Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

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Photo of Krystal Brass, LCSW, CGRS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Krystal Brass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGRS
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89130
Remember You Are Never Alone. What you are experiencing may be perfectly normal. Do you need someone to validate your grief, provide comfort and support? Do you find yourself feeling misunderstood? Perhaps you're struggling with depression, emptiness, anxiety, conflict in relationship or lack of purpose. You may be adjusting to retirement, empty nest, or transitioning back into the community. Sometimes asking for help is difficult. I'm here to support you through your journey towards healing. Why? Because, "I Care".
Remember You Are Never Alone. What you are experiencing may be perfectly normal. Do you need someone to validate your grief, provide comfort and support? Do you find yourself feeling misunderstood? Perhaps you're struggling with depression, emptiness, anxiety, conflict in relationship or lack of purpose. You may be adjusting to retirement, empty nest, or transitioning back into the community. Sometimes asking for help is difficult. I'm here to support you through your journey towards healing. Why? Because, "I Care".
(702) 966-9247 View (702) 966-9247
Photo of Rhonda L Kildea, MA, MFT, CEDS, LADC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rhonda L Kildea
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, CEDS, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89117
Are you stressed or depressed? Struggling with an eating disorder? Can't seem to come to peace with your body or yourself? I am the Director of New Horizons Counseling Center which has been helping people make peace with themselves for over 10 years. We specialize in helping people lead happier, healthier lives and do this by challenging depressive thinking and helping you face and tackle your worst fears. We offer individual, couples and family therapy as well as some workshops.
Are you stressed or depressed? Struggling with an eating disorder? Can't seem to come to peace with your body or yourself? I am the Director of New Horizons Counseling Center which has been helping people make peace with themselves for over 10 years. We specialize in helping people lead happier, healthier lives and do this by challenging depressive thinking and helping you face and tackle your worst fears. We offer individual, couples and family therapy as well as some workshops.
(702) 905-1738 View (702) 905-1738
Photo of Michael Cornwall - Cornwall Counseling, PsyD, PhD, Counselor
Cornwall Counseling
Counselor, PsyD, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Cornwall Counseling offers behavioral health services customized to meet the needs of its clients in a nurturing, nonjudgmental out-patient setting. Our agency is established on a collaborative community philosophy, where our patients actively engage in treatment under the guidance of licensed mental health practitioners who assess the whole person. If we find that your emotional and physical well-being could be improved by accessing other services in your community, we will make appropriate referrals.
Cornwall Counseling offers behavioral health services customized to meet the needs of its clients in a nurturing, nonjudgmental out-patient setting. Our agency is established on a collaborative community philosophy, where our patients actively engage in treatment under the guidance of licensed mental health practitioners who assess the whole person. If we find that your emotional and physical well-being could be improved by accessing other services in your community, we will make appropriate referrals.
(702) 887-1899 View (702) 887-1899
Photo of Shandy Melson, MS, NCC, LCPC, LCADC-S, Counselor
Shandy Melson
Counselor, MS, NCC, LCPC, LCADC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89142  (Online Only)
I have been counseling adolescents, children, and adults since 2010 to overcome substance use disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety and more. Therapy involves active participation from the client and the therapist so that the focus of therapy is always on the client and his/her goals. Sometimes clients know exactly what they need out of therapy; other times the client discovers new goals to achieve over the course of a few sessions. Therapy has the potential to help you better understand yourself and how you experience the world.
I have been counseling adolescents, children, and adults since 2010 to overcome substance use disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety and more. Therapy involves active participation from the client and the therapist so that the focus of therapy is always on the client and his/her goals. Sometimes clients know exactly what they need out of therapy; other times the client discovers new goals to achieve over the course of a few sessions. Therapy has the potential to help you better understand yourself and how you experience the world.
(702) 710-3859 View (702) 710-3859
Photo of LaTeisha Morgan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
LaTeisha Morgan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89107
***Accepting New Clients*** afternoons and weekends avaliable! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I believe in helping others get through life. One thing is for certain, LIFE happens and you can find yourself overwhelmed or feeling like there is no way to get through LIFE. I am here to help you find your way.
***Accepting New Clients*** afternoons and weekends avaliable! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I believe in helping others get through life. One thing is for certain, LIFE happens and you can find yourself overwhelmed or feeling like there is no way to get through LIFE. I am here to help you find your way.
(702) 825-7675 View (702) 825-7675
Photo of Melanie Bison, PhD, LMHC, LCADC, LCPC, LISAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melanie Bison
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LCADC, LCPC, LISAC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89118  (Online Only)
"You are a wonderful woman with a wonderful soul"~ LS.,Washington "I just wanted you to know your words of wisdom stay with me daily. You helped me understand so much, and for that I am eternally grateful"~W.J.,Nevada "You helped me in my darkest hour and my that, I will never forget"~ J.K., Nevada. "Melanie is one of the best in her field of cognitive services. She brings a whole new dimension and personalization not normally found in her field. She is one of the best and I highly recommend her for services"~R.C.
"You are a wonderful woman with a wonderful soul"~ LS.,Washington "I just wanted you to know your words of wisdom stay with me daily. You helped me understand so much, and for that I am eternally grateful"~W.J.,Nevada "You helped me in my darkest hour and my that, I will never forget"~ J.K., Nevada. "Melanie is one of the best in her field of cognitive services. She brings a whole new dimension and personalization not normally found in her field. She is one of the best and I highly recommend her for services"~R.C.
(702) 842-0062 View (702) 842-0062
Photo of Richard Humes III - Las Vegas Family Therapy Center, PsyD, Psychologist
Las Vegas Family Therapy Center
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89117
Have you ever felt sad, angry, irritated, anxious, or down? Do you have difficulty sleeping, completing tasks, or enjoying activities? Is your son or daughter struggling in school, following rules at home, or having behavioral problems? Are there relationships in your life you would like to improve? Maybe nothing is wrong, but you would like to improve something in your life? If you answered yes to any of these questions or are having other difficulties in your life, you are not alone. Many people experience troubling events, thoughts, and feelings at some point in life.
Have you ever felt sad, angry, irritated, anxious, or down? Do you have difficulty sleeping, completing tasks, or enjoying activities? Is your son or daughter struggling in school, following rules at home, or having behavioral problems? Are there relationships in your life you would like to improve? Maybe nothing is wrong, but you would like to improve something in your life? If you answered yes to any of these questions or are having other difficulties in your life, you are not alone. Many people experience troubling events, thoughts, and feelings at some point in life.
(725) 213-9279 View (725) 213-9279
Photo of Madison Hardy, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Madison Hardy
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89144
As a therapist, I value the ability to talk with, not at, my clients. I won’t categorize you or treat you in a standardized way. I tailor my approach to your particular needs & your unique process, while also being able to offer new tools and perspective to deal with whatever life throws at you. My treatment tends to focus on one's relationship with themselves, others, and the world around them, while also being able to better manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and other mental health challenges. My specialty is relationship issues, helping both individuals and couples communicate more productively.
As a therapist, I value the ability to talk with, not at, my clients. I won’t categorize you or treat you in a standardized way. I tailor my approach to your particular needs & your unique process, while also being able to offer new tools and perspective to deal with whatever life throws at you. My treatment tends to focus on one's relationship with themselves, others, and the world around them, while also being able to better manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and other mental health challenges. My specialty is relationship issues, helping both individuals and couples communicate more productively.
(702) 447-0351 View (702) 447-0351
Photo of Keisha Lackland-McKinney, MFT-I, Pre-Licensed Professional
Keisha Lackland-McKinney
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-I
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89123
I enjoy working with teens, adults, couples, and families, who are seeking new perspectives and ways to manage life and relationships. I want to meet you where you are and build a genuine connection that helps move you closer to your goals. I work primarily with those who are looking to work through anxiety, stress, grief and loss, family conflicts, trauma, life transitions, self-esteem navigation, coping skills, challenges with communication, depression, substance misuse, and other concerns.
I enjoy working with teens, adults, couples, and families, who are seeking new perspectives and ways to manage life and relationships. I want to meet you where you are and build a genuine connection that helps move you closer to your goals. I work primarily with those who are looking to work through anxiety, stress, grief and loss, family conflicts, trauma, life transitions, self-esteem navigation, coping skills, challenges with communication, depression, substance misuse, and other concerns.
(702) 276-6836 View (702) 276-6836
Photo of Alicia Runyan, LCSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alicia Runyan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128
Struggling with mental health, relationship problems, parenting issues, trauma, chronic pain, daily stressors, and adjustments in life can be difficult causing anxiety, sadness, isolation, and loss of hope. I understand that people’s lives are busy and that mental health problems cause significant barriers within relationships, socialization, education, and employment. In my practice, I focus on using evidence-based treatment to help you along in leading an emotionally enriched and mentally harmonious life.
Struggling with mental health, relationship problems, parenting issues, trauma, chronic pain, daily stressors, and adjustments in life can be difficult causing anxiety, sadness, isolation, and loss of hope. I understand that people’s lives are busy and that mental health problems cause significant barriers within relationships, socialization, education, and employment. In my practice, I focus on using evidence-based treatment to help you along in leading an emotionally enriched and mentally harmonious life.
(702) 899-0074 View (702) 899-0074
Photo of Ashley Martinez - Ashley Martinez    Mood Resilience Therapy, MS, CPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley Martinez Mood Resilience Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CPC
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89101
Hey, you are here, Breathe. I know this process is A LOT. I also know it takes so much courage, strength and patience to find the right person to help you through this time of your life. Whatever it is that brings you here today, whether it is a traumatic event, a painful experience you have endured, or if you are trying to find balance in your life- I might be the one for you. If you feel we are a good fit ,after our initial visit, I would love to come along side of you and help you walk through some of the most painful experiences in your life.
Hey, you are here, Breathe. I know this process is A LOT. I also know it takes so much courage, strength and patience to find the right person to help you through this time of your life. Whatever it is that brings you here today, whether it is a traumatic event, a painful experience you have endured, or if you are trying to find balance in your life- I might be the one for you. If you feel we are a good fit ,after our initial visit, I would love to come along side of you and help you walk through some of the most painful experiences in your life.
(702) 996-4737 View (702) 996-4737
Photo of Carrah Jones, MFT-INT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Carrah Jones
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT-INT
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89148
Life is full of ups and downs and sometimes a little extra help processing those ups and downs makes all the difference! I take a relaxed and nonjudgmental approach to therapy and I believe that all individuals have the ability to understand and regulate their emotions once given the tools to do so. I offer clients new perspectives and potential solutions for reoccurring stressors and emotional issues. The goal is to improve overall quality of life by using various strategies that cater to the individual needs of the client.
Life is full of ups and downs and sometimes a little extra help processing those ups and downs makes all the difference! I take a relaxed and nonjudgmental approach to therapy and I believe that all individuals have the ability to understand and regulate their emotions once given the tools to do so. I offer clients new perspectives and potential solutions for reoccurring stressors and emotional issues. The goal is to improve overall quality of life by using various strategies that cater to the individual needs of the client.
(725) 527-7617 View (725) 527-7617
Photo of La'tai King, LCPC, LCADC, Reiki, Licensed Professional Counselor
La'tai King
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, LCADC, Reiki
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128
Welcome to Therapy With La'tai! This is your journey and I am here to help you navigate your journey of healing. I have 35 years of life exper. My approach is to treat patients in a "judge-free zone", unbiased, compassionate, and with respect. I take a holistic approach to healing the mind and spirit. I work with clients to help them reach their optimal level of functioning & to attain their goals. I hope to be able to assist those struggling with depression, anxiety, traumatic events/PTSD, grief/loss, behavior issues, mood disorders, stress or anger mgmt, paranormal experiences, spiritual experiences, and many other life obstacles.
Welcome to Therapy With La'tai! This is your journey and I am here to help you navigate your journey of healing. I have 35 years of life exper. My approach is to treat patients in a "judge-free zone", unbiased, compassionate, and with respect. I take a holistic approach to healing the mind and spirit. I work with clients to help them reach their optimal level of functioning & to attain their goals. I hope to be able to assist those struggling with depression, anxiety, traumatic events/PTSD, grief/loss, behavior issues, mood disorders, stress or anger mgmt, paranormal experiences, spiritual experiences, and many other life obstacles.
(725) 215-0193 View (725) 215-0193
Photo of Eden Pastor, LCPC, TPC, ATR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eden Pastor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, TPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89122  (Online Only)
Whether new to therapy or not, my clients come to me looking to expand their personal growth, gain new mindsets, and learn to navigate those inner, choppy waters that keep them up at night. Being human is messy and I love the messiness of being human. My clients are able to build a new solid ship and stronger sail to navigate the endless seas of possibilities ahead of them. Our journey together can focus on your relationships, family, work, or, just you; but let's always start with you. It can be scary and confusing facing your fears on your own. I am here to be your guiding North Star.
Whether new to therapy or not, my clients come to me looking to expand their personal growth, gain new mindsets, and learn to navigate those inner, choppy waters that keep them up at night. Being human is messy and I love the messiness of being human. My clients are able to build a new solid ship and stronger sail to navigate the endless seas of possibilities ahead of them. Our journey together can focus on your relationships, family, work, or, just you; but let's always start with you. It can be scary and confusing facing your fears on your own. I am here to be your guiding North Star.
(702) 825-7262 View (702) 825-7262
Photo of Raymond Bueno, Student, Pre-Licensed Professional
Raymond Bueno
Pre-Licensed Professional, Student
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89144
I think of the person as a whole and not just a symptom or diagnosis. The person is the most important.
I think of the person as a whole and not just a symptom or diagnosis. The person is the most important.
(725) 307-5592 View (725) 307-5592
Photo of Cassandra Rodriguez, BA, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cassandra Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist, BA, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89128
Do you ever feel misunderstood or alone? Like you need someone to talk to or to help you reach your best self? Feeling stuck or out of sync? We all go through different emotions; They are the essence of who we are. Emotions shape our experiences & define our stories. I'm Cassandra, owner of A Place for Feelings, and with me, every feeling, no matter its size, is embraced. I help people navigate their healing journey & support them while they reflect on their problems, discover their true emotions, learn the appropriate skills, & gain a better understanding of themselves to help them reach their best version of themselves.
Do you ever feel misunderstood or alone? Like you need someone to talk to or to help you reach your best self? Feeling stuck or out of sync? We all go through different emotions; They are the essence of who we are. Emotions shape our experiences & define our stories. I'm Cassandra, owner of A Place for Feelings, and with me, every feeling, no matter its size, is embraced. I help people navigate their healing journey & support them while they reflect on their problems, discover their true emotions, learn the appropriate skills, & gain a better understanding of themselves to help them reach their best version of themselves.
(725) 696-9322 View (725) 696-9322
Photo of Sara Tribble, MSW, CSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sara Tribble
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, CSW
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89128  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who is ready to make a change even if they aren’t sure how. I work with many clients who struggle with all types of trauma, mood disorders, neurodivergence and often a combination of these traits. I often work with my clients to help them set attainable goals and break down complex situations piece by piece. I also strive to make a safe space for LGBTQ+ and encourage expressions of all gender identities and sexualities. Vulnerability is key to healing and I welcome anyone who is ready to begin and honest conversation about their goals.
My ideal client is someone who is ready to make a change even if they aren’t sure how. I work with many clients who struggle with all types of trauma, mood disorders, neurodivergence and often a combination of these traits. I often work with my clients to help them set attainable goals and break down complex situations piece by piece. I also strive to make a safe space for LGBTQ+ and encourage expressions of all gender identities and sexualities. Vulnerability is key to healing and I welcome anyone who is ready to begin and honest conversation about their goals.
(702) 941-8724 View (702) 941-8724
Photo of Saritha Farris - Illuminated Path LLC, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Illuminated Path LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89148
Each of our clinicians specializes in varying areas and is trained in various modalities such as EMDR, Crisis Stabilization, CBT, DBT, and Brief Solution Focused Therapy to name a few. The Founder and Clinical Director Saritha Farris, LCSW specializes in trauma and provides treatment to individuals, families, and groups in person and virtually to ages 6 years old and up.
Each of our clinicians specializes in varying areas and is trained in various modalities such as EMDR, Crisis Stabilization, CBT, DBT, and Brief Solution Focused Therapy to name a few. The Founder and Clinical Director Saritha Farris, LCSW specializes in trauma and provides treatment to individuals, families, and groups in person and virtually to ages 6 years old and up.
(702) 761-3981 View (702) 761-3981
Photo of Tyler Rich, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tyler Rich
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89145
Romantic relationships are one of the hardest things that you will ever do in your life. Communication problems, arguing, bickering can lead you to have the same type of fight day after day. You both could be using attacking or harsh words in these moments of disconnection. This leads you to more hurt and pain. Learning how to work through any problem that exists in your relationship is hardworking but possible. Issues that you might have could be letting your partner down or not meeting their expectations, money issues, parenting disagreements, lack of sex, or even working through an affair.
Romantic relationships are one of the hardest things that you will ever do in your life. Communication problems, arguing, bickering can lead you to have the same type of fight day after day. You both could be using attacking or harsh words in these moments of disconnection. This leads you to more hurt and pain. Learning how to work through any problem that exists in your relationship is hardworking but possible. Issues that you might have could be letting your partner down or not meeting their expectations, money issues, parenting disagreements, lack of sex, or even working through an affair.
(702) 960-1917 View (702) 960-1917
Photo of Dr. Allie Wright, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Allie Wright
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Las Vegas, NV 89135
Not accepting new clients
****NOW OFFERING TELEHEALTH. My practice focuses on the psychological health and well-being of adults who are contending with anxiety, panic, and general mental health concerns. My therapeutic approach is to provide an emotionally safe environment and support to help you gain awareness, insight, and effectively address personal challenges that may be standing in a your way of being and relating to others.
****NOW OFFERING TELEHEALTH. My practice focuses on the psychological health and well-being of adults who are contending with anxiety, panic, and general mental health concerns. My therapeutic approach is to provide an emotionally safe environment and support to help you gain awareness, insight, and effectively address personal challenges that may be standing in a your way of being and relating to others.
(702) 904-9183 View (702) 904-9183

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Las Vegas, NV who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
71% Stress
70% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
64% Cigna and Evernorth
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Las Vegas, NV see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Las Vegas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.