Therapists in Durham, NC

Photo of Alan W. Harper, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alan W. Harper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
Sometimes life is hard and you need help coping. Sometimes you get angry and you're not sure why or how to control it. Sometimes bad things happen and you can't get over it the way your friends and family expect you to. Maybe you don't really know what's going on, but you recognize that something isn't right. I want to help you figure out what isn't working in your life and get you to where you want to be.
Sometimes life is hard and you need help coping. Sometimes you get angry and you're not sure why or how to control it. Sometimes bad things happen and you can't get over it the way your friends and family expect you to. Maybe you don't really know what's going on, but you recognize that something isn't right. I want to help you figure out what isn't working in your life and get you to where you want to be.
(919) 267-2262 View (919) 267-2262
Photo of Kate Mayfour, LCSW-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Mayfour
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
Hi, my name is Kate, and I'm glad you're here. I work with folks of all ages who are experiencing eating disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression, and family of origin issues. I am particularly passionate about working with queer and trans individuals, women, and older adults. I am deeply committed to maintaining an anti-racist, feminist, and neurodiversity-affirming lens, and incorporating a systems perspective to explore your experience in context of oppressive systems.
Hi, my name is Kate, and I'm glad you're here. I work with folks of all ages who are experiencing eating disorders, trauma, anxiety, depression, and family of origin issues. I am particularly passionate about working with queer and trans individuals, women, and older adults. I am deeply committed to maintaining an anti-racist, feminist, and neurodiversity-affirming lens, and incorporating a systems perspective to explore your experience in context of oppressive systems.
(919) 343-0081 View (919) 343-0081
Photo of Rebecca Morgan, LSCW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Morgan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
As a queer woman and North Carolina native, I understand the unique challenges and resiliency in recognizing and living your true identity. Rebecca Morgan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of experience providing direct therapeutic care.
As a queer woman and North Carolina native, I understand the unique challenges and resiliency in recognizing and living your true identity. Rebecca Morgan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 6 years of experience providing direct therapeutic care.
(984) 229-8080 View (984) 229-8080
Photo of Scotty Elliott, MALS, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Scotty Elliott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MALS, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
Not accepting new clients
If you're looking for a therapist, then you're looking for some relief and you know that something needs to change. But, what? My goal is to listen to your life and help you understand and navigate the changes necessary to realize that relief. You may feel stuck or overwhelmed and my role is to be with you in that uncomfortableness and to assist you in both seeing how things could be different and developing some tools to help you experience those changes.
If you're looking for a therapist, then you're looking for some relief and you know that something needs to change. But, what? My goal is to listen to your life and help you understand and navigate the changes necessary to realize that relief. You may feel stuck or overwhelmed and my role is to be with you in that uncomfortableness and to assist you in both seeing how things could be different and developing some tools to help you experience those changes.
(919) 891-8874 View (919) 891-8874
Photo of Elyse Tavary, MSW, LCSWA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elyse Tavary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705
I genuinely believe that no matter who we are or what background we come from, we all need a little extra support from time to time. I am here to do just that. I would love to co-create a space of empowerment, safety, and healing with you, your children and/or your family. My therapeutic approach is one of empathy, gentleness, free of shame or judgment, and based in finding joy in life. I work from a variety of modalities including arts-based, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, strengths-based, and person centered.
I genuinely believe that no matter who we are or what background we come from, we all need a little extra support from time to time. I am here to do just that. I would love to co-create a space of empowerment, safety, and healing with you, your children and/or your family. My therapeutic approach is one of empathy, gentleness, free of shame or judgment, and based in finding joy in life. I work from a variety of modalities including arts-based, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, strengths-based, and person centered.
(919) 729-6037 View (919) 729-6037
Photo of Melodie Winter, MEd, MA, LCMHCA
Melodie Winter
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MEd, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. I provide EMDR, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and mindfulness-based solutions grounded in a non-judgmental, compassionate approach to therapy. I work with folks experiencing anxiety and depression, burnout (the professional kind, and also the marital/relationship and parenting kind), grief and overwhelm, and issues specifically related to the female experience, including infertility, IVF, perinatal and postpartum concerns, and hormone-related mood changes. I also have a niche specialty in working with friends and family of alcoholics.
Accepting new clients. I provide EMDR, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and mindfulness-based solutions grounded in a non-judgmental, compassionate approach to therapy. I work with folks experiencing anxiety and depression, burnout (the professional kind, and also the marital/relationship and parenting kind), grief and overwhelm, and issues specifically related to the female experience, including infertility, IVF, perinatal and postpartum concerns, and hormone-related mood changes. I also have a niche specialty in working with friends and family of alcoholics.
(984) 314-5170 View (984) 314-5170
Photo of Michele Price, LCSW, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michele Price
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy is warm, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and collaborative. I believe a safe therapeutic relationship is essential in providing effective, transformative therapy. I honor the individuality of my clients and know the courage it takes to come to therapy, and I firmly believe that it’s in our deepest struggles that we have the most potential for learning and growth. I am guided by the belief that everyone holds the ability within themselves to heal, and that together through a trusting therapeutic relationship, I can assist clients in their journeys towards being more deeply connected to themselves and others.
My approach to therapy is warm, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and collaborative. I believe a safe therapeutic relationship is essential in providing effective, transformative therapy. I honor the individuality of my clients and know the courage it takes to come to therapy, and I firmly believe that it’s in our deepest struggles that we have the most potential for learning and growth. I am guided by the belief that everyone holds the ability within themselves to heal, and that together through a trusting therapeutic relationship, I can assist clients in their journeys towards being more deeply connected to themselves and others.
(984) 230-4645 View (984) 230-4645
Photo of Brittany Weber, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany Weber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
Waitlist for new clients
You are at your threshold and something has to give. Maybe you have been struggling for years, or maybe you have new stress that feels unmanageable. You've tried changing your diet, journaling, talking it out, and nothing seems to change. It may seem as though things will never be different in your life or your relationship. But, after years of experience working with others just like you, here is the truth: lasting change is possible. My clients come to me because they want a shift and are seeking support as they turn onto a new path. Together, we will explore your thoughts and feelings, using a relational and intentional approach.
You are at your threshold and something has to give. Maybe you have been struggling for years, or maybe you have new stress that feels unmanageable. You've tried changing your diet, journaling, talking it out, and nothing seems to change. It may seem as though things will never be different in your life or your relationship. But, after years of experience working with others just like you, here is the truth: lasting change is possible. My clients come to me because they want a shift and are seeking support as they turn onto a new path. Together, we will explore your thoughts and feelings, using a relational and intentional approach.
(504) 226-8048 View (504) 226-8048
Photo of Jharnell Cherry, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jharnell Cherry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
I aim to offer evidenced based trauma-informed therapeutic services to a diverse array of children and families who have been impacted by stressful and traumatic events in the home and in the community. I also love supporting children who may be demonstrating symptoms of depression or anxiety, need behavioral support for conduct disorders or ADHD, and children and adolescents who have struggled with disordered eating behaviors and need familial support to manage symptoms in the home. I help families learn strategies to reduce conflict, increase connection, and effectively support their children long after treatment ends.
I aim to offer evidenced based trauma-informed therapeutic services to a diverse array of children and families who have been impacted by stressful and traumatic events in the home and in the community. I also love supporting children who may be demonstrating symptoms of depression or anxiety, need behavioral support for conduct disorders or ADHD, and children and adolescents who have struggled with disordered eating behaviors and need familial support to manage symptoms in the home. I help families learn strategies to reduce conflict, increase connection, and effectively support their children long after treatment ends.
(919) 892-6782 View (919) 892-6782
Photo of Calvary Diggs, PhD, HSP-P, NCSP, Psychologist
Calvary Diggs
Psychologist, PhD, HSP-P, NCSP
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You've felt it before: things should be better. You should be better. For the youth and young adults that don’t feel seen or accepted for who you are—instead, people say you’re either too much or not enough—therapy can be a place to learn about yourself, what matters to you, and how to cope when it all doesn’t line up the way you (or others) hoped. As a school and licensed psychologist, I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults. I'm here to listen, teach, and collaborate with you.
You've felt it before: things should be better. You should be better. For the youth and young adults that don’t feel seen or accepted for who you are—instead, people say you’re either too much or not enough—therapy can be a place to learn about yourself, what matters to you, and how to cope when it all doesn’t line up the way you (or others) hoped. As a school and licensed psychologist, I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and young adults. I'm here to listen, teach, and collaborate with you.
(984) 213-4573 View (984) 213-4573
Photo of Hannah N Daulton, LCMHC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hannah N Daulton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
Accepting New Clients! Are you ready to make a change in your life, but feel pulled back into the same dysfunctional cycles every time? I support individuals who want to break free from unhealthy habits and relationships and live a confident, self-directed, and value-aligned life. I work specifically with PTSD, anxiety, relationships, and adults with ADHD. I provide support that allows you to build your awareness and practice concrete coping skills in order to gain resilience, confidence and power that extends your healing past the counseling session.
Accepting New Clients! Are you ready to make a change in your life, but feel pulled back into the same dysfunctional cycles every time? I support individuals who want to break free from unhealthy habits and relationships and live a confident, self-directed, and value-aligned life. I work specifically with PTSD, anxiety, relationships, and adults with ADHD. I provide support that allows you to build your awareness and practice concrete coping skills in order to gain resilience, confidence and power that extends your healing past the counseling session.
(919) 629-1656 View (919) 629-1656
Photo of Qin Hu, PhD, Psychologist
Qin Hu
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
I am a licensed psychologist dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges and achieve personal growth and well-being. With a warm and empathetic approach, I strive to create a safe and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. My areas of expertise include: Trauma, Anxiety and stress management, Mood improvement, Relationship and family issues, Self-esteem and self-confidence, Life transitions, as well as Personal growth and self-discovery. I aim to empower clients to develop effective coping strategies, gain insight, and make positive changes in their lives.
I am a licensed psychologist dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges and achieve personal growth and well-being. With a warm and empathetic approach, I strive to create a safe and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. My areas of expertise include: Trauma, Anxiety and stress management, Mood improvement, Relationship and family issues, Self-esteem and self-confidence, Life transitions, as well as Personal growth and self-discovery. I aim to empower clients to develop effective coping strategies, gain insight, and make positive changes in their lives.
(919) 739-3568 View (919) 739-3568
Photo of Mahkal Mathews, MS, LCMHCA, LCASA, Counselor
Mahkal Mathews
Counselor, MS, LCMHCA, LCASA
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27712
You are important and your life is important as well! Life happens to us all, so the question is what are you going to do about those moments? Having therapeutic support can make the difference in how you approach any circumstance. More significantly is the personal connection you have with another person who you can share your thoughts and emotional being with comfortably. Too often in mental health just like medically we can wait too late and suffer needlessly from issues. Confide in someone who will take their time to get to know you personally and assist you in finding the best part of you. EVENING hour availability only.
You are important and your life is important as well! Life happens to us all, so the question is what are you going to do about those moments? Having therapeutic support can make the difference in how you approach any circumstance. More significantly is the personal connection you have with another person who you can share your thoughts and emotional being with comfortably. Too often in mental health just like medically we can wait too late and suffer needlessly from issues. Confide in someone who will take their time to get to know you personally and assist you in finding the best part of you. EVENING hour availability only.
(984) 355-9720 View (984) 355-9720
Photo of Renee Amos, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renee Amos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27703  (Online Only)
As a compassionate and dedicated LCSW, I am committed to supporting individuals and families on their journey toward emotional well-being and personal growth. My goal is to walk along with you towards healing and becoming your authentic self.
As a compassionate and dedicated LCSW, I am committed to supporting individuals and families on their journey toward emotional well-being and personal growth. My goal is to walk along with you towards healing and becoming your authentic self.
(984) 265-8986 View (984) 265-8986
Photo of Ben Pruitt, LCSWA, MDiv
Ben Pruitt
LCSW Associate, LCSWA, MDiv
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
To future clients, I find that sharing about myself in the beginning of our relationship can help create a better sense of the lenses through which I approach the world and therapy. I believe my training is only one of the lenses that helps me understand and work with problems and clients. My personal experiences also inform what I see and what I do not see. It is possible that my personal identities may be helpful or a limitation in our work together – so I think it is helpful to learn your thoughts about this too. I think it is important to be able to discuss this throughout our journey together if relevant.
To future clients, I find that sharing about myself in the beginning of our relationship can help create a better sense of the lenses through which I approach the world and therapy. I believe my training is only one of the lenses that helps me understand and work with problems and clients. My personal experiences also inform what I see and what I do not see. It is possible that my personal identities may be helpful or a limitation in our work together – so I think it is helpful to learn your thoughts about this too. I think it is important to be able to discuss this throughout our journey together if relevant.
(919) 748-4610 View (919) 748-4610
Photo of Charles Mitchell, PhD, LCAS, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Charles Mitchell
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, LCAS
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27703  (Online Only)
Start. Restore. Heal. I would like to assist you with gaining control over your life through building positive coping strategies to help you address current psychosocial adaptations and poor coping skills. My focus will help you to reduce your mental health symptoms by developing healthy life choices, positive coping skills, and improved self image. I can assist you in building positive relationships and connections. I am currently providing Telehealth therapeutic services for individuals, couples and families, seeking therapeutic support.
Start. Restore. Heal. I would like to assist you with gaining control over your life through building positive coping strategies to help you address current psychosocial adaptations and poor coping skills. My focus will help you to reduce your mental health symptoms by developing healthy life choices, positive coping skills, and improved self image. I can assist you in building positive relationships and connections. I am currently providing Telehealth therapeutic services for individuals, couples and families, seeking therapeutic support.
(919) 551-6460 View (919) 551-6460
Photo of Tessa Permut, PhD, LPC, LCAS-A, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tessa Permut
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is relational and intensive. I see therapy as a chance to connect with another human in a protected way that allows for greater openness and honesty. In the safety of the therapeutic relationship, I challenge my clients so we get beneath the surface to gain insight, find greater meaning, grounding, and deeper connection. I specialize in work with men, those experiencing divorce, life transitions, and relationship issues, and struggling with substance use.
My approach is relational and intensive. I see therapy as a chance to connect with another human in a protected way that allows for greater openness and honesty. In the safety of the therapeutic relationship, I challenge my clients so we get beneath the surface to gain insight, find greater meaning, grounding, and deeper connection. I specialize in work with men, those experiencing divorce, life transitions, and relationship issues, and struggling with substance use.
(919) 299-2253 View (919) 299-2253
Photo of Melvin Gaddy, LCMHCA, Counselor
Melvin Gaddy
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27703  (Online Only)
Everyone thinks you have it all together but in reality, you’re exhausted. The fear of judgment forces you to suppress your feelings. So you keep a smile on your face to continue showing up for others even when you don’t want to, because you don’t want to let them down. You’ve found yourself feeling tired, isolated and frustrated because no one understands and shows up for you when you need it most, but you still manage to push through each day. The time for a change has been long overdue, but figuring out where to start is a challenge all in itself.
Everyone thinks you have it all together but in reality, you’re exhausted. The fear of judgment forces you to suppress your feelings. So you keep a smile on your face to continue showing up for others even when you don’t want to, because you don’t want to let them down. You’ve found yourself feeling tired, isolated and frustrated because no one understands and shows up for you when you need it most, but you still manage to push through each day. The time for a change has been long overdue, but figuring out where to start is a challenge all in itself.
(984) 400-5023 View (984) 400-5023
Photo of Kaci Krpec, MSW , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaci Krpec
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW , LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705
Not accepting new clients
Hello, I’m Kaci, a therapist dedicated to creating a safe and inclusive space where everyone is welcome. My practice is open to individuals of all backgrounds, identities, and experiences who are motivated to make a change in their lives. In my approach to therapy, I prioritize building a genuine connection with each client. I believe in the power of a compassionate, thoughtful, and non-judgmental environment where you can feel truly seen and heard. Together, we will explore your unique story, working collaboratively to address the challenges you face and celebrate your strengths.
Hello, I’m Kaci, a therapist dedicated to creating a safe and inclusive space where everyone is welcome. My practice is open to individuals of all backgrounds, identities, and experiences who are motivated to make a change in their lives. In my approach to therapy, I prioritize building a genuine connection with each client. I believe in the power of a compassionate, thoughtful, and non-judgmental environment where you can feel truly seen and heard. Together, we will explore your unique story, working collaboratively to address the challenges you face and celebrate your strengths.
(984) 459-7744 View (984) 459-7744
Photo of Dr. Asia Tonja Marie Amos, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Asia Tonja Marie Amos
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
Waitlist for new clients
Often our feelings of sadness, shut down, or overwhelm are signals that something important needs our attention. If you are often fearful of getting stuck in your emotions or worry you don’t know what to do with your emotions when they arise, then therapy can provide a supportive environment to gain more clarity and insight to your emotional patterns and unmet needs. People pleasing, perfectionism, and procrastination patterns can be healed through exploring the triggers we have in the present and the root of those triggers in our past. In therapy, I prioritize your sense of safety, connection, and autonomy.
Often our feelings of sadness, shut down, or overwhelm are signals that something important needs our attention. If you are often fearful of getting stuck in your emotions or worry you don’t know what to do with your emotions when they arise, then therapy can provide a supportive environment to gain more clarity and insight to your emotional patterns and unmet needs. People pleasing, perfectionism, and procrastination patterns can be healed through exploring the triggers we have in the present and the root of those triggers in our past. In therapy, I prioritize your sense of safety, connection, and autonomy.
(984) 409-9947 View (984) 409-9947
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Durham, NC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Durham, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Stress
68% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Aetna
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Durham, NC see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Durham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.