Divorce Therapists in Michigan

Photo of Katy Cranston DiMeglio, LMSW
Katy Cranston DiMeglio
Masters Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Livonia, MI 48154  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked at the Center for Divorce Recovery and Jewish Child and Family Services in Chicago, Illinois.
I specialize in insight-oriented therapy that focuses on coping skills, relational patterns, client strengths, and supportive reflection. My areas of expertise include relational problems, divorce, anxiety, depression, gifted adults/adolescents, trauma, sexual assault, abuse, and coping with chronic disease. I enjoy developing working relationships with my clients that allow them to explore their lives and develop new insights that lead to positive growth and change.
I have worked at the Center for Divorce Recovery and Jewish Child and Family Services in Chicago, Illinois.
I specialize in insight-oriented therapy that focuses on coping skills, relational patterns, client strengths, and supportive reflection. My areas of expertise include relational problems, divorce, anxiety, depression, gifted adults/adolescents, trauma, sexual assault, abuse, and coping with chronic disease. I enjoy developing working relationships with my clients that allow them to explore their lives and develop new insights that lead to positive growth and change.
(248) 764-5670 View (248) 764-5670
Photo of Jean Washington, MA, LPC, NCC, MBA, Counselor
Jean Washington
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, MBA
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Licensed professional counselor - EMDR Certified - Specialization in couples counseling- Imago Trained Relationship Therapist - Also work with individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, weight loss issues, trauma, and working through a difficult divorce.
Do you want more out of life? Do you have hopes and dreams that seem unattainable? You have come to the right place. Many people spend their lives wishing for more, but fear change. If you are ready to make positive changes in your life, contact me, lets get started. I look forward to meeting you. Openings for new clients: Tues & Fri 9-5pm only.
Licensed professional counselor - EMDR Certified - Specialization in couples counseling- Imago Trained Relationship Therapist - Also work with individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, weight loss issues, trauma, and working through a difficult divorce.
Do you want more out of life? Do you have hopes and dreams that seem unattainable? You have come to the right place. Many people spend their lives wishing for more, but fear change. If you are ready to make positive changes in your life, contact me, lets get started. I look forward to meeting you. Openings for new clients: Tues & Fri 9-5pm only.
(248) 513-8731 View (248) 513-8731
Photo of Krystal LaCoy, MMFC/T, LMFT, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Krystal LaCoy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFC/T, LMFT, LLC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Additionally, I work with adults through a variety of issues including divorce adjustment, life transitions, anxiety, and self-esteem.
Trying to figure out which therapist is right for you? I’ve been there...knowing you want counseling, but not knowing where to start. It can be an intimidating time, worrying if your problem is too big or if there’s even hope. During our first session, my goal is to get to know you and create a plan together. I have a passion for working with couples and helping them find healing within their most cherished relationship. In our work together, I help couples find the patterns in their relationship they want to change and create a new way forward. A fulfilling relationship includes being able to be seen and heard by your partner.
Additionally, I work with adults through a variety of issues including divorce adjustment, life transitions, anxiety, and self-esteem.
Trying to figure out which therapist is right for you? I’ve been there...knowing you want counseling, but not knowing where to start. It can be an intimidating time, worrying if your problem is too big or if there’s even hope. During our first session, my goal is to get to know you and create a plan together. I have a passion for working with couples and helping them find healing within their most cherished relationship. In our work together, I help couples find the patterns in their relationship they want to change and create a new way forward. A fulfilling relationship includes being able to be seen and heard by your partner.
(616) 439-2584 View (616) 439-2584
Photo of Lindsay Sea Wills, MA, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Lindsay Sea Wills
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49684
Life is about feeling our feelings, processing our experiences, overcoming hurdles and truly LIVING our lives in abundance. These elements contribute to living in the present with our whole hearts. My practice is called LIVE TRUE. I am always being lured to living true. To myself. To others. And to an abundant life. The Live True motto: Summoning strength and beauty. Igniting courage and compassion. May we all pursue what it means to truly LIVE! I offer individual and group counseling. Specialties include single mothers, teenagers, divorce, grief, loss, trauma, relationships, life transitions and career-related issues.
Life is about feeling our feelings, processing our experiences, overcoming hurdles and truly LIVING our lives in abundance. These elements contribute to living in the present with our whole hearts. My practice is called LIVE TRUE. I am always being lured to living true. To myself. To others. And to an abundant life. The Live True motto: Summoning strength and beauty. Igniting courage and compassion. May we all pursue what it means to truly LIVE! I offer individual and group counseling. Specialties include single mothers, teenagers, divorce, grief, loss, trauma, relationships, life transitions and career-related issues.
(231) 613-3007 View (231) 613-3007
Photo of Shawn A. Wygant, MA, TLLP, Limited Licensed Psychologist
Shawn A. Wygant
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, TLLP
Verified Verified
Oscoda, MI 48750
I work tirelessly to assist family courts in evaluating complex custody and access issues that arise within high-conflict divorce and dependency proceedings.
I am a Limited Licensed Psychologist (Doctoral Temp Educ Ltd) in practice in Michigan. My supervisors are Sarah Vasquez, Ph.D., L.P., and Demosthenes Lorandos, Ph.D., J.D., L.P. The primary focus of my professional practice is the assessment of child psychological maltreatment, parental alienation, psychological testing, child custody evaluations, CE training for parental responsibilities evaluators and child legal representatives, forensic interview analysis, Guardian ad litem appointments, and expert testimony.
I work tirelessly to assist family courts in evaluating complex custody and access issues that arise within high-conflict divorce and dependency proceedings.
I am a Limited Licensed Psychologist (Doctoral Temp Educ Ltd) in practice in Michigan. My supervisors are Sarah Vasquez, Ph.D., L.P., and Demosthenes Lorandos, Ph.D., J.D., L.P. The primary focus of my professional practice is the assessment of child psychological maltreatment, parental alienation, psychological testing, child custody evaluations, CE training for parental responsibilities evaluators and child legal representatives, forensic interview analysis, Guardian ad litem appointments, and expert testimony.
(989) 200-4635 View (989) 200-4635
Photo of Pamela Warner Marsh, PsyD, Psychologist
Pamela Warner Marsh
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
I am a fully licensed psychologist who specializes in working with depression, anxiety, self esteem and divorce recovery.
Chances are you have come to this website because you are going through some difficult times. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, a divorce, and low self esteem. You may want to better understand your relationships and learn healthier ways to cope with life. I specialize in helping people recognize internal and external cues that fuel their troubles, as well as find healthier ways to cope. We all have the ability to find peace and happiness, and psychotherapy aids in that journey.
I am a fully licensed psychologist who specializes in working with depression, anxiety, self esteem and divorce recovery.
Chances are you have come to this website because you are going through some difficult times. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, a divorce, and low self esteem. You may want to better understand your relationships and learn healthier ways to cope with life. I specialize in helping people recognize internal and external cues that fuel their troubles, as well as find healthier ways to cope. We all have the ability to find peace and happiness, and psychotherapy aids in that journey.
(248) 487-9100 View (248) 487-9100
Photo of Michelle Sunny, MS, LLP, Limited Licensed Psychologist
Michelle Sunny
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MS, LLP
Verified Verified
Brighton, MI 48116
Divorce can be challenging. Your children are your most important concern. How do you navigate through all the changes and obstacles? I am here to help along the way. Whether is it separation, post divorce or parenting time issues your children are paramont.
Divorce can be challenging. Your children are your most important concern. How do you navigate through all the changes and obstacles? I am here to help along the way. Whether is it separation, post divorce or parenting time issues your children are paramont.
(810) 699-0354 View (810) 699-0354
Photo of Kari LaFave, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kari LaFave
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flushing, MI 48433  (Online Only)
I also have experience with narcissistic abuse, high conflict divorce and complex relational trauma.
Are you in a relationship that is causing you to feel unlike who you know yourself to be? Or, maybe you are going through a life changing event that is causing an adverse reaction. Unhealthy relationships or life events can leave us exhausted, confused, depressed and anxious. Sometimes we need help healing and finding out what predisposed us to this type of relationship or event. I listen without judgement and will work with you to build healthy boundaries to help you move forward in a positive direction.
I also have experience with narcissistic abuse, high conflict divorce and complex relational trauma.
Are you in a relationship that is causing you to feel unlike who you know yourself to be? Or, maybe you are going through a life changing event that is causing an adverse reaction. Unhealthy relationships or life events can leave us exhausted, confused, depressed and anxious. Sometimes we need help healing and finding out what predisposed us to this type of relationship or event. I listen without judgement and will work with you to build healthy boundaries to help you move forward in a positive direction.
(810) 476-2999 View (810) 476-2999
Photo of Elaine J Horigian, MA, LPC, LLP, CIRT, PC, Limited Licensed Psychologist
Elaine J Horigian
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LPC, LLP, CIRT, PC
Verified Verified
Beverly Hills, MI 48025
I have experience with grief and loss, divorce,step families, and addictions.
Are you in a relationship where there is a lot of arguing or a lot of cold silence? Do you feel alone even though you are married? Or are you single and curious about why your past relationships have failed? Are you wondering how to build a healthy close relationship? If you have answered yes to several of these questions, research demonstrates that seeking the appropriate type of relationship counseling may benefit you greatly. I am an IMAGO relationship therapist with over 35 years experience and can help you restore feelings of love and closeness so that you can build the " relationship of your dreams".
I have experience with grief and loss, divorce,step families, and addictions.
Are you in a relationship where there is a lot of arguing or a lot of cold silence? Do you feel alone even though you are married? Or are you single and curious about why your past relationships have failed? Are you wondering how to build a healthy close relationship? If you have answered yes to several of these questions, research demonstrates that seeking the appropriate type of relationship counseling may benefit you greatly. I am an IMAGO relationship therapist with over 35 years experience and can help you restore feelings of love and closeness so that you can build the " relationship of your dreams".
(248) 213-8456 View (248) 213-8456
Photo of Esmeralda M Gallegos - Lilly of the Valley Counseling, LLC, MA LPC, FLE, TFCBT, Counselor
Lilly of the Valley Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MA LPC, FLE, TFCBT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Waitlist for new clients
In relationships: grief, loss, divorce/separation & self-esteem.
Sometimes, a good cry is just what you need to release all the hurt you have built up inside! People come to counseling because they want something to be different in their lives. They may want to change their personal or family situation, solve a particular problem, or simply bring a healthier balance to their lives. The counseling process can be fun and exciting. It can also, at times, be very challenging, difficult, and even painful. However, the goal will always be to bring about some positive change and meaningful outcomes!
In relationships: grief, loss, divorce/separation & self-esteem.
Sometimes, a good cry is just what you need to release all the hurt you have built up inside! People come to counseling because they want something to be different in their lives. They may want to change their personal or family situation, solve a particular problem, or simply bring a healthier balance to their lives. The counseling process can be fun and exciting. It can also, at times, be very challenging, difficult, and even painful. However, the goal will always be to bring about some positive change and meaningful outcomes!
(269) 241-9379 View (269) 241-9379
Photo of Siri Gottlieb, LMSW, JD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Siri Gottlieb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, JD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
I have extensive experience in areas such as adjusting to divorce and other losses, improving relationships with loved ones, freeing oneself from imagined limitations, managing challenging life situations, and finding greater meaning in life.
Seeking therapy is a big part of effective self-care. If you are curious about yourself, want to improve your relationships with others, and seek to find the most satisfaction life has to offer, therapy will provide a path forward. If you are in pain, therapy will provide relief. If you want to break free from past unproductive patterns, therapy will give you the tools and courage to forge a new way. I specialize in individual adult and couples therapy, anxiety/depression, life issues and adjusting to loss; and helping clients through divorce. I’m active, warm, respectful, and caring. I’d be happy to work with you!
I have extensive experience in areas such as adjusting to divorce and other losses, improving relationships with loved ones, freeing oneself from imagined limitations, managing challenging life situations, and finding greater meaning in life.
Seeking therapy is a big part of effective self-care. If you are curious about yourself, want to improve your relationships with others, and seek to find the most satisfaction life has to offer, therapy will provide a path forward. If you are in pain, therapy will provide relief. If you want to break free from past unproductive patterns, therapy will give you the tools and courage to forge a new way. I specialize in individual adult and couples therapy, anxiety/depression, life issues and adjusting to loss; and helping clients through divorce. I’m active, warm, respectful, and caring. I’d be happy to work with you!
(734) 530-4655 View (734) 530-4655
Photo of Toby Beach - Toby Beach, LMSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Toby Beach, LMSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Birmingham, MI 48009
Issues: Anxiety; Parenting Issues; Career Counseling ;Coping Skills; Divorce; Family Conflict; Grief; Infidelity; Marital Issues; Peer Relationships; Relationship Issues.
My therapeutic approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help my clients effectively address personal life challenges. I help the client build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with your to achieve your goals.
Issues: Anxiety; Parenting Issues; Career Counseling ;Coping Skills; Divorce; Family Conflict; Grief; Infidelity; Marital Issues; Peer Relationships; Relationship Issues.
My therapeutic approach is to provide support and practical feedback to help my clients effectively address personal life challenges. I help the client build on their strengths and attain the personal growth they are committed to accomplishing. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with your to achieve your goals.
(248) 365-7217 View (248) 365-7217
Photo of Nelson S Beltran - Comfort Zone Counseling LLC, LLPC, Counselor
Comfort Zone Counseling LLC
Counselor, LLPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grosse Ile, MI 48138
As a dedicated therapist, I specialize in supporting individuals and couples through a variety of challenges, including sex therapy, divorce, racial identity, trauma, and career transitions. I understand the profound impact of loss and grief and am committed to providing unwavering support. My collaborative sessions focus on your unique concerns, helping you build resilience and fostering self-discovery. I offer couples a safe, empathetic space to navigate relationship difficulties, from communication and intimacy concerns to significant life changes. Whatever you’re facing, I’m here to guide you.
As a dedicated therapist, I specialize in supporting individuals and couples through a variety of challenges, including sex therapy, divorce, racial identity, trauma, and career transitions. I understand the profound impact of loss and grief and am committed to providing unwavering support. My collaborative sessions focus on your unique concerns, helping you build resilience and fostering self-discovery. I offer couples a safe, empathetic space to navigate relationship difficulties, from communication and intimacy concerns to significant life changes. Whatever you’re facing, I’m here to guide you.
(734) 849-3927 View (734) 849-3927
Photo of Andy D'Addario, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andy D'Addario
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
East Lansing, MI 48823  (Online Only)
Hi! If you identify with one of the following, then we may be a great fit...You don't know how to navigate this relationship you are in (or trying to get out of)...You are dating again & you are overthinking everything...You love your child, but you struggle with being patient with them & you want to be a calm parent who is ever-present...You have social anxiety...You are going through a sudden divorce or break-up & it is devastating you...You have deconstructed the spirituality you were raised with & now you don't know what to do...I love working with couples...We could still be a good fit even if you are none of these!
Hi! If you identify with one of the following, then we may be a great fit...You don't know how to navigate this relationship you are in (or trying to get out of)...You are dating again & you are overthinking everything...You love your child, but you struggle with being patient with them & you want to be a calm parent who is ever-present...You have social anxiety...You are going through a sudden divorce or break-up & it is devastating you...You have deconstructed the spirituality you were raised with & now you don't know what to do...I love working with couples...We could still be a good fit even if you are none of these!
(517) 684-3477 View (517) 684-3477
Photo of Tracey M Allan, PhD, Psychologist
Tracey M Allan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Midland, MI 48640
I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to help individuals with depression, anxiety, and relationship problems and those going through a divorce or struggling with custody issues. I also work with individuals on the autism spectrum.
I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to help individuals with depression, anxiety, and relationship problems and those going through a divorce or struggling with custody issues. I also work with individuals on the autism spectrum.
(989) 787-3353 View (989) 787-3353
Photo of Maryclare Baird, MA, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Maryclare Baird
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Troy, MI 48084
My clinical training in grief and loss allows me to work with issues such as death, loss of health, divorce, loss of job and other significant life transitions.
Providing a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic environment allows my clients to begin exploring the life challenges they are facing. Life can be hard and often very lonely. Sometimes it feels overwhelming. With compassion and respect, I listen carefully and without judgement. I use an interactive approach by involving my clients in problem solving and finding solutions that best fit their needs. It takes courage to reach out for help. Although change is difficult, I invite you to allow me to provide guidance, support and encouragement as you explore these changes in order to achieve a more satisfying and peaceful life.
My clinical training in grief and loss allows me to work with issues such as death, loss of health, divorce, loss of job and other significant life transitions.
Providing a safe, non-judgmental therapeutic environment allows my clients to begin exploring the life challenges they are facing. Life can be hard and often very lonely. Sometimes it feels overwhelming. With compassion and respect, I listen carefully and without judgement. I use an interactive approach by involving my clients in problem solving and finding solutions that best fit their needs. It takes courage to reach out for help. Although change is difficult, I invite you to allow me to provide guidance, support and encouragement as you explore these changes in order to achieve a more satisfying and peaceful life.
(248) 845-2994 View (248) 845-2994
Photo of Amy Metz, MA, JD, LLPC, NCC, Counselor
Amy Metz
Counselor, MA, JD, LLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lake Orion, MI 48362
My experience is in working with individuals and families in crisis, including high-conflict divorce and custody disputes.
Someone to listen. Someone with compassion. Someone who sees you as you are today, but can envision you as you are meant to be. If you are facing challenges and seeking support, let me be this person for you. For adults, teens, children and families - true healing arises when each individual is guided toward increased self-awareness and self-acceptance. Let me accompany you on your journey to find healing and release, to ask new questions and discover your own trusted answers. As your therapist, I will honor your life's journey in its entirety, and encourage you to do the same.
My experience is in working with individuals and families in crisis, including high-conflict divorce and custody disputes.
Someone to listen. Someone with compassion. Someone who sees you as you are today, but can envision you as you are meant to be. If you are facing challenges and seeking support, let me be this person for you. For adults, teens, children and families - true healing arises when each individual is guided toward increased self-awareness and self-acceptance. Let me accompany you on your journey to find healing and release, to ask new questions and discover your own trusted answers. As your therapist, I will honor your life's journey in its entirety, and encourage you to do the same.
(248) 602-2864 View (248) 602-2864
Photo of Timothy Freyder, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Timothy Freyder
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hello! I am Tim, a dedicated intern specializing in Marriage and Family Therapy. My journey in this field is fueled by a passion for understanding and nurturing human connections. I specialize in working with couples and individuals navigating the complexities of relationships, marital and premarital issues, divorce, life transitions, and aspects surrounding the spectrum of human sexuality.
Hello! I am Tim, a dedicated intern specializing in Marriage and Family Therapy. My journey in this field is fueled by a passion for understanding and nurturing human connections. I specialize in working with couples and individuals navigating the complexities of relationships, marital and premarital issues, divorce, life transitions, and aspects surrounding the spectrum of human sexuality.
(947) 217-7616 View (947) 217-7616
Photo of Angela Avery, MA, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Angela Avery
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clarkston, MI 48346
Narcissistic abuse recovery, post separation abuse, high conflict divorce, blended family issues, grief, anxiety and depression are where I work best.
Do you struggle with a difficult relationship? Can't seem to get unstuck? Or maybe you've experienced anxiety, depression and grief that impacts your self-esteem. My mission is to make my clients feel empowered to make changes, accept reality, and heal from heavy relationship issues. I use research-based techniques and my unique life experience to create a nurturing, yet solution-focused environment for growth. I am an opportunity finder, problem solver, heart healer and strength builder. This is a safe space, but we don’t hold back here. We get creative and messy, we talk about emotions, and we move forward.
Narcissistic abuse recovery, post separation abuse, high conflict divorce, blended family issues, grief, anxiety and depression are where I work best.
Do you struggle with a difficult relationship? Can't seem to get unstuck? Or maybe you've experienced anxiety, depression and grief that impacts your self-esteem. My mission is to make my clients feel empowered to make changes, accept reality, and heal from heavy relationship issues. I use research-based techniques and my unique life experience to create a nurturing, yet solution-focused environment for growth. I am an opportunity finder, problem solver, heart healer and strength builder. This is a safe space, but we don’t hold back here. We get creative and messy, we talk about emotions, and we move forward.
(248) 639-4853 View (248) 639-4853
Photo of Christine Lyon, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christine Lyon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beverly Hills, MI 48025
Waitlist for new clients
I also specialize in helping individuals and families in divorce transition: from making the decision to managing life changes that affect the whole family.
The pain you feel does not have to continue. You could be struggling with depression, anxiety, parenting issues, or relationship challenges. Or your child may be struggling and needs someone to help. The work we will do together will be some of the most important in your life, as I join you in getting to the bottom of what is holding you back from feeling better, and help you take steps toward regaining power and joy. You don't have to go it alone, and you don't have to keep hurting. I am ready to help.
I also specialize in helping individuals and families in divorce transition: from making the decision to managing life changes that affect the whole family.
The pain you feel does not have to continue. You could be struggling with depression, anxiety, parenting issues, or relationship challenges. Or your child may be struggling and needs someone to help. The work we will do together will be some of the most important in your life, as I join you in getting to the bottom of what is holding you back from feeling better, and help you take steps toward regaining power and joy. You don't have to go it alone, and you don't have to keep hurting. I am ready to help.
(248) 826-2967 View (248) 826-2967
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Divorce Therapists

How does therapy for people affected by a divorce work?

Individuals may feel a number of emotions following a divorce, such as shock, guilt, grief, anger, and fear. Therapists offer a non-judgmental space for individuals to talk about what they’ve experienced and process their emotions. Therapists will help clients develop coping strategies. They can also help a client rebuild their sense of self and self-worth and talk about what a happier future might look like.

What’s the most common type of therapy following a divorce?

There are several types of therapy that may be useful for divorce, including cognitive behavioral, acceptance and commitment, solution-focused brief, and mindfulness-based therapies. Many therapy types are talk-therapy based, which is typically the most popular option for individuals dealing with divorce. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a widely-used talk therapy, however, there’s no specific therapy type that’s designed to help people with divorce, and different types will work depending on the person.

When should an individual seek help due to a divorce?

When the feelings of a divorced individual, or an individual going through the process of divorce, begin to disrupt healthy daily functioning, it may be a good time to look into therapy. If a person finds that they are not performing at work due to problems with anxiety or motivation, if they’re no longer seeing friends due to feelings of shame, or if they’re not properly taking care of themselves as a result of depression, speaking to a professional could help.

How do you encourage someone to go to therapy due to a divorce?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the individual while framing therapy as a tool for improving their life. Sharing how the individual appears to be suffering, and what effects it has on them or on their children, should be done with compassion and empathy. It may be useful to devise a game plan—breaking the process down into parts, such as finding a therapist, making appointments, and looking into insurance coverage.