amalia Pilar Jarvis, PsyD, Psychologist
Amalia Pilar Jarvis
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work with adults, parents, couples and teens who are struggling with various aspects of life and want to make a change. I enjoy working with people going through transitions, which may be stressful but also offer huge opportunities for growth. I believe in a collaborative process and I will explore your needs with you and work with you to determine the best course of treatment. I will help you identify issues that are interfering with your happiness and support you in making the changes necessary to feel better and improve your quality of life. I prioritize emotion regulation and mindfulness and integrate this into our sessions.
I work with adults, parents, couples and teens who are struggling with various aspects of life and want to make a change. I enjoy working with people going through transitions, which may be stressful but also offer huge opportunities for growth. I believe in a collaborative process and I will explore your needs with you and work with you to determine the best course of treatment. I will help you identify issues that are interfering with your happiness and support you in making the changes necessary to feel better and improve your quality of life. I prioritize emotion regulation and mindfulness and integrate this into our sessions.
(510) 399-1253 View (510) 399-1253
Photo of Nili Askari, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nili Askari
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is focusing on the present and working alongside clients to obtain the goals they have in order to implement a balance between emotional, social, and physical dimensions to improve their quality of life and well-being.
My approach to therapy is focusing on the present and working alongside clients to obtain the goals they have in order to implement a balance between emotional, social, and physical dimensions to improve their quality of life and well-being.
(415) 763-6702 View (415) 763-6702
Photo of Victoria Julita Spiers, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Victoria Julita Spiers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Waitlist for new clients
As a non-pathologizing humanistic-existential Gestalt therapist, I will meet you exactly where you are. I recognize that you are the expert of your own experience and that you already possess the skills that will aid you in healing your pain. As your empathic witness, advocate, and guide, I will help you increase your self-awareness, self-acceptance, and sense of agency. Essentially, I will help you re-examine your life and re-experience yourself and others, in different as well as new meaningful and healing ways. My approach is mindful, intuitive, and tenderhearted.
As a non-pathologizing humanistic-existential Gestalt therapist, I will meet you exactly where you are. I recognize that you are the expert of your own experience and that you already possess the skills that will aid you in healing your pain. As your empathic witness, advocate, and guide, I will help you increase your self-awareness, self-acceptance, and sense of agency. Essentially, I will help you re-examine your life and re-experience yourself and others, in different as well as new meaningful and healing ways. My approach is mindful, intuitive, and tenderhearted.
(628) 888-6233 View (628) 888-6233
Photo of Patti Wiley, MFT, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Patti Wiley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
During the past 30 years of working as a psychotherapist, I have helped people with anxiety, depression, loss, relationship and work issues, and often just a general sense that something isn't right. As a Jungian and relational therapist, I am empathic, nonjudgemental, nonpatholgizing, and deeply interested in the uniqueness of each human being who comes to me. Warm and down-to-earth, I enjoy exploring deeper levels of experience but can be practical and provide suggestions and tools when that is what is needed.
During the past 30 years of working as a psychotherapist, I have helped people with anxiety, depression, loss, relationship and work issues, and often just a general sense that something isn't right. As a Jungian and relational therapist, I am empathic, nonjudgemental, nonpatholgizing, and deeply interested in the uniqueness of each human being who comes to me. Warm and down-to-earth, I enjoy exploring deeper levels of experience but can be practical and provide suggestions and tools when that is what is needed.
(510) 466-1436 View (510) 466-1436
Photo of Nancy Jackson Carlson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nancy Jackson Carlson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Authentic change happens from the inside out. It can't be veneered onto one's surface. Painful life experiences create a complex web inside that shapes a person's world. This web can limit one's ability to find joy and meaning in life. Psychotherapy offers a way to access deep emotional experience. As therapy proceeds connections will start to appear between past & current life experience. Problematic internal patterns will become visible and open to reevaluation and change. As internal stress decreases, clarity, joy and meaning will have the chance to emerge.
Authentic change happens from the inside out. It can't be veneered onto one's surface. Painful life experiences create a complex web inside that shapes a person's world. This web can limit one's ability to find joy and meaning in life. Psychotherapy offers a way to access deep emotional experience. As therapy proceeds connections will start to appear between past & current life experience. Problematic internal patterns will become visible and open to reevaluation and change. As internal stress decreases, clarity, joy and meaning will have the chance to emerge.
(925) 965-7599 View (925) 965-7599
Photo of Kasey Bogoje - The Mindful Lemon , MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
The Mindful Lemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
(341) 888-7667 View (341) 888-7667
Photo of Norma Lee Myers, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Norma Lee Myers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94703
Not accepting new clients
There are usually two types of reasons people come into therapy. One is that find themselves making the same mistakes over and over again and they want to do something different, but are just not sure how. The other is that they have been carrying around a deep pain in their life that they want to resolve. Often these things are connected. This is why I work with you on two levels. I help you change the current unwanted behavior, while also helping you resolve issues from your past that may be effecting your reactions.
There are usually two types of reasons people come into therapy. One is that find themselves making the same mistakes over and over again and they want to do something different, but are just not sure how. The other is that they have been carrying around a deep pain in their life that they want to resolve. Often these things are connected. This is why I work with you on two levels. I help you change the current unwanted behavior, while also helping you resolve issues from your past that may be effecting your reactions.
(510) 878-4296 View (510) 878-4296
Photo of Alicia Moore, PsyD, Psychologist
Alicia Moore
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
I offer warm and collaborative psychotherapy with adults across different issues, stages in life, challenges, and triumphs. It is often in the presence of compassionate attunement that we can fully explore who we are - where we come from, the forces that shape us, how we are now, and living the life that is important to us. Therapy is your time, and it can be used to process, reflect, take inventory, heal, learn new strategies, identify your values, and find ways to live in integrity with those values. It is a place to find balance, introspection, create changes, celebrate strengths, explore nuance, and experience relief and joy.
I offer warm and collaborative psychotherapy with adults across different issues, stages in life, challenges, and triumphs. It is often in the presence of compassionate attunement that we can fully explore who we are - where we come from, the forces that shape us, how we are now, and living the life that is important to us. Therapy is your time, and it can be used to process, reflect, take inventory, heal, learn new strategies, identify your values, and find ways to live in integrity with those values. It is a place to find balance, introspection, create changes, celebrate strengths, explore nuance, and experience relief and joy.
(510) 982-6615 View (510) 982-6615
Photo of Susan Sekler, JD, PhD, Psychologist
Susan Sekler
Psychologist, JD, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94708
Important areas of my practice include anxiety, depression and overwhelming emotional states that interfere with and limit the satisfaction and fulfillment that comes from relationships and work. I also treat symptoms related to phase of life problems such as career changes, parenthood, mid-life, separation and divorce. A strong interest of mine is how to develop and maintain healthy relationships. I am an ex-lawyer, having worked as a litigator, and my style is interactive and collaborative. My office is near the campus of the University of California in Berkeley.
Important areas of my practice include anxiety, depression and overwhelming emotional states that interfere with and limit the satisfaction and fulfillment that comes from relationships and work. I also treat symptoms related to phase of life problems such as career changes, parenthood, mid-life, separation and divorce. A strong interest of mine is how to develop and maintain healthy relationships. I am an ex-lawyer, having worked as a litigator, and my style is interactive and collaborative. My office is near the campus of the University of California in Berkeley.
(510) 470-7416 View (510) 470-7416
Photo of Peter Carpentieri, LMFT, SEP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Peter Carpentieri
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
If you have experienced any level of trauma in your life, either developmentally as a child or through other life experiences, I can support you in slowly and gently releasing the effects of those traumas, and restoring your nervous system to its rightful, regulated state. Through the use of social engagement, guided awareness, movement, art, and other resources, we will explore ways to free you from the bondage of the past and worries about the future. In the safety of a supportive and loving environment, I will offer you guidance to help you live more fully in the present moment, with a deepened sense of joy and ease.
If you have experienced any level of trauma in your life, either developmentally as a child or through other life experiences, I can support you in slowly and gently releasing the effects of those traumas, and restoring your nervous system to its rightful, regulated state. Through the use of social engagement, guided awareness, movement, art, and other resources, we will explore ways to free you from the bondage of the past and worries about the future. In the safety of a supportive and loving environment, I will offer you guidance to help you live more fully in the present moment, with a deepened sense of joy and ease.
(510) 463-1150 View (510) 463-1150
Photo of Eliza Liittschwager, MSW
Eliza Liittschwager
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
Hello and Welcome. I know starting therapy can be a daunting process. Whether you’ve been in therapy before or if it’s your first time, it’s hard to be vulnerable and to give voice to the feelings and experiences that bring us discomfort, pain or shame. And, therapy can be incredibly rewarding. Creating meaning out of our dark and painful experiences is a transformative process. That’s why I got into this work.
Hello and Welcome. I know starting therapy can be a daunting process. Whether you’ve been in therapy before or if it’s your first time, it’s hard to be vulnerable and to give voice to the feelings and experiences that bring us discomfort, pain or shame. And, therapy can be incredibly rewarding. Creating meaning out of our dark and painful experiences is a transformative process. That’s why I got into this work.
(341) 217-4997 View (341) 217-4997
Photo of Dymetria Sellers, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dymetria Sellers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Registered Art Therapist in the State of California with over 8 years of working experience. As a therapist, I enjoy utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and narrative theories, which I pair with CBT and mindfulness interventions to help develop coping strategies. I believe that perspectives can be greatly shaped by the stories we tell ourselves and enjoy assisting clients in altering negative beliefs into more positive thoughts and behaviors, shifting them into realities that better suit their current needs.
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Registered Art Therapist in the State of California with over 8 years of working experience. As a therapist, I enjoy utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and narrative theories, which I pair with CBT and mindfulness interventions to help develop coping strategies. I believe that perspectives can be greatly shaped by the stories we tell ourselves and enjoy assisting clients in altering negative beliefs into more positive thoughts and behaviors, shifting them into realities that better suit their current needs.
(626) 869-2995 View (626) 869-2995
Photo of Jenny Hislop, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jenny Hislop
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
I help people come home to themselves. Life's challenges can leave us questioning our intuition and values and impact our self-worth, relationships, and well-being. Perhaps this is due to a difficult upbringing, perhaps due to trauma and loss, or it may be due to external stressors such as marginalization and oppression. I help clients to find their voice, re-discover self-trust, uncover inner wisdom, and cultivate strength and balance. Together we will explore your experiences, nurture inner resources, and identify and resolve destructive patterns that impact your relationships.
I help people come home to themselves. Life's challenges can leave us questioning our intuition and values and impact our self-worth, relationships, and well-being. Perhaps this is due to a difficult upbringing, perhaps due to trauma and loss, or it may be due to external stressors such as marginalization and oppression. I help clients to find their voice, re-discover self-trust, uncover inner wisdom, and cultivate strength and balance. Together we will explore your experiences, nurture inner resources, and identify and resolve destructive patterns that impact your relationships.
(805) 266-7273 View (805) 266-7273
Photo of Catherine Valdez, MS, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Catherine Valdez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709
In this time of Covid I am providing therapy by phone, FaceTime or Zoom. We are all dealing with the unique emotional and physical impact of this time You may be feeling overwhelmed with feelings of sadness, worry, loss, despair, anger, fear, or confusion. These feelings may be personal or within your relationships. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgemental place where we can work together to understand the meaning of your experience and how to realize your goals for a happier life and for loving relationships. We can address emotional problems, communication, parenting, illness, grief, addiction, and intimacy issues.
In this time of Covid I am providing therapy by phone, FaceTime or Zoom. We are all dealing with the unique emotional and physical impact of this time You may be feeling overwhelmed with feelings of sadness, worry, loss, despair, anger, fear, or confusion. These feelings may be personal or within your relationships. My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgemental place where we can work together to understand the meaning of your experience and how to realize your goals for a happier life and for loving relationships. We can address emotional problems, communication, parenting, illness, grief, addiction, and intimacy issues.
(510) 878-5325 View (510) 878-5325
Photo of Wes Hardcastle-Orr, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wes Hardcastle-Orr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
I practice Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which allows clients to see and understand connections between their stressful situations, their thoughts and beliefs, and resulting emotional difficulty. While I also employ the use of a Strengths-based model and collaborative treatment planning the therapy I practice is structured and makes use of agenda-setting at the beginning of sessions and homework after the session is completed. The homework is not overly time-consuming and it enhances therapy much like the saying "The more you put into something the more you get out of it."
I practice Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which allows clients to see and understand connections between their stressful situations, their thoughts and beliefs, and resulting emotional difficulty. While I also employ the use of a Strengths-based model and collaborative treatment planning the therapy I practice is structured and makes use of agenda-setting at the beginning of sessions and homework after the session is completed. The homework is not overly time-consuming and it enhances therapy much like the saying "The more you put into something the more you get out of it."
(341) 234-2896 View (341) 234-2896
Photo of Sally C. Cohen, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sally C. Cohen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
As an experienced therapist in private practice, I work with people of all ages who are struggling with a wide variety of challenges through different stages of the life cycle. I work collaboratively to help people reach their goals while offering insight and support. I offer a unique and thoughtful approach, developed through years of experience working with hundreds of individuals, teens and parents.
As an experienced therapist in private practice, I work with people of all ages who are struggling with a wide variety of challenges through different stages of the life cycle. I work collaboratively to help people reach their goals while offering insight and support. I offer a unique and thoughtful approach, developed through years of experience working with hundreds of individuals, teens and parents.
(510) 648-3202 View (510) 648-3202
Photo of Lindsay Focht, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lindsay Focht
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Through therapy with your child, I will work in building resiliency, learning new coping skills, emotional regulation, and providing a safe space to process memories and current life experiences and traumas. Unlike adults who tend more to communicate verbally or from a logical perspective, children use creativity and imaginative play to express their inner thoughts and feelings, it is often the main way children relate and learn about themselves and their world. Through play therapy, I respond to your child with care, attunement, and skillfulness in helping them understand difficult emotions and make sense of confusing experiences.
Through therapy with your child, I will work in building resiliency, learning new coping skills, emotional regulation, and providing a safe space to process memories and current life experiences and traumas. Unlike adults who tend more to communicate verbally or from a logical perspective, children use creativity and imaginative play to express their inner thoughts and feelings, it is often the main way children relate and learn about themselves and their world. Through play therapy, I respond to your child with care, attunement, and skillfulness in helping them understand difficult emotions and make sense of confusing experiences.
(341) 222-3552 View (341) 222-3552
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$195

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
72% Grief
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

53% Aetna
44% Cigna and Evernorth
37% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.