Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists in Saint Petersburg, FL
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is incredibly important to the process. If you do not bond with your therapist progress may be minimal or you may be reluctant to share. As a therapist, I try to be non-judgmental and caring while bringing humor and lightheartedness to the relationship when appropriate. My style of therapy tends to be holistic. I believe it is important to look at the all areas of a client’s life not just what is bringing the client into therapy. With regards to therapeutic approach, I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and EMDR.
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is incredibly important to the process. If you do not bond with your therapist progress may be minimal or you may be reluctant to share. As a therapist, I try to be non-judgmental and caring while bringing humor and lightheartedness to the relationship when appropriate. My style of therapy tends to be holistic. I believe it is important to look at the all areas of a client’s life not just what is bringing the client into therapy. With regards to therapeutic approach, I gravitate towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and EMDR.
Kayden Rodriguez
Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, RCSWI
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33713
Waitlist for new clients
Therapeutically, I hold training in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, Nonviolent Communication, Domestic Violence, and more. With roots in attachment theory, I utilize an eclectic approach to narrative therapy with a collaborative intention to meet and work with you where you are at.
Therapeutically, I hold training in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, Nonviolent Communication, Domestic Violence, and more. With roots in attachment theory, I utilize an eclectic approach to narrative therapy with a collaborative intention to meet and work with you where you are at.
Emily Camera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33710
My therapy style is holistic and eclectic, relying heavily on the principles of DBT and ACT in conjunction with Accelerated Resolution Therapy.
Sometimes, we suppress our true identities and silence our voices because of external pressures and expectations, which ultimately keeps us from creating lives worth living. You deserve a space where you can be exactly who you are and become exactly who you want to be, in a way that makes you feel seen and validated. My aspiration is to be the kind of therapist my generational peers and I would have needed as adolescents: one who is solution-focused, authentic, nonjudgmental, will call you on your BS (gently!), and genuinely cares about you and your progress. (I do not treat couples or families at this time).
My therapy style is holistic and eclectic, relying heavily on the principles of DBT and ACT in conjunction with Accelerated Resolution Therapy.
Sometimes, we suppress our true identities and silence our voices because of external pressures and expectations, which ultimately keeps us from creating lives worth living. You deserve a space where you can be exactly who you are and become exactly who you want to be, in a way that makes you feel seen and validated. My aspiration is to be the kind of therapist my generational peers and I would have needed as adolescents: one who is solution-focused, authentic, nonjudgmental, will call you on your BS (gently!), and genuinely cares about you and your progress. (I do not treat couples or families at this time).
Dr. Darleen Claire Wodzenski
Counselor, MS MA , PhD LPC, NCC ASC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33705
We routinely employ person-centered, neuro-counseling & brain-based strategies with hypnotherapy, DBT, CBT, lifestyle modification, relationship skills, mindfulness & somatic strategies, human developmental support.
I work with children of all ages from 1 to 99, and serve a diverse population including individuals with disabilities, BIPOC, LGBTQIA+, Polyamorous, spiritually orientation. Taking a person-centered holistic approach, I serve clients within a framework of evidence-based Positive Psychology that is supported by a firm foundation in psychotherapy, lifestyle, relationship, epigenetics, developmental, neuro-counseling and brain-based, and mindfulness wisdom & strategies. The types of issues I commonly treat include Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Autism, Neuroatypicality, Dissociation, DID, OCD, ODD, Borderline Personality Disorder, PTSD.
We routinely employ person-centered, neuro-counseling & brain-based strategies with hypnotherapy, DBT, CBT, lifestyle modification, relationship skills, mindfulness & somatic strategies, human developmental support.
I work with children of all ages from 1 to 99, and serve a diverse population including individuals with disabilities, BIPOC, LGBTQIA+, Polyamorous, spiritually orientation. Taking a person-centered holistic approach, I serve clients within a framework of evidence-based Positive Psychology that is supported by a firm foundation in psychotherapy, lifestyle, relationship, epigenetics, developmental, neuro-counseling and brain-based, and mindfulness wisdom & strategies. The types of issues I commonly treat include Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Autism, Neuroatypicality, Dissociation, DID, OCD, ODD, Borderline Personality Disorder, PTSD.
Michael Probert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702 (Online Only)
Now Accepting New Patients! I specialize in treating people who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or desiring something better out of life. I have over 15 years of experience treating people with depression, anxiety, and trauma as well as those struggling to have satisfying relationships with other people. I use a person-centered, psychodynamic approach during treatment. I have been trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness.
Now Accepting New Patients! I specialize in treating people who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or desiring something better out of life. I have over 15 years of experience treating people with depression, anxiety, and trauma as well as those struggling to have satisfying relationships with other people. I use a person-centered, psychodynamic approach during treatment. I have been trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness.
Megan Carey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702 (Online Only)
I utilize cognitive behavioral, solution focused, and dialectical behavioral modalities to help you develop a routine of self-nurturing and healing.
Stuck in a cycle of giving to others, leaving nothing for yourself? Are you a "people pleaser"? You may even know the "cause" of these patterns-but feel powerless to change them. If this feels familiar and you are ready to get to the bottom of what has gotten you here, you've come to the right place. You don't have to settle for less. Together, we will discover what's hurting, tackle any obstacles to your growth, and help you build a more connected, peaceful life.
I utilize cognitive behavioral, solution focused, and dialectical behavioral modalities to help you develop a routine of self-nurturing and healing.
Stuck in a cycle of giving to others, leaving nothing for yourself? Are you a "people pleaser"? You may even know the "cause" of these patterns-but feel powerless to change them. If this feels familiar and you are ready to get to the bottom of what has gotten you here, you've come to the right place. You don't have to settle for less. Together, we will discover what's hurting, tackle any obstacles to your growth, and help you build a more connected, peaceful life.
Mariel Billetdeoux
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33710
My therapeutic approach is tailored to each client, using techniques of Client-Centered, Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral therapies.
As a Mental Health Therapist, I have a laid back approach to therapy and will meet you wherever you’re at in life. I want you to see me as your equal and know that we all have our struggles. I’m not the expert on your life…you are. Whether it’s infertility, maternal mental health, ADHD, anxiety, or something else you’re struggling with, I’m here to empower and support you.
My therapeutic approach is tailored to each client, using techniques of Client-Centered, Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral therapies.
As a Mental Health Therapist, I have a laid back approach to therapy and will meet you wherever you’re at in life. I want you to see me as your equal and know that we all have our struggles. I’m not the expert on your life…you are. Whether it’s infertility, maternal mental health, ADHD, anxiety, or something else you’re struggling with, I’m here to empower and support you.
My treatment approach is foundationally psychodynamic while integrating other treatment modalities (CBT, DBT, ACT) based on each patient's unique needs.
I specialize in working with adults who are grappling with mental health concerns, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, identity and sexuality concerns, and eating disorders. I have experience working with patients who are pursuing highly demanding careers and academic paths as well as individuals navigating complex or traumatic family dynamics. Therapeutic work focuses on depth and exploration- mental health symptoms are not just problems to be solved, they are also signs to be understood, so you can create lasting change and gain freedom in how you engage with the world.
My treatment approach is foundationally psychodynamic while integrating other treatment modalities (CBT, DBT, ACT) based on each patient's unique needs.
I specialize in working with adults who are grappling with mental health concerns, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, identity and sexuality concerns, and eating disorders. I have experience working with patients who are pursuing highly demanding careers and academic paths as well as individuals navigating complex or traumatic family dynamics. Therapeutic work focuses on depth and exploration- mental health symptoms are not just problems to be solved, they are also signs to be understood, so you can create lasting change and gain freedom in how you engage with the world.
I utilize a compassion-based, person-centered approach, while using cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT, DBT, ACT) to teach skills for living a happier life and encourage forward movement and scalable, manageable change.
I’m passionate about helping individuals live their fullest life and uncovering any barriers that are hindering them from this pursuit. I believe in tailoring treatment to the individual and balancing the art of therapy with neuroscience. I specialize in therapy with individuals with a wide variety of mental health issues and diagnoses including anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, relationship issues, self-worth, and more. My goal is to help clients work toward the life they want, cope with uncertainty, handle difficult emotions, develop skills to manage day-to-day life effectively, and most importantly: find happiness.
I utilize a compassion-based, person-centered approach, while using cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT, DBT, ACT) to teach skills for living a happier life and encourage forward movement and scalable, manageable change.
I’m passionate about helping individuals live their fullest life and uncovering any barriers that are hindering them from this pursuit. I believe in tailoring treatment to the individual and balancing the art of therapy with neuroscience. I specialize in therapy with individuals with a wide variety of mental health issues and diagnoses including anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, relationship issues, self-worth, and more. My goal is to help clients work toward the life they want, cope with uncertainty, handle difficult emotions, develop skills to manage day-to-day life effectively, and most importantly: find happiness.
Ellen's diverse work experiences include counseling children, adolescents and adults of all ages. Ellen works from a strength-based perspective and blends multiple principles from differing schools of psychotherapy, including: art therapy, DBT, CBT, positive psychology, and mindfulness. She has worked extensively with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, concerns regarding chronic illness, issues related to self identity, life transitions, and coping with family matters.
Ellen's diverse work experiences include counseling children, adolescents and adults of all ages. Ellen works from a strength-based perspective and blends multiple principles from differing schools of psychotherapy, including: art therapy, DBT, CBT, positive psychology, and mindfulness. She has worked extensively with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, concerns regarding chronic illness, issues related to self identity, life transitions, and coping with family matters.
I utilize an eclectic and holistic approach to therapy, including EFT (emotion focused therapy), somatic and trauma informed care, motivational interviewing and DBT ( dialectical behavior therapy).
My passion lies in creating a safe space for you to share openly and deeply, and to create an environment where you can begin the process of healing and growth. My personal approach to counseling is catered towards the belief that when my client is seen and heard, meaningful and positive change can happen! As a licensed mental health counselor, we can work together in a collaborative effort to give you the tools, insight and empowerment to create something different and better in your life. My style has been described as soothing and compassionate, and I draw on this to create a place where you can feel safe to share.
I utilize an eclectic and holistic approach to therapy, including EFT (emotion focused therapy), somatic and trauma informed care, motivational interviewing and DBT ( dialectical behavior therapy).
My passion lies in creating a safe space for you to share openly and deeply, and to create an environment where you can begin the process of healing and growth. My personal approach to counseling is catered towards the belief that when my client is seen and heard, meaningful and positive change can happen! As a licensed mental health counselor, we can work together in a collaborative effort to give you the tools, insight and empowerment to create something different and better in your life. My style has been described as soothing and compassionate, and I draw on this to create a place where you can feel safe to share.
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Rebecca Colombo
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33710
As a postdoctoral fellow working toward licensure as a psychologist, I specialize in supporting children, teens, and families dealing with anxiety, OCD, depression, ADHD, and disruptive behavior. I utilize evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ERP, ACT, and DBT to provide personalized care that promotes resilience and growth. I am also a certified Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) therapist and conduct psychological assessments. My goal is to build strong therapeutic relationships in a safe, welcoming space.
As a postdoctoral fellow working toward licensure as a psychologist, I specialize in supporting children, teens, and families dealing with anxiety, OCD, depression, ADHD, and disruptive behavior. I utilize evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ERP, ACT, and DBT to provide personalized care that promotes resilience and growth. I am also a certified Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) therapist and conduct psychological assessments. My goal is to build strong therapeutic relationships in a safe, welcoming space.
Rainier McCall
Counselor, LMHC, EMDR C, QS, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702
Waitlist for new clients
Rainier is an empathetic, driven, passionate human who provides high-quality therapy from ACT, EMDR, DBT, ERP, Brainspotting, self-compassion, and IFS models.
Curious about thriving? Done with band-aids and ready for results? Hey, y'all, I'm Rainier and I look forward to welcoming you! I am an autistic, joyful, nonbinary therapist living with Ehlers Danlos/POTS. I specialize in complex & religious trauma, dissociation/DID, autism, sex addiction, couples, LGBT, children's issues, men's issues, ARFID, & personality disorders. I offer frequent appts., ADHD/autism assessment, intensives, and in-home. With self-compassion and acceptance of life's curveballs, we can help you live the life you deserve. Let's break the intergenerational trauma cycle and reunite with joy, freedom, and acceptance!
Rainier is an empathetic, driven, passionate human who provides high-quality therapy from ACT, EMDR, DBT, ERP, Brainspotting, self-compassion, and IFS models.
Curious about thriving? Done with band-aids and ready for results? Hey, y'all, I'm Rainier and I look forward to welcoming you! I am an autistic, joyful, nonbinary therapist living with Ehlers Danlos/POTS. I specialize in complex & religious trauma, dissociation/DID, autism, sex addiction, couples, LGBT, children's issues, men's issues, ARFID, & personality disorders. I offer frequent appts., ADHD/autism assessment, intensives, and in-home. With self-compassion and acceptance of life's curveballs, we can help you live the life you deserve. Let's break the intergenerational trauma cycle and reunite with joy, freedom, and acceptance!
As a postdoctoral fellow working towards licensure, I specialize in supporting children, teens, and adults facing challenges like OCD, anxiety, ADHD, depression, and disruptive behaviors. With a background in early childhood intervention and a doctorate from the University of Florida, I apply evidence-based techniques like CBT, ERP, ACT, and DBT, and I am certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). I also conduct psychological assessments, offering personalized care aimed at fostering resilience and well-being in clients.
As a postdoctoral fellow working towards licensure, I specialize in supporting children, teens, and adults facing challenges like OCD, anxiety, ADHD, depression, and disruptive behaviors. With a background in early childhood intervention and a doctorate from the University of Florida, I apply evidence-based techniques like CBT, ERP, ACT, and DBT, and I am certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). I also conduct psychological assessments, offering personalized care aimed at fostering resilience and well-being in clients.
Alyssa Wence
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33711 (Online Only)
I incorporate DBT techniques to help individuals work on mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.
I am passionate about creating a safe, supportive and empowering environment that promotes healing and helps you actively work on your goals. I believe therapy is individualized, so I use an eclectic approach incorporating a variety of therapeutic modalities to best meet your needs. My experience includes working with adults and children who struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment disorders, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, suicidal ideation, self-harm, and other mental health obstacles. I also have experience helping couples strengthen their connection and develop healthy communication.
I incorporate DBT techniques to help individuals work on mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.
I am passionate about creating a safe, supportive and empowering environment that promotes healing and helps you actively work on your goals. I believe therapy is individualized, so I use an eclectic approach incorporating a variety of therapeutic modalities to best meet your needs. My experience includes working with adults and children who struggle with depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment disorders, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, suicidal ideation, self-harm, and other mental health obstacles. I also have experience helping couples strengthen their connection and develop healthy communication.
Dominique Mickler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702
Some of my most commonly used treatment modalities are play therapy, CBT, DBT, and talk therapy.
Have you or your child been feeling overwhelmed lately? Have you been looking for a therapist who is open-minded, compassionate, and creates a safe space for you or your child to be vulnerable? Look no further! My mission is to create a safe space for children, adolescents, and young adults to help them cope with difficult situations and, overall, improve their mental health. I believe that the fate of society lies in the hands of our young people. So, if we want to see a brighter future, we first must nurture those who hold it.
Some of my most commonly used treatment modalities are play therapy, CBT, DBT, and talk therapy.
Have you or your child been feeling overwhelmed lately? Have you been looking for a therapist who is open-minded, compassionate, and creates a safe space for you or your child to be vulnerable? Look no further! My mission is to create a safe space for children, adolescents, and young adults to help them cope with difficult situations and, overall, improve their mental health. I believe that the fate of society lies in the hands of our young people. So, if we want to see a brighter future, we first must nurture those who hold it.
Ali Bailey
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702 (Online Only)
With a compassionate and empathetic approach, I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy ( DBT) to help you navigate life's challenges.
Welcome to a transformative journey toward self-discovery and empowerment! As a compassionate and insightful helper, I am here to support you in overcoming barriers, developing resilience, and unlocking your true potential. Together, we will navigate the complexities of your challenges, whether it's anxiety, low self-esteem, or relationship issues. Through evidence-based practices tailored to your unique needs, I will guide you in cultivating self-awareness, enhancing coping skills, and fostering healthy relationships. Let's embark on this empowering path, enabling you to thrive and lead a more fulfilling life
With a compassionate and empathetic approach, I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy ( DBT) to help you navigate life's challenges.
Welcome to a transformative journey toward self-discovery and empowerment! As a compassionate and insightful helper, I am here to support you in overcoming barriers, developing resilience, and unlocking your true potential. Together, we will navigate the complexities of your challenges, whether it's anxiety, low self-esteem, or relationship issues. Through evidence-based practices tailored to your unique needs, I will guide you in cultivating self-awareness, enhancing coping skills, and fostering healthy relationships. Let's embark on this empowering path, enabling you to thrive and lead a more fulfilling life
I desire to help the people I work with achieve their goals by utilizing evidence-based treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy ( DBT).
I specialize in working with those who struggle with anxiety, depression, personality disorders, behavior problems, ADHD, and life transitions. I love working with children and adolescents alongside their families to help create environments that foster positive relationships and behaviors. I also have experience working with adults in various life stages who feel stuck and are ready to make changes in their lives.
I desire to help the people I work with achieve their goals by utilizing evidence-based treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy ( DBT).
I specialize in working with those who struggle with anxiety, depression, personality disorders, behavior problems, ADHD, and life transitions. I love working with children and adolescents alongside their families to help create environments that foster positive relationships and behaviors. I also have experience working with adults in various life stages who feel stuck and are ready to make changes in their lives.
Amanda Mole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702 (Online Only)
I use a mix of therapeutic models including Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and others.
Waitlist only at this time - I accept clients of all backgrounds, but I find that people who have religious trauma, such as spiritual abuse, sexism, homophobia, sexual abuse, etc., are quite comfortable with me and my style of therapy. I also am neurodiversity-affirming and welcome adults who are autistic or live with other brain types that fall under the neurodiversity umbrella. My specialized training includes gender affirming treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and internal family systems therapy. I help clients process and integrate trauma as well as build new skills.
I use a mix of therapeutic models including Narrative Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and others.
Waitlist only at this time - I accept clients of all backgrounds, but I find that people who have religious trauma, such as spiritual abuse, sexism, homophobia, sexual abuse, etc., are quite comfortable with me and my style of therapy. I also am neurodiversity-affirming and welcome adults who are autistic or live with other brain types that fall under the neurodiversity umbrella. My specialized training includes gender affirming treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and internal family systems therapy. I help clients process and integrate trauma as well as build new skills.
Meagen Fergen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33701 (Online Only)
Meagan incorporates elements from evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
Meagan is a licensed clinical social worker who is passionate about helping individuals overcome personal challenges to embody stronger confidence, self-worth, and quality of life. She has worked in case management for child welfare & intensive outpatient programs for adolescents with severe & persistent mental health issues. She has worked in programs that reunite parents with children following foster care placements. In this setting, she has practiced family and individual counseling with survivors of childhood trauma, sexual/physical abuse, domestic violence, self-harm, and substance abuse.
Meagan incorporates elements from evidence-based modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Exposure and Response Prevention, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
Meagan is a licensed clinical social worker who is passionate about helping individuals overcome personal challenges to embody stronger confidence, self-worth, and quality of life. She has worked in case management for child welfare & intensive outpatient programs for adolescents with severe & persistent mental health issues. She has worked in programs that reunite parents with children following foster care placements. In this setting, she has practiced family and individual counseling with survivors of childhood trauma, sexual/physical abuse, domestic violence, self-harm, and substance abuse.
See more therapy options for Saint Petersburg
Nearby Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists Searches for Saint Petersburg
- Apollo Beach
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- Oldsmar
- Palma Ceia
- Pinellas Park
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Dialectical Behavior (DBT) Therapists
Who is DBT for?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.
Why do people need DBT?
The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behavior and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.
What happens in DBT?
Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behavior, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.
How long does DBT last?
Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioral change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behavior; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.