Depression Therapists in Denver, CO

Photo of Bonnie Goetz, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bonnie Goetz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
As a Depth Psychological oriented therapist with over 20 years of experience, I help people through life's difficulties. I see clients who are: feeling drained, depressed or anxious; struggling with feeling that something is “wrong” with them because of their current challenges; having difficulty navigating a relationship that they aren’t sure is good for them; struggling to “get over” something emotional they’ve gone through; having difficulty finding meaning or purpose in their life or wondering about the greater story they are living out and how the psyche is pushing them towards this.
As a Depth Psychological oriented therapist with over 20 years of experience, I help people through life's difficulties. I see clients who are: feeling drained, depressed or anxious; struggling with feeling that something is “wrong” with them because of their current challenges; having difficulty navigating a relationship that they aren’t sure is good for them; struggling to “get over” something emotional they’ve gone through; having difficulty finding meaning or purpose in their life or wondering about the greater story they are living out and how the psyche is pushing them towards this.
(720) 797-6908 View (720) 797-6908
Photo of Jiovanna Luz Hernandez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jiovanna Luz Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80218  (Online Only)
I am especially passionate about working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma to help them find ways to create new paths and walk successfully through them.
Hi there, my name is Jiovanna. Do you feel as though you want a more fulfilling life, picturing all the ways that may look, but questioning how to get there? Are you struggling in day-to-day life, or lacking the clarity needed to overcome your current or past struggles?
I am especially passionate about working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma to help them find ways to create new paths and walk successfully through them.
Hi there, my name is Jiovanna. Do you feel as though you want a more fulfilling life, picturing all the ways that may look, but questioning how to get there? Are you struggling in day-to-day life, or lacking the clarity needed to overcome your current or past struggles?
(720) 664-7192 View (720) 664-7192
Photo of Jenny Jacobsen, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenny Jacobsen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80206
I love to work with people who have experienced trauma or are experiencing issues with depression, attachment/relationships, anxiety, grief/loss and chronic pain.
There are times in life when we feel stuck. Sometimes it's due to patterns of thinking/behavior that aren’t working for us anymore & other times its from events in our past that are affecting our present. But what we now know with neuroscience is that we can actually reshape how our past experiences impact our current lives. In counseling we can help you better understand your story & make sense of what is keeping you stuck. Sometimes healing looks like examining patterns that aren't working and other times its through trauma processing. By honoring your story you can experience new levels of emotion, self-compassion and connection.
I love to work with people who have experienced trauma or are experiencing issues with depression, attachment/relationships, anxiety, grief/loss and chronic pain.
There are times in life when we feel stuck. Sometimes it's due to patterns of thinking/behavior that aren’t working for us anymore & other times its from events in our past that are affecting our present. But what we now know with neuroscience is that we can actually reshape how our past experiences impact our current lives. In counseling we can help you better understand your story & make sense of what is keeping you stuck. Sometimes healing looks like examining patterns that aren't working and other times its through trauma processing. By honoring your story you can experience new levels of emotion, self-compassion and connection.
(970) 528-5871 View (970) 528-5871
Photo of Jennifer Tougaw, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Tougaw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80211
I'm so glad you found my profile. My name is Jennifer, and I am a licensed clinical social worker in Colorado. I specialize in helping women navigate the complicated world in which we live. I can help with grief, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work/life balance, women's issues, life transitions and other struggles you might be facing. I am also a specially trained couples therapist and I love to help couples deepen their connection and learn better communication and conflict management skills.
I'm so glad you found my profile. My name is Jennifer, and I am a licensed clinical social worker in Colorado. I specialize in helping women navigate the complicated world in which we live. I can help with grief, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, work/life balance, women's issues, life transitions and other struggles you might be facing. I am also a specially trained couples therapist and I love to help couples deepen their connection and learn better communication and conflict management skills.
(720) 706-9486 View (720) 706-9486
Photo of Shannon Cahill, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shannon Cahill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80206
Shannon works with ages 18-64. Shannon's genuine and empathetic presence creates a warm and collaborative environment in which you'll feel comfortable, validated, empowered, and supported. She'll partner with you in your journey to find hope, positivity, and growth. Shannon's clients can expect to gain insight into their concerns, plus practical skills and knowledge that will help them understand and manage their mental health. They can learn to manage or overcome a variety of issues, such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, communication issues, sex and intimacy issues, and life transition issues.
Shannon works with ages 18-64. Shannon's genuine and empathetic presence creates a warm and collaborative environment in which you'll feel comfortable, validated, empowered, and supported. She'll partner with you in your journey to find hope, positivity, and growth. Shannon's clients can expect to gain insight into their concerns, plus practical skills and knowledge that will help them understand and manage their mental health. They can learn to manage or overcome a variety of issues, such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship issues, communication issues, sex and intimacy issues, and life transition issues.
(720) 740-6317 View (720) 740-6317
Photo of Jake Cohen, MSW, LSW
Jake Cohen
Clinical Social Work Candidate, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80246
I specialize in anxiety, depression, family, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, relationships, and trauma.
Nobody is perfect, and often there are parts of ourselves we’d like to work on. Sometimes we need an outside perspective to help us figure out just how to work on those parts! Collaborating with a therapist isn’t always easy, but I understand just how impactful it can be to work with someone to effectively navigate the things we’d like to change in our lives. I aim to create a comforting space where we can work together on your priorities. I work with teens and adults. It can be easy to get stuck and weighed down by our emotions, but by processing them together, I can help you feel unstuck and lighter.
I specialize in anxiety, depression, family, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, relationships, and trauma.
Nobody is perfect, and often there are parts of ourselves we’d like to work on. Sometimes we need an outside perspective to help us figure out just how to work on those parts! Collaborating with a therapist isn’t always easy, but I understand just how impactful it can be to work with someone to effectively navigate the things we’d like to change in our lives. I aim to create a comforting space where we can work together on your priorities. I work with teens and adults. It can be easy to get stuck and weighed down by our emotions, but by processing them together, I can help you feel unstuck and lighter.
(720) 330-9880 View (720) 330-9880
Photo of Lee LeGrice, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lee LeGrice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
Are you looking to deepen a healthy relationship, rejuvenate a worn-out one, or save one before it ends prematurely? How do you know if you need help? Contact me for a free phone consultation and we can discuss your concerns. We all want a safe, secure loving relationship but sometimes we need help. I can help you work through a difficult situation. Whether you are suffering from mild depression or more complex challenging problems we will work together as a team to identify and solve problems
Are you looking to deepen a healthy relationship, rejuvenate a worn-out one, or save one before it ends prematurely? How do you know if you need help? Contact me for a free phone consultation and we can discuss your concerns. We all want a safe, secure loving relationship but sometimes we need help. I can help you work through a difficult situation. Whether you are suffering from mild depression or more complex challenging problems we will work together as a team to identify and solve problems
(720) 899-3241 View (720) 899-3241
Photo of Dr. Michael Leiker, EdD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Michael Leiker
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
I specialize in caring for those who have been impacted by trauma, or other problems in living that cause depression, anxiety, or result in problems with substances and addiction.
I'm a Colorado native with 20 years of experience in counseling. Our mission is to let you identify changes and then set those goals as we support you every step of the way. Do you feel broken, wounded, desperate, empty, guilty, lost? Our clients appreciate that we all share common experiences, and sometimes we need some professional care. I believe you have strengths that we can use in counseling to build up your resilience. I'm easy-going and very compassionate and caring.
I specialize in caring for those who have been impacted by trauma, or other problems in living that cause depression, anxiety, or result in problems with substances and addiction.
I'm a Colorado native with 20 years of experience in counseling. Our mission is to let you identify changes and then set those goals as we support you every step of the way. Do you feel broken, wounded, desperate, empty, guilty, lost? Our clients appreciate that we all share common experiences, and sometimes we need some professional care. I believe you have strengths that we can use in counseling to build up your resilience. I'm easy-going and very compassionate and caring.
(720) 679-5170 View (720) 679-5170
Photo of Nichole D. Meshko, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nichole D. Meshko
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80204
I'm a seasoned therapist, having worked in the mental health the field for over 20 years. I provide quality therapeutic care to those in need. I believe that we all have an intrinsic desire to strive towards health, healing and harmony in our lives. I specialize in treating trauma, depression, anxiety and attachment issues with individuals and couples to help them optimize their life experience.
I'm a seasoned therapist, having worked in the mental health the field for over 20 years. I provide quality therapeutic care to those in need. I believe that we all have an intrinsic desire to strive towards health, healing and harmony in our lives. I specialize in treating trauma, depression, anxiety and attachment issues with individuals and couples to help them optimize their life experience.
(720) 358-5167 View (720) 358-5167
Photo of Trisha Swinton - Entrust Counseling , MEd, MA, LPC, LMFT, Counselor
Entrust Counseling
Counselor, MEd, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
I work as an eclectic therapist, using client centered therapy, family systems therapy and cognitive behavioral techniques. I provide a non-judjmental empathetic approach to counseling. When working with families; It is my belief that if one person in a system makes a change then the whole family system will change. In my work with individuals, I assist my clients in determining underlying fears that may be causing anxiety and depression; so that they can begin the healing process. I hope to empower each of my clients so that they can overcome the obstacles and struggles in their lives.
I work as an eclectic therapist, using client centered therapy, family systems therapy and cognitive behavioral techniques. I provide a non-judjmental empathetic approach to counseling. When working with families; It is my belief that if one person in a system makes a change then the whole family system will change. In my work with individuals, I assist my clients in determining underlying fears that may be causing anxiety and depression; so that they can begin the healing process. I hope to empower each of my clients so that they can overcome the obstacles and struggles in their lives.
(720) 358-0896 View (720) 358-0896
Photo of Emmy Crouter, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emmy Crouter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80204
Depression, anxiety, relationship problems, major life transitions – these are all opportunities to gain insight, clarity, and healing within the process of psychotherapy.
Hi there! It is normal to feel overwhelmed once you’ve decided to enlist the help of a therapist. I specialize in helping individuals who face anxiety, depression, the challenge of transition, and pain from the past. Once we look at what's going on and how the past shapes the present, we have more agency in how the future unfolds. If you feel sad, worried, and insecure, let's talk.
Depression, anxiety, relationship problems, major life transitions – these are all opportunities to gain insight, clarity, and healing within the process of psychotherapy.
Hi there! It is normal to feel overwhelmed once you’ve decided to enlist the help of a therapist. I specialize in helping individuals who face anxiety, depression, the challenge of transition, and pain from the past. Once we look at what's going on and how the past shapes the present, we have more agency in how the future unfolds. If you feel sad, worried, and insecure, let's talk.
(720) 500-6143 View (720) 500-6143
Photo of Matthew McCall, PsyD, Psychologist
Matthew McCall
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80210
I focus on the underlying roots of your difficulties, helping you understand why you are stricken with anxiety or depression at specific times, and how you can learn to relate to and process your feelings.
I love to work with folks who are struggling to make their way in life, who hope that life can be better, but aren't quite sure how. I understand how desperate life can feel, and also how real healing can transform the way you feel in your own skin. There are times when we know something's wrong, and can't figure it out on our own. Maybe you feel "crazy" in relationships, experience debilitating depression, anxiety, or panic, or are relying on unhealthy habits to cope with your day to day life. Maybe all of the above. If this describes you, take heart, because real healing is possible, and I would like to help.
I focus on the underlying roots of your difficulties, helping you understand why you are stricken with anxiety or depression at specific times, and how you can learn to relate to and process your feelings.
I love to work with folks who are struggling to make their way in life, who hope that life can be better, but aren't quite sure how. I understand how desperate life can feel, and also how real healing can transform the way you feel in your own skin. There are times when we know something's wrong, and can't figure it out on our own. Maybe you feel "crazy" in relationships, experience debilitating depression, anxiety, or panic, or are relying on unhealthy habits to cope with your day to day life. Maybe all of the above. If this describes you, take heart, because real healing is possible, and I would like to help.
(937) 998-4190 View (937) 998-4190
Photo of Trayci Prince, DBH, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Trayci Prince
Licensed Professional Counselor, DBH, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
I understand how overwhelming life can feel at times. And how difficult it can be to find the time to take care of yourself. Especially if experiencing depression, anxiety or grief related to stressful life transitions. I believe you are ultimately the expert of your own life, but there are times when each of us could benefit from help. As your therapist, I will partner with you in an active, yet non-judgmental manner, to help you achieve your identified goals. My approach is eclectic, holistic and tapered to meet your unique needs.
I understand how overwhelming life can feel at times. And how difficult it can be to find the time to take care of yourself. Especially if experiencing depression, anxiety or grief related to stressful life transitions. I believe you are ultimately the expert of your own life, but there are times when each of us could benefit from help. As your therapist, I will partner with you in an active, yet non-judgmental manner, to help you achieve your identified goals. My approach is eclectic, holistic and tapered to meet your unique needs.
(602) 714-2568 View (602) 714-2568
Photo of Jillian Corpora, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Jillian Corpora
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
Are you ready to dig deep so that you can make movement towards healing? Are you processing through unimaginable grief? I can help. I know that there are times in life where we feel lost, stuck, and overwhelmed by the complexity of emotions that encompass the human experience. Therapy can help you look at these feelings and learn to work with them, instead of resisting or avoiding them and arrive at a place of healing and deeper authenticity. If you are struggling with depression and anxiety or if you feel "off" and are ready to be yourself again, I'd love to connect with you to see how we get there together.
Are you ready to dig deep so that you can make movement towards healing? Are you processing through unimaginable grief? I can help. I know that there are times in life where we feel lost, stuck, and overwhelmed by the complexity of emotions that encompass the human experience. Therapy can help you look at these feelings and learn to work with them, instead of resisting or avoiding them and arrive at a place of healing and deeper authenticity. If you are struggling with depression and anxiety or if you feel "off" and are ready to be yourself again, I'd love to connect with you to see how we get there together.
(720) 307-3193 View (720) 307-3193
Photo of Jonathan Shaffer, PhD, Psychologist
Jonathan Shaffer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked extensively with those struggling with depression, anxiety, OCD, personality disorders, relationship distress, and occupational/educational distress.
I provide psychotherapy for individuals with various difficulties in living, using techniques that are supported by evidence. Psychotherapy can help build your coping skills for now and for your future. In addition to working with diverse individuals from across the lifespan, my work focuses on those with chronic medical conditions. I work best with individuals who are looking to develop or refine coping skills and relaxation techniques as well as those who are looking to develop insight into their difficulties.
I have worked extensively with those struggling with depression, anxiety, OCD, personality disorders, relationship distress, and occupational/educational distress.
I provide psychotherapy for individuals with various difficulties in living, using techniques that are supported by evidence. Psychotherapy can help build your coping skills for now and for your future. In addition to working with diverse individuals from across the lifespan, my work focuses on those with chronic medical conditions. I work best with individuals who are looking to develop or refine coping skills and relaxation techniques as well as those who are looking to develop insight into their difficulties.
(720) 709-2501 View (720) 709-2501
Photo of Margaret (Peg) McCormick - Peg McCormick, Mindfulness-based Psychotherapy, RN, BSN, LPC, MBA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Peg McCormick, Mindfulness-based Psychotherapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, RN, BSN, LPC, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
I work with men and women facing both the 'big' and the seemingly common issues of life. 'Big' life changes like a cancer diagnosis or a partner experiencing dementia; 'Life' issues like relationships, grief/loss, anxiety, anger, depression, persistent feelings of sadness, job difficulties, retirement challenges and more. Those who work with me soon come to appreciate the value of being heard; of being seen and accepted-despite the sharp edges that may appear as we try to protect ourselves from the pain the world sometimes presents us.
I work with men and women facing both the 'big' and the seemingly common issues of life. 'Big' life changes like a cancer diagnosis or a partner experiencing dementia; 'Life' issues like relationships, grief/loss, anxiety, anger, depression, persistent feelings of sadness, job difficulties, retirement challenges and more. Those who work with me soon come to appreciate the value of being heard; of being seen and accepted-despite the sharp edges that may appear as we try to protect ourselves from the pain the world sometimes presents us.
(507) 873-4041 View (507) 873-4041
Ryan Hicks
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
I provide Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) for individuals who have not found regular talk therapy helpful, or who are in need of a less traditional form of treatment. KAP has been shown to be a promising new approach in working with Treatment Resistant Depression as well as PTSD. KAP is not magic, but the combination of the medication with talk therapy allows for therapy to be more helpful than it might have been otherwise and make the changes you would like to make feel possible again.
I provide Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) for individuals who have not found regular talk therapy helpful, or who are in need of a less traditional form of treatment. KAP has been shown to be a promising new approach in working with Treatment Resistant Depression as well as PTSD. KAP is not magic, but the combination of the medication with talk therapy allows for therapy to be more helpful than it might have been otherwise and make the changes you would like to make feel possible again.
(720) 790-4037 View (720) 790-4037
Photo of Susan Heitler, PhD, Psychologist
Susan Heitler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
Living in Israel? That's where my private practice now is located. Looking to enjoy a more gratifying couple relationship? Struggling with depression, anxiety, or anger? If you live within driving distance to Raanana, I would love to help you out. If you are living elsewhere, please feel welcome to check out my books: The Power of Two (a book and workbook on the skills for marriage success) and Prescriptions Without PIlls (for overcoming anxiety, depression, and anger). Meanwhile, wishing you all the best.
Living in Israel? That's where my private practice now is located. Looking to enjoy a more gratifying couple relationship? Struggling with depression, anxiety, or anger? If you live within driving distance to Raanana, I would love to help you out. If you are living elsewhere, please feel welcome to check out my books: The Power of Two (a book and workbook on the skills for marriage success) and Prescriptions Without PIlls (for overcoming anxiety, depression, and anger). Meanwhile, wishing you all the best.
(303) 900-5618 View (303) 900-5618
Photo of Joanna Lucille Ford, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joanna Lucille Ford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80218
Depression can drag on and on, like a cold.
Do you manage many things well, but find it hard to focus on yourself? Do you connect and problem solve for others well, but fall short when connecting to yourself? We can work together to find tools to manage depression or anxiety associated with feeling overwhelmed. I use EMDR when working with clients. Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing can help clients address depression, anxiety and traumatic experiences. You deserve peace in your life! The building I work in has free parking in a lot and street parking. Call me at 303-963-9249.
Depression can drag on and on, like a cold.
Do you manage many things well, but find it hard to focus on yourself? Do you connect and problem solve for others well, but fall short when connecting to yourself? We can work together to find tools to manage depression or anxiety associated with feeling overwhelmed. I use EMDR when working with clients. Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing can help clients address depression, anxiety and traumatic experiences. You deserve peace in your life! The building I work in has free parking in a lot and street parking. Call me at 303-963-9249.
(303) 963-9249 View (303) 963-9249
Photo of Rae Sandler Simon, PsyD, BBA, Psychologist
Rae Sandler Simon
Psychologist, PsyD, BBA
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80218
Have you tried everything but sadness, loneliness or your relationship stays the same? You don’t have to suffer any longer. I understand the courage it takes to ask for help. Together, we'll transform pain and isolation into meaningful insight, self-love, connection and powerful, emotional strength. I’m a couples’ therapy expert and adult wellness specialist. I help heal relationships with parenting difficulties, affairs, religious or financial differences, intimacy issues and family conflict. I also specialize in helping adults navigating life transitions, and experiencing anxiety or depression.
Have you tried everything but sadness, loneliness or your relationship stays the same? You don’t have to suffer any longer. I understand the courage it takes to ask for help. Together, we'll transform pain and isolation into meaningful insight, self-love, connection and powerful, emotional strength. I’m a couples’ therapy expert and adult wellness specialist. I help heal relationships with parenting difficulties, affairs, religious or financial differences, intimacy issues and family conflict. I also specialize in helping adults navigating life transitions, and experiencing anxiety or depression.
(720) 821-1849 View (720) 821-1849
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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.