Therapists in Fresno, CA

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Photo of Jenhi Garcia, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jenhi Garcia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93711
Healing from life challenges can feel confusing, overwhelming, and lonely. I believe therapy should be a process of growth and change that can support you with understanding how to heal yourself. My goal is to guide you through this process and help you to find the clarity, meaning, and tools you need to live a fulfilling life. As a practitioner, I will work to build a safe space for you to feel heard and seen, unconditionally as you are. My approach is eclectic and humanistic, which encourages you as the expert of your life to use your intuition to find solutions to challenges.
Healing from life challenges can feel confusing, overwhelming, and lonely. I believe therapy should be a process of growth and change that can support you with understanding how to heal yourself. My goal is to guide you through this process and help you to find the clarity, meaning, and tools you need to live a fulfilling life. As a practitioner, I will work to build a safe space for you to feel heard and seen, unconditionally as you are. My approach is eclectic and humanistic, which encourages you as the expert of your life to use your intuition to find solutions to challenges.
(559) 663-0738 View (559) 663-0738
Photo of Carol A Dela Torre, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carol A Dela Torre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93704
Thank you for taking a moment to view my profile. I am currently accepting new clients and I will return all calls promptly. I offer a grounded and authentic approach to therapy. I'm a therapist that supports and engages you instead of sitting back analzying you. My specialities include over 25 years working with couples, child and adult survivors of sexual trauma, domestic violence, adolescents, young adults and parenting teens and all issues around adoption and foster care. I have experience working with individuals who have problems with pornography addiction, sexual addiction and Alpha Males. I work with PTSD and trauma from the military. .
Thank you for taking a moment to view my profile. I am currently accepting new clients and I will return all calls promptly. I offer a grounded and authentic approach to therapy. I'm a therapist that supports and engages you instead of sitting back analzying you. My specialities include over 25 years working with couples, child and adult survivors of sexual trauma, domestic violence, adolescents, young adults and parenting teens and all issues around adoption and foster care. I have experience working with individuals who have problems with pornography addiction, sexual addiction and Alpha Males. I work with PTSD and trauma from the military. .
(559) 664-3534 View (559) 664-3534
Photo of Carrie LORRAINE Ayala - Cultural Family Therapy-Carrie Ayala, ASW
Cultural Family Therapy-Carrie Ayala
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93710
Hi there! I’m Carrie, an Associate Clinical Social Worker providing therapy services in Fresno, California. I have a particular passion for working with teens and young adults as they navigate life's challenges and milestones, but am also happy to work with children, couples, and elders. I also love working with those of all faith backgrounds in exploring their beliefs and attitudes in order to realign with their deepest purpose and divine connection. (Atheists welcome!) I’m excited to partner with you to find, support, and build the knowledge and skills to create a life that reflects your values and goals.
Hi there! I’m Carrie, an Associate Clinical Social Worker providing therapy services in Fresno, California. I have a particular passion for working with teens and young adults as they navigate life's challenges and milestones, but am also happy to work with children, couples, and elders. I also love working with those of all faith backgrounds in exploring their beliefs and attitudes in order to realign with their deepest purpose and divine connection. (Atheists welcome!) I’m excited to partner with you to find, support, and build the knowledge and skills to create a life that reflects your values and goals.
(559) 335-5034 View (559) 335-5034
Photo of Shelley Betts - Hope & Healing Christian Counseling , Pastoral Counselor
Hope & Healing Christian Counseling
Pastoral Counselor
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93710
Hope & Healing Christian Counseling is a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides Biblically-based counseling for adults, youth, couples and families.
Hope & Healing Christian Counseling is a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides Biblically-based counseling for adults, youth, couples and families.
(559) 379-6642 View (559) 379-6642
Photo of Roxana Alessio, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Roxana Alessio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93711  (Online Only)
Life can be hard at times and sometimes we need someone to help us figure things out, help us see our strengths, or just to be there and provide nonjudgmental listening. As an LCSW at Transcendence Psychological Services, that is what I do. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. I treat those struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, grief, loss, relationship issues, and trauma. I see the importance of promoting healing and growth. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them meet their goals and focus on increasing self-acceptance, assertiveness, and fulfillment.
Life can be hard at times and sometimes we need someone to help us figure things out, help us see our strengths, or just to be there and provide nonjudgmental listening. As an LCSW at Transcendence Psychological Services, that is what I do. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. I treat those struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, grief, loss, relationship issues, and trauma. I see the importance of promoting healing and growth. I work collaboratively with my clients to help them meet their goals and focus on increasing self-acceptance, assertiveness, and fulfillment.
(559) 354-3861 View (559) 354-3861
Photo of Araceli Vigil, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Araceli Vigil
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93727
My name is Araceli Vigil and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and also hold my Pupil Personnel Services Credential in School Social Work. I work with individuals who may be struggling with coping with life's many and sometimes unpredictable stressors that can lead to symptoms that can get in the way of life. I believe that journey of healing and growth can be reached in many ways, one of which is through the support of a therapist. My focus areas of practice are depression, anxiety, adjustment to life's changes and stressors & trauma-focused services.
My name is Araceli Vigil and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and also hold my Pupil Personnel Services Credential in School Social Work. I work with individuals who may be struggling with coping with life's many and sometimes unpredictable stressors that can lead to symptoms that can get in the way of life. I believe that journey of healing and growth can be reached in many ways, one of which is through the support of a therapist. My focus areas of practice are depression, anxiety, adjustment to life's changes and stressors & trauma-focused services.
(559) 520-4828 View (559) 520-4828
Photo of Sara Marker, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sara Marker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93720  (Online Only)
As a mental health provider, I am driven to provide quality care for patients. I hope my previous knowledge and experience, along with my desire to learn and grow, can help people meet their treatment goals. I enjoy meeting clients where they are in life, building rapport, and providing support. I hope to help patients bolster insight and awareness along with skills building “homework” to help enhance the therapeutic experience. My main approaches derive from DBT, CBT, and psychodynamic theories. I enjoy working with many populations and communities.
As a mental health provider, I am driven to provide quality care for patients. I hope my previous knowledge and experience, along with my desire to learn and grow, can help people meet their treatment goals. I enjoy meeting clients where they are in life, building rapport, and providing support. I hope to help patients bolster insight and awareness along with skills building “homework” to help enhance the therapeutic experience. My main approaches derive from DBT, CBT, and psychodynamic theories. I enjoy working with many populations and communities.
(559) 663-0928 View (559) 663-0928
Photo of Judith M. Casas, PsyD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Judith M. Casas
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93703
Therapy is a very personal process, which can be conducted in many different ways. Therapy is a learned process in which you come to better understand yourself and your relationships so that you may learn to handle situations more successfully. As a therapist, I believe my role is to help you develop the ability to skillfully address life issues rather than simply give you advice or tell you what to do, but to assist you in clarifying thoughts, feelings, goals and ideas. I believe our work will help you develop skills you can continue to use in the future.
Therapy is a very personal process, which can be conducted in many different ways. Therapy is a learned process in which you come to better understand yourself and your relationships so that you may learn to handle situations more successfully. As a therapist, I believe my role is to help you develop the ability to skillfully address life issues rather than simply give you advice or tell you what to do, but to assist you in clarifying thoughts, feelings, goals and ideas. I believe our work will help you develop skills you can continue to use in the future.
(559) 892-0049 View (559) 892-0049
Photo of Denise Dadian Sniffin - Cerda Sniffin Psychology Group, Psychologist
Cerda Sniffin Psychology Group
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93710
As licensed psychologists Dr. Cerda and Dr. Sniffin combine 30 years of clinical experience working with diverse populations and clinical issues. With our team of mental health providers and support staff, it is our mission to provide excellent and ethical psychological services to our community. We can work together to help you understand and resolve challenges in your life, increase self-esteem, confidence and competence while developing healthy coping skills in a therapeutic and confidential setting.
As licensed psychologists Dr. Cerda and Dr. Sniffin combine 30 years of clinical experience working with diverse populations and clinical issues. With our team of mental health providers and support staff, it is our mission to provide excellent and ethical psychological services to our community. We can work together to help you understand and resolve challenges in your life, increase self-esteem, confidence and competence while developing healthy coping skills in a therapeutic and confidential setting.
(559) 377-6848 View (559) 377-6848
Photo of Dr. Brett M Watts - Dr. Watts, Hope & Healing Family Therapy Center, MS, MFT, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Watts, Hope & Healing Family Therapy Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93710
Dr. Watts believes change happens through an ecological relationship between two or more people. Therapy is a relationship that deepens our humanity. As humans, we are embedded within systems, from internal to cosmological. We are often unaware of how we are impacted by these systems. Effective therapy brings this complex web of relationships to awareness. Dr. Watts offers a relational approach designed to expand individual consciousness. He is integrative in his approach, using systemic therapies, EMDR, and a Jungian perspective to support the well-being of his patients.
Dr. Watts believes change happens through an ecological relationship between two or more people. Therapy is a relationship that deepens our humanity. As humans, we are embedded within systems, from internal to cosmological. We are often unaware of how we are impacted by these systems. Effective therapy brings this complex web of relationships to awareness. Dr. Watts offers a relational approach designed to expand individual consciousness. He is integrative in his approach, using systemic therapies, EMDR, and a Jungian perspective to support the well-being of his patients.
(559) 772-1808 View (559) 772-1808
Photo of Snow Lee, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Snow Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93710  (Online Only)
Are you tired of being stuck? Have you tried to change but find yourself repeating the same mistakes? You have probably told yourself “I will change” or “things will get better,” but your quality of life have stayed the same? You are not alone as 1/3 of Americans are reported to be living under stress (APA, 2007). We are all unique individuals and we strive to be better but we often get stuck in a mental trap due to our past experiences. If you are here you have already initiated a small sequence of change, allow yourself to take it further.
Are you tired of being stuck? Have you tried to change but find yourself repeating the same mistakes? You have probably told yourself “I will change” or “things will get better,” but your quality of life have stayed the same? You are not alone as 1/3 of Americans are reported to be living under stress (APA, 2007). We are all unique individuals and we strive to be better but we often get stuck in a mental trap due to our past experiences. If you are here you have already initiated a small sequence of change, allow yourself to take it further.
(559) 354-6062 View (559) 354-6062
Photo of Mirian Cardenas, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mirian Cardenas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93711
Not accepting new clients
Life can get complicated and there is no handbook on how to handle things like depression, anxiety, trauma, and relationship problems. It is important to know two things: 1. you are not alone, 2. challenges are always opportunities to grow and change your life. You are probably here because it's time to "do something different." Let me help guide you through this journey!
Life can get complicated and there is no handbook on how to handle things like depression, anxiety, trauma, and relationship problems. It is important to know two things: 1. you are not alone, 2. challenges are always opportunities to grow and change your life. You are probably here because it's time to "do something different." Let me help guide you through this journey!
(559) 272-5275 View (559) 272-5275
Photo of Roxanne Marie Garza, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Roxanne Marie Garza
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93720
Have you been feeling overwhelmed or burnt out? Do you feel like you just cannot get a break or find someone who "gets it?" Do you feel like you are stuck and not the best version of yourself? Have you been living on autopilot, taking care of your responsibilities and obligations; be it family, friends, or work? I get it. Managing day to day things/stressors of life and or work can feel like too much at times. I can help provide insight into how to become or get back to the best version of yourself. As someone with a high stress job, or as the spouse of someone with a high stress job, trauma impacts you on some level.
Have you been feeling overwhelmed or burnt out? Do you feel like you just cannot get a break or find someone who "gets it?" Do you feel like you are stuck and not the best version of yourself? Have you been living on autopilot, taking care of your responsibilities and obligations; be it family, friends, or work? I get it. Managing day to day things/stressors of life and or work can feel like too much at times. I can help provide insight into how to become or get back to the best version of yourself. As someone with a high stress job, or as the spouse of someone with a high stress job, trauma impacts you on some level.
(559) 245-5718 View (559) 245-5718
Photo of Shellee Pollard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shellee Pollard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93740
I have been a licensed clinician since 1997. I have lots of experience with others’ crises and trauma as I have had my own and was helped so graciously in the 1980s by a wonderful L.C.S.W. who worked for Kaiser. I was so grateful for her approach and kindness and ability to help me through my difficulties at the time. I went right to Cal State Long Beach to obtain my Bachelor’s degree in social work a BSW completed in 1990 and then onto graduate school to obtain an MSW in 1993. My approach is similar to my therapist’s one that helped me.
I have been a licensed clinician since 1997. I have lots of experience with others’ crises and trauma as I have had my own and was helped so graciously in the 1980s by a wonderful L.C.S.W. who worked for Kaiser. I was so grateful for her approach and kindness and ability to help me through my difficulties at the time. I went right to Cal State Long Beach to obtain my Bachelor’s degree in social work a BSW completed in 1990 and then onto graduate school to obtain an MSW in 1993. My approach is similar to my therapist’s one that helped me.
(559) 206-1601 View (559) 206-1601
Photo of Tara Peterson - Solace Center Fresno, LMFT, LCSW, Marriage & Family Therapist
Solace Center Fresno
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93711
Solace Center is a comprehensive emotional health & wellness center aimed at supporting adults, children & families in living happy & healthy lives. Solace Center provides a wide range of services to empower you & your family.
Solace Center is a comprehensive emotional health & wellness center aimed at supporting adults, children & families in living happy & healthy lives. Solace Center provides a wide range of services to empower you & your family.
(559) 272-9160 View (559) 272-9160
Photo of Rosemary Dobney, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosemary Dobney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93710
We all fall somewhere between where we want to be and the worst that we have been. Many times, in life we are just not happy with where we are at our present moment, and even though we may not be at our worst we still know things could be better. Together we can figure out where you would like to be and taking one step at a time on how to get there. Life is not a race; it is a journey. You deserve to invest in yourself!
We all fall somewhere between where we want to be and the worst that we have been. Many times, in life we are just not happy with where we are at our present moment, and even though we may not be at our worst we still know things could be better. Together we can figure out where you would like to be and taking one step at a time on how to get there. Life is not a race; it is a journey. You deserve to invest in yourself!
(559) 717-4029 View (559) 717-4029
Photo of Carol G Kim (Sheher), LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carol G Kim (Sheher)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93720
Change is difficult. Whatever problem you are experiencing - relationship difficulties, anxiety, depressed mood, feeling stuck - there are good reasons you have not been able to solve these on your own. I would be honored to help you create positive change. As a Certified Level 4 T.E.A.M therapist, I practice state-of-the-art therapy, which has innovative and powerful tools that are designed to radically improve ways of coping and viewing yourself and others. My patient and I are a TEAM - working to overcome anxiety, panic,depression, habits, &/or relationship problems. .
Change is difficult. Whatever problem you are experiencing - relationship difficulties, anxiety, depressed mood, feeling stuck - there are good reasons you have not been able to solve these on your own. I would be honored to help you create positive change. As a Certified Level 4 T.E.A.M therapist, I practice state-of-the-art therapy, which has innovative and powerful tools that are designed to radically improve ways of coping and viewing yourself and others. My patient and I are a TEAM - working to overcome anxiety, panic,depression, habits, &/or relationship problems. .
(559) 472-0195 View (559) 472-0195
Photo of Ana Mary Sieve, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ana Mary Sieve
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93711
Once you make the decision to seek therapy, the next step is finding a therapist that is right for you. Finding that someone you trust to help you work on reaching your therapeutic goals can feel daunting, especially if that person is for your child. I am here to provide a safe environment to assist in helping you address whatever your concerns may be. Whether it be depression, anxiety, change in life, divorce/separation, peer relationships, trauma, or any concern you or your child may be struggling with, I am here to help.
Once you make the decision to seek therapy, the next step is finding a therapist that is right for you. Finding that someone you trust to help you work on reaching your therapeutic goals can feel daunting, especially if that person is for your child. I am here to provide a safe environment to assist in helping you address whatever your concerns may be. Whether it be depression, anxiety, change in life, divorce/separation, peer relationships, trauma, or any concern you or your child may be struggling with, I am here to help.
(559) 934-5671 View (559) 934-5671
Photo of Lisa Espinoza, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Espinoza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fresno, CA 93710  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Lisa Espinoza and I'm a LCSW based in Central California. I like to encourage clients that no matter what they feel or their circumstances, they can improve their lives with the right support and tools. My approach to therapy utilizes CBT, DBT, Motivational Interviewing, SFBT, Grief Therapy, Solution Focused, and Supportive. I allow the client to set the stage for what they need in their life. I work with them based on their strengths and provide exercises they can engage in to improve their thought lives, better manage their emotions, and overall build their confidence for communicating their needs.
Hello! My name is Lisa Espinoza and I'm a LCSW based in Central California. I like to encourage clients that no matter what they feel or their circumstances, they can improve their lives with the right support and tools. My approach to therapy utilizes CBT, DBT, Motivational Interviewing, SFBT, Grief Therapy, Solution Focused, and Supportive. I allow the client to set the stage for what they need in their life. I work with them based on their strengths and provide exercises they can engage in to improve their thought lives, better manage their emotions, and overall build their confidence for communicating their needs.
(559) 414-8120 View (559) 414-8120
Photo of Jasmine I. De La Torre, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Jasmine I. De La Torre
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fresno, CA 93711
I believe therapy is a journey, one in which the client is the navigating driver. As a therapist, I take the passenger seat and support my clients in the direction they chose to go with in their therapeutic journey. I tailor each session to meet the unique needs of my clients, drawing on empathy, respect, and transparency to create a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
I believe therapy is a journey, one in which the client is the navigating driver. As a therapist, I take the passenger seat and support my clients in the direction they chose to go with in their therapeutic journey. I tailor each session to meet the unique needs of my clients, drawing on empathy, respect, and transparency to create a safe and nonjudgmental environment.
(559) 242-1102 View (559) 242-1102
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fresno, CA

800+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Fresno, CA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
71% Coping Skills
71% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
68% Stress
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
71% Cigna and Evernorth
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Fresno, CA see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fresno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.