LGBTQ+ Therapists in Burleith, Washington, DC

Photo of Larissa Godfrey-Smith, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Larissa Godfrey-Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
Located in Union Market, Washington, DC, I specialize in gender and queer topics. The clients I enjoy working with the most are teens, adults, couples, and families with identities that are often seen as outside of the “typical”: transgender and gender-expansive, queer, blended families, and formerly religious. They are seeking a safe space to process challenges, practice acceptance, gain strength, and secure support, without having to explain their identity, family dynamic, or risk be criticized because of it.
Located in Union Market, Washington, DC, I specialize in gender and queer topics. The clients I enjoy working with the most are teens, adults, couples, and families with identities that are often seen as outside of the “typical”: transgender and gender-expansive, queer, blended families, and formerly religious. They are seeking a safe space to process challenges, practice acceptance, gain strength, and secure support, without having to explain their identity, family dynamic, or risk be criticized because of it.
(202) 301-4605 View (202) 301-4605
Photo of Johari Eligan, MEd, LPC, LCPC
Johari Eligan
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
You might feel like you're stuck in a rut. You may be wondering how to improve your relationships. Or you just might be looking for some way to feel better. Pro Talk Therapy & Consulting fully embraces diversity and serves individuals and families who are experiencing a variety of life challenges. If you've been thinking about taking the first step, then I'm glad you found us. At Pro Talk Therapy, we are here to take the journey with you.
You might feel like you're stuck in a rut. You may be wondering how to improve your relationships. Or you just might be looking for some way to feel better. Pro Talk Therapy & Consulting fully embraces diversity and serves individuals and families who are experiencing a variety of life challenges. If you've been thinking about taking the first step, then I'm glad you found us. At Pro Talk Therapy, we are here to take the journey with you.
(301) 453-4164 View (301) 453-4164
Photo of Alissa DiFranco, MFT, CFRC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alissa DiFranco
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, CFRC
Verified Verified
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007  (Online Only)
My style of working is thoughtful and direct. I am committed to helping people discover and enhance their emotional capacity in order to create more satisfying lives. Through the transformative experience of being deeply understood by another in an authentic, safe and honest relationship, people can transform destructive patterns into more satisfying expressions of self.
My style of working is thoughtful and direct. I am committed to helping people discover and enhance their emotional capacity in order to create more satisfying lives. Through the transformative experience of being deeply understood by another in an authentic, safe and honest relationship, people can transform destructive patterns into more satisfying expressions of self.
(415) 237-4360 View (415) 237-4360
Photo of Samuel Chapman, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Samuel Chapman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007  (Online Only)
Suppose you are feeling overwhelming anxiety, experiencing depression, having difficulty handling your emotions, relationship issues, or having traumatic experiences and having trouble healthily coping with these experiences. In that case, I have extensive experience treating clients with all these issues and more. In a safe, confidential, and professional environment, I can help you explore the in-depth reasons you are experiencing these hardships and difficulties.
Suppose you are feeling overwhelming anxiety, experiencing depression, having difficulty handling your emotions, relationship issues, or having traumatic experiences and having trouble healthily coping with these experiences. In that case, I have extensive experience treating clients with all these issues and more. In a safe, confidential, and professional environment, I can help you explore the in-depth reasons you are experiencing these hardships and difficulties.
(202) 350-1864 View (202) 350-1864
Photo of Rachel Larrain Montoni, PhD, Psychologist
Rachel Larrain Montoni
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
Being human is hard. You're frustrated or unfulfilled in your relationships, having trouble coping with negative thoughts and feelings, or feeling disconnected from yourself or your goals. While outwardly you may look like you have it all together, internally, you feel isolated, stuck, or insecure. You're often second-guessing, blaming, or criticizing yourself. Being a perfectionist is exhausting and you feel like nothing you do is ever good enough. You struggle with saying no or worry about disappointing others. You can't get out of your own head and you feel weighed down by guilt or shame. You feel alone.
Being human is hard. You're frustrated or unfulfilled in your relationships, having trouble coping with negative thoughts and feelings, or feeling disconnected from yourself or your goals. While outwardly you may look like you have it all together, internally, you feel isolated, stuck, or insecure. You're often second-guessing, blaming, or criticizing yourself. Being a perfectionist is exhausting and you feel like nothing you do is ever good enough. You struggle with saying no or worry about disappointing others. You can't get out of your own head and you feel weighed down by guilt or shame. You feel alone.
(718) 841-0502 View (718) 841-0502
Photo of Terry C Chang, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Terry C Chang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
Hello! You're here because you have run out of good options to deal with the pain and stress. Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, and little motivation, you want to get unstuck! Perhaps it seems like everyone else is in another gear - welcome to DC! Together we will help you deepen awareness of your relationships, career, past, and/or your current crisis. I will work empathically with you so we can both learn how things became difficult and begin to craft a path forward. In session, I emphasize emotion, subjective experience, and authenticity. Please visit my website for more information.
Hello! You're here because you have run out of good options to deal with the pain and stress. Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, and little motivation, you want to get unstuck! Perhaps it seems like everyone else is in another gear - welcome to DC! Together we will help you deepen awareness of your relationships, career, past, and/or your current crisis. I will work empathically with you so we can both learn how things became difficult and begin to craft a path forward. In session, I emphasize emotion, subjective experience, and authenticity. Please visit my website for more information.
(202) 350-3780 View (202) 350-3780
Photo of Paul J. Schmidt, PsyD, Psychologist
Paul J. Schmidt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing near Dupont Circle in Washington, DC with training from the George Washington University and the Washington Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis. I have been successful in helping adolescents and adults coping with issues such as stress/anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges alleviate their discomfort. I put a high premium on creating a non-judgmental, safe environment where we can collaboratively explore life patterns that cause pain and sadness as I work to empower patients to establish more positive coping strategies that will lead to lasting relief.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist practicing near Dupont Circle in Washington, DC with training from the George Washington University and the Washington Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis. I have been successful in helping adolescents and adults coping with issues such as stress/anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges alleviate their discomfort. I put a high premium on creating a non-judgmental, safe environment where we can collaboratively explore life patterns that cause pain and sadness as I work to empower patients to establish more positive coping strategies that will lead to lasting relief.
(202) 883-6093 View (202) 883-6093
Photo of Jennifer Bakalar, PhD, Psychologist
Jennifer Bakalar
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
21 Endorsed
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
Our connections with ourselves, others, and our communities can bring tremendous joy, meaning, and fulfillment. In contrast, experiences of disconnection and loss can elicit profound anguish. A crucial step toward relief and enduring growth in psychotherapy starts with an affirming connection with your therapist. Beyond the reasons that bring you in, I am committed to listening to your life story and learning about you as a whole, imperfect person who deserves unconditional care and respect. From there, we can identify opportunities to relate to yourself and others in new ways.
Our connections with ourselves, others, and our communities can bring tremendous joy, meaning, and fulfillment. In contrast, experiences of disconnection and loss can elicit profound anguish. A crucial step toward relief and enduring growth in psychotherapy starts with an affirming connection with your therapist. Beyond the reasons that bring you in, I am committed to listening to your life story and learning about you as a whole, imperfect person who deserves unconditional care and respect. From there, we can identify opportunities to relate to yourself and others in new ways.
(202) 849-9198 View (202) 849-9198
Photo of Earta Norwood, PhD, Psychologist
Earta Norwood
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
I specialize in using videotherapy to help you reclaim your peace, your motivation, and your confidence. Feeling stressed, stuck, or overwhelmed drains your joy and throws your life off balance. Therapy can help! My style is warm, non-judgmental, and flexible. Having lived in three countries on two continents, I have experienced a wide range of cultural backgrounds and I use that experience in therapy. My approach is informed by my research and my constant study of the latest developments and findings on diagnosing and treating behavioral, cognitive, and emotional distress.
I specialize in using videotherapy to help you reclaim your peace, your motivation, and your confidence. Feeling stressed, stuck, or overwhelmed drains your joy and throws your life off balance. Therapy can help! My style is warm, non-judgmental, and flexible. Having lived in three countries on two continents, I have experienced a wide range of cultural backgrounds and I use that experience in therapy. My approach is informed by my research and my constant study of the latest developments and findings on diagnosing and treating behavioral, cognitive, and emotional distress.
(202) 851-8910 View (202) 851-8910
Photo of John Rosas, LICSW, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
John Rosas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Burleith, Washington, DC 20007
Are you ready to heal, overcome mental health barriers, and make meaningful changes in your life? If you are feeling lost in life, unsatisfied, stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, low motivation, burnout, or unhappy and want to find a safe, inviting, and welcoming space for you to start dedicating time to your own healing, and personal growth, then stop waiting and say hello!
Are you ready to heal, overcome mental health barriers, and make meaningful changes in your life? If you are feeling lost in life, unsatisfied, stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, low motivation, burnout, or unhappy and want to find a safe, inviting, and welcoming space for you to start dedicating time to your own healing, and personal growth, then stop waiting and say hello!
(202) 335-0649 View (202) 335-0649

Online Therapists

Photo of John Drollinger, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
John Drollinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011  (Online Only)
I am committed to providing queer- and LGBTQIA+ affirming care, and I believe in the collaborative exploration of all intersections of identity that feel important to you.
Time and again, the same struggles can show up in relationships or at work. I know how hard it is to break the cycle. Other times, events and life changes challenge our ability to cope and accomplish what we need. Healing and self-discovery are possible in a safe and supportive therapy relationship. My goal is to help you create a rich and meaningful life and better navigate life's challenges. I work with folks facing a range of issues, with a specialty in trauma, burnout, relationship issues and eco-anxiety/climate grief. If you experience stress from caring for/about others and our environment, I am ready to support you.
I am committed to providing queer- and LGBTQIA+ affirming care, and I believe in the collaborative exploration of all intersections of identity that feel important to you.
Time and again, the same struggles can show up in relationships or at work. I know how hard it is to break the cycle. Other times, events and life changes challenge our ability to cope and accomplish what we need. Healing and self-discovery are possible in a safe and supportive therapy relationship. My goal is to help you create a rich and meaningful life and better navigate life's challenges. I work with folks facing a range of issues, with a specialty in trauma, burnout, relationship issues and eco-anxiety/climate grief. If you experience stress from caring for/about others and our environment, I am ready to support you.
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Photo of Daniel J. Choppa, LGPC, Counselor
Daniel J. Choppa
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
I offer transformative therapy for LGBTQIA+ individuals & trauma survivors.
My ideal client is someone who seeks a safe and supportive space to explore their identity and experiences. They may be navigating the challenges of being LGBTQIA+ or coping with trauma. Their needs include understanding, validation, and practical strategies for managing emotions and relationships. Their goals revolve around healing, self-acceptance, and finding fulfillment. They want to live authentically and thrive in a world that sometimes feels unwelcoming. They seek therapy because they believe in the power of self-discovery and growth, and they're ready to invest in their well-being.
I offer transformative therapy for LGBTQIA+ individuals & trauma survivors.
My ideal client is someone who seeks a safe and supportive space to explore their identity and experiences. They may be navigating the challenges of being LGBTQIA+ or coping with trauma. Their needs include understanding, validation, and practical strategies for managing emotions and relationships. Their goals revolve around healing, self-acceptance, and finding fulfillment. They want to live authentically and thrive in a world that sometimes feels unwelcoming. They seek therapy because they believe in the power of self-discovery and growth, and they're ready to invest in their well-being.
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Photo of Joseph W. LaFleur - Joseph LaFleur & Associates, MSW, LICSW, CPATP, CDWF, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joseph LaFleur & Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CPATP, CDWF, SEP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
I work with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or those feeling lonely or bored with life. I have been practicing 20 plus years and will develop a treatment regime for you. The work is meaningful, rewarding, insightful, and life-changing. Good mental health is primary since it affects everything, so let's work together on fixing things. Some of my specialties include men's issues, LGBTQ, shame, and trauma. My goal is to ensure you have a safe, comfortable environment to share and explore your thoughts and life experiences. You have the skills. I bring them to your consciousness, through courage or psychedelics
I work with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or those feeling lonely or bored with life. I have been practicing 20 plus years and will develop a treatment regime for you. The work is meaningful, rewarding, insightful, and life-changing. Good mental health is primary since it affects everything, so let's work together on fixing things. Some of my specialties include men's issues, LGBTQ, shame, and trauma. My goal is to ensure you have a safe, comfortable environment to share and explore your thoughts and life experiences. You have the skills. I bring them to your consciousness, through courage or psychedelics
(202) 559-4759 View (202) 559-4759
Photo of Joseph Kosowsky, PsyD, Psychologist
Joseph Kosowsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in affirming work with the LGBTQIA+ community.
Do you feel like life has become more challenging? Have you begun to feel less fulfilled or feel like something is wrong? People seek therapy at various stages of their life to address their challenges. Sometimes you might know why, and other times it can be confusing or difficult to pinpoint. Therapy not only can help you understand your sources of stress but also to improve symptoms that prevent you from feeling your best. Together, we will work to support you, face challenges within yourself, work towards your goals, and, most importantly, improve your own sense of a life that is meaningful and fulfilled.
I specialize in affirming work with the LGBTQIA+ community.
Do you feel like life has become more challenging? Have you begun to feel less fulfilled or feel like something is wrong? People seek therapy at various stages of their life to address their challenges. Sometimes you might know why, and other times it can be confusing or difficult to pinpoint. Therapy not only can help you understand your sources of stress but also to improve symptoms that prevent you from feeling your best. Together, we will work to support you, face challenges within yourself, work towards your goals, and, most importantly, improve your own sense of a life that is meaningful and fulfilled.
(202) 831-4943 View (202) 831-4943
Photo of Collin Vernay, PhD, Psychologist
Collin Vernay
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
, LGBTQ+) and appreciate my attention to their unique experiences as an open-minded therapist.
I help individuals and couples in the DMV who struggle with challenges related to anxiety, depression, and their relationships to feel better. I pride myself on being a therapist who balances empathy with challenge. In our work together, I will meet you with compassion, warmth, and a deep investment in knowing you authentically, while also encouraging you to take risks and to assume responsibility for living more boldly. In a safe and nurturing way, we together will do the important work of facing fears, confronting the intricacies of who you are, and delicately opening you up to a more robust, fulfilling life.
, LGBTQ+) and appreciate my attention to their unique experiences as an open-minded therapist.
I help individuals and couples in the DMV who struggle with challenges related to anxiety, depression, and their relationships to feel better. I pride myself on being a therapist who balances empathy with challenge. In our work together, I will meet you with compassion, warmth, and a deep investment in knowing you authentically, while also encouraging you to take risks and to assume responsibility for living more boldly. In a safe and nurturing way, we together will do the important work of facing fears, confronting the intricacies of who you are, and delicately opening you up to a more robust, fulfilling life.
(202) 949-6947 View (202) 949-6947
Photo of Phil Goldberg, LMSW, LGSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Phil Goldberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
I am a cis gay male, and am passionate about providing tailored, informed care to those in the LGBTQ+ community.
As a therapist, I strive to help you live a life that is connected with joy, authenticity, and purpose. I value all of the identities, experience, and lessons that you bring to the table, and use these to deliver a personalized approach to counseling. I set out to create a warm, non-judgmental space for you to show up as your most authentic self, and utilize a blend of Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavioral approaches to help you achieve your goals in therapy. My goal is to foster a space for you to explore yourself, gain insight into your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and to create meaningful and lasting growth in your life.
I am a cis gay male, and am passionate about providing tailored, informed care to those in the LGBTQ+ community.
As a therapist, I strive to help you live a life that is connected with joy, authenticity, and purpose. I value all of the identities, experience, and lessons that you bring to the table, and use these to deliver a personalized approach to counseling. I set out to create a warm, non-judgmental space for you to show up as your most authentic self, and utilize a blend of Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavioral approaches to help you achieve your goals in therapy. My goal is to foster a space for you to explore yourself, gain insight into your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and to create meaningful and lasting growth in your life.
(410) 587-0204 View (410) 587-0204
Photo of David A. Heilman, PsyD, Psychologist
David A. Heilman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
26 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036
While I have enjoyed working effectively with a wide variety of individuals, I specialize in LGBTQIA+ affirmative therapy, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, and couples/relationship challenges.
One of the hardest parts of the therapeutic process is choosing the right therapist for you, and I hope to join you on your journey toward greater self-understanding, compassion, and insight. Many people come to therapy after experiencing emotional distress that has led them to feel overwhelmed and as though they have lost direction in, and control of, their life. In a safe and non-judgmental space, I work collaboratively with my clients to explore ways in which they can effectively regain a sense of empowerment, meaning, and control in their lives.
While I have enjoyed working effectively with a wide variety of individuals, I specialize in LGBTQIA+ affirmative therapy, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, and couples/relationship challenges.
One of the hardest parts of the therapeutic process is choosing the right therapist for you, and I hope to join you on your journey toward greater self-understanding, compassion, and insight. Many people come to therapy after experiencing emotional distress that has led them to feel overwhelmed and as though they have lost direction in, and control of, their life. In a safe and non-judgmental space, I work collaboratively with my clients to explore ways in which they can effectively regain a sense of empowerment, meaning, and control in their lives.
(202) 831-7813 View (202) 831-7813
Photo of Dustin Winkel, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dustin Winkel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011
Waitlist for new clients
I welcome anyone into my practice who is interested in making sustainable life changes, Here & NOW. I've been lucky to work with a diverse client population in a variety of clinical settings and specialities including private practice, children & families, adolescents, young adults, healthcare, rural and urban, inpatient and outpatient, dual diagnoses, LGBTQIA, and community mental health across three states and the District of Columbia. All of my experiences have deepened my understanding of the regional, socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity where I live. Change is possible for everyone. I can help.
I welcome anyone into my practice who is interested in making sustainable life changes, Here & NOW. I've been lucky to work with a diverse client population in a variety of clinical settings and specialities including private practice, children & families, adolescents, young adults, healthcare, rural and urban, inpatient and outpatient, dual diagnoses, LGBTQIA, and community mental health across three states and the District of Columbia. All of my experiences have deepened my understanding of the regional, socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity where I live. Change is possible for everyone. I can help.
(202) 935-7804 View (202) 935-7804
Photo of Brittni Dash - SMYAL's LGBTQ+ Clinical Therapy Services, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
SMYAL's LGBTQ+ Clinical Therapy Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003
Mosaic is a support group for parents and caregivers of LGBTQ+ youth.
SMYAL’s mental health counseling services offer FREE therapy and provides a safe and inclusive space for you to explore your emotions and experiences. We know that finding a therapist who understands you and your community can be frustrating, expensive, and nerve-wracking. At SMYAL, we’re working to remove these barriers. Our team of therapists are well-versed in the challenges that LGBTQ+ youth face, and we are here to help you navigate those challenges with confidence and resilience. Whether you’re you’re struggling with self-acceptance, coming out, or dealing with discrimination, SMYAL is here for you!
Mosaic is a support group for parents and caregivers of LGBTQ+ youth.
SMYAL’s mental health counseling services offer FREE therapy and provides a safe and inclusive space for you to explore your emotions and experiences. We know that finding a therapist who understands you and your community can be frustrating, expensive, and nerve-wracking. At SMYAL, we’re working to remove these barriers. Our team of therapists are well-versed in the challenges that LGBTQ+ youth face, and we are here to help you navigate those challenges with confidence and resilience. Whether you’re you’re struggling with self-acceptance, coming out, or dealing with discrimination, SMYAL is here for you!
(202) 804-0992 View (202) 804-0992
Photo of Amy Vokes, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Vokes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20002
I work with adolescents and adults of all backgrounds who are looking to make positive changes in their life by gaining greater insight into their past and present. In particular, my focus is work with those in the LGBTQIA community who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, and other struggles either related to or apart from their identities
I work with adolescents and adults of all backgrounds who are looking to make positive changes in their life by gaining greater insight into their past and present. In particular, my focus is work with those in the LGBTQIA community who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, and other struggles either related to or apart from their identities
(202) 318-3181 View (202) 318-3181
LGBTQ+ Therapists

Do LGBTQ-affirmative therapists receive special training?

Yes. Many therapists who practice LGBTQ-affirmative therapy have completed specialized training, either during their degree program or as continuing education, to learn the core principles of affirmative therapy and how to best support their LGBTQ clients; some have received certifications in LGBTQ-affirmative therapy. Prospective clients should inquire as to a clinician’s background and training to ensure a good fit.

Why might I want to see an LGBTQ-affirming or LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

Queer and gender-non-conforming individuals frequently experience bias and marginalization in day-to-day life. Working with a therapist who understands these unique challenges, as well as accepts and affirms their identity, can help LGBTQ clients feel safe and supported during therapy—allowing them to better navigate their relationships, mental health, and anything else that they wish to explore during therapy. It is important to note that many therapists can be effective in their work with LGBTQ+ individuals, even in the absence of specific training or background knowledge. The most important component in therapy is the alliance between therapist and client, and this alliance can exist between individuals with very different backgrounds.

How can I find an LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

You may wish to inquire about a therapist’s expertise with your specific challenges or concerns—depression, for example, or relationship strife—as well as their past experiences treating LGBTQ+ clients. Prospective clients may also ask whether a therapist has obtained additional training and/or certification in LGBTQ-affirmative techniques.

How can I inquire about a therapist’s experience with LGBTQ issues?

Prospective clients should feel empowered to directly ask therapists whether they have received training or been certified in LGBTQ-affirming therapy; competent therapists will be happy to explain their educational background and preferred approach(es) to help a client find the best match for them. Clients may also wish to ask how a therapist has treated clients with their particular challenges in the past and what they expect treatment to look like.

Are all the therapists listed in the LGBTQ directory themselves members of the LGBTQ community?

While therapists may choose to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity in their profiles, the LGBTQ directory features not only those who have shared this information but also those who assert specialized training or experience in providing support to queer individuals, couples or families.