Energy Psychology Therapists in Litchfield, CT

Photo of Jessica Ashoka Grant, AP, LCSW, MS, C-IAYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Ashoka Grant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AP, LCSW, MS, C-IAYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Litchfield, CT 06759
I am a Licensed Psychotherapist, Educator, & Researcher with 22 years of clinical experience. My treatment approach is heart centered and intuitive to support whole self health through our internal ecosystem and by bioaligning with the natural world. I hold credentials in Neuroscience, Ayurvedic Medicine, Clinical Herbalism, Somatic Therapies, and integrative healing paradigms. As a Trauma Specialist, I am certified in numerous evidence based modalities that support true healing. I have worked in many leadership capacities, most recently within the Yale School of Medicine and have a passion for integrative mental health care!
I am a Licensed Psychotherapist, Educator, & Researcher with 22 years of clinical experience. My treatment approach is heart centered and intuitive to support whole self health through our internal ecosystem and by bioaligning with the natural world. I hold credentials in Neuroscience, Ayurvedic Medicine, Clinical Herbalism, Somatic Therapies, and integrative healing paradigms. As a Trauma Specialist, I am certified in numerous evidence based modalities that support true healing. I have worked in many leadership capacities, most recently within the Yale School of Medicine and have a passion for integrative mental health care!
(860) 248-7953 View (860) 248-7953
Photo of Erica Kane - Calm + Centered Counseling , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Calm + Centered Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Litchfield, CT 06759
Immediate Openings! Maybe you’re feeling stuck? Perhaps you feel overwhelmed and anxious, wondering how you’re going to hold it all together to get through the next month or even week. Your relationships have been suffering and you find yourself irritable, withdrawn, or increasingly sad or numb. Or maybe you’ve been through challenging or traumatic experiences in the past and recognize these events are still affecting you today. You might also see these signs in your child and want to support them as they navigate challenging friendships, big emotions and stressful life changes.
Immediate Openings! Maybe you’re feeling stuck? Perhaps you feel overwhelmed and anxious, wondering how you’re going to hold it all together to get through the next month or even week. Your relationships have been suffering and you find yourself irritable, withdrawn, or increasingly sad or numb. Or maybe you’ve been through challenging or traumatic experiences in the past and recognize these events are still affecting you today. You might also see these signs in your child and want to support them as they navigate challenging friendships, big emotions and stressful life changes.
(860) 590-9729 View (860) 590-9729
Photo of Lisa M LaRosa, PhD, Psychologist
Lisa M LaRosa
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Litchfield, CT 06759
Healing comes in many forms. Your healing is my priority. I have dedicated my life to exploring many different types of healing modalities to continually expand my skillset: from traditional talk therapies, to EMDR, Healing Arts, Hypnosis, Dream Groups and Drum Circles. Since each person’s healing journey is unique, there is no one therapy that is right for all. Despite the multitude of approaches offered, the belief that we are innately hardwired to heal ourselves is the theoretical foundation of every treatment.
Healing comes in many forms. Your healing is my priority. I have dedicated my life to exploring many different types of healing modalities to continually expand my skillset: from traditional talk therapies, to EMDR, Healing Arts, Hypnosis, Dream Groups and Drum Circles. Since each person’s healing journey is unique, there is no one therapy that is right for all. Despite the multitude of approaches offered, the belief that we are innately hardwired to heal ourselves is the theoretical foundation of every treatment.
(860) 962-4927 View (860) 962-4927
Photo of Lisa Marie Beaulieu, LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist
Lisa Marie Beaulieu
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Litchfield, CT 06759
I take a collaborative approach towards helping clients develop insight and create fresh alternatives to ineffective patterns, assisting them with examining intergenerational transmissions of trauma, relational trauma, and maladaptive coping strategies. My ideal client is looking for a psychotherapist that integrates evidence-based practices, including EMDR and Clinical Hypnosis, with Shamanic, alternative and energy healing approaches into sessions. My ideal client is looking to gain insight, learn to regulate emotions and listen to their emotions, manage their energy and is committed to doing the work to become their best self.
I take a collaborative approach towards helping clients develop insight and create fresh alternatives to ineffective patterns, assisting them with examining intergenerational transmissions of trauma, relational trauma, and maladaptive coping strategies. My ideal client is looking for a psychotherapist that integrates evidence-based practices, including EMDR and Clinical Hypnosis, with Shamanic, alternative and energy healing approaches into sessions. My ideal client is looking to gain insight, learn to regulate emotions and listen to their emotions, manage their energy and is committed to doing the work to become their best self.
(860) 249-1578 View (860) 249-1578
Photo of Mary J Hof, MA, LPC, Counselor
Mary J Hof
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Litchfield, CT 06759
My clients are people who don't want to reinvent or change who they are, they want acceptance for being themselves. My clients are people who wish to develop a sense of internal knowing, even if it is a quiet knowing, they are worthy, they are enough, and that they deserve acceptance. When we feel unsupported, or judged, for who we are, it may feel safer holding back or hiding our truth. A major component of our work together will be to build a sense of self-worth and confidence, which will allow you to feel more alive, more like your true self.
My clients are people who don't want to reinvent or change who they are, they want acceptance for being themselves. My clients are people who wish to develop a sense of internal knowing, even if it is a quiet knowing, they are worthy, they are enough, and that they deserve acceptance. When we feel unsupported, or judged, for who we are, it may feel safer holding back or hiding our truth. A major component of our work together will be to build a sense of self-worth and confidence, which will allow you to feel more alive, more like your true self.
(860) 854-4851 View (860) 854-4851

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Randi Camirand, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Randi Camirand
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Torrington, CT 06790  (Online Only)
I specialize in weaving together mind, body, and energy based practices to support your overall well being. Do you ever wonder why your reaction to a situation is stronger than you'd like it to be? You feel overwhelmed, you know you are overreacting, but can't seem to do anything different, no matter how hard you try. If so, then we should talk. It is likely you have some outdated limiting beliefs operating beneath the surface. I use a mind-body-energy approach which blends together EMDR, (CBT), mindfulness and breathwork, inner child and "parts work," Havening, and Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique) tapping.
I specialize in weaving together mind, body, and energy based practices to support your overall well being. Do you ever wonder why your reaction to a situation is stronger than you'd like it to be? You feel overwhelmed, you know you are overreacting, but can't seem to do anything different, no matter how hard you try. If so, then we should talk. It is likely you have some outdated limiting beliefs operating beneath the surface. I use a mind-body-energy approach which blends together EMDR, (CBT), mindfulness and breathwork, inner child and "parts work," Havening, and Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique) tapping.
(860) 956-5316 View (860) 956-5316

Online Therapists

Photo of Ellen Schenzer, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ellen Schenzer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hamden, CT 06514  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a grounded, heart-centered therapist who is engaged and ready to assist you on your journey to wellness? I have helped many people work through anxiety, trauma, and depression in order to live the life they desire. I provide a compassionate, non-judgmental space for my clients to feel and release their emotions and create a new empowered narrative for their life. My clients are given a variety of tools and techniques to use in and out of sessions. Some of those include EFT (tapping), CBT, mindfulness, & meditation. Narrative therapy, family constellations, and energy psychology are also used.
Are you looking for a grounded, heart-centered therapist who is engaged and ready to assist you on your journey to wellness? I have helped many people work through anxiety, trauma, and depression in order to live the life they desire. I provide a compassionate, non-judgmental space for my clients to feel and release their emotions and create a new empowered narrative for their life. My clients are given a variety of tools and techniques to use in and out of sessions. Some of those include EFT (tapping), CBT, mindfulness, & meditation. Narrative therapy, family constellations, and energy psychology are also used.
(808) 374-5637 View (808) 374-5637
Photo of Judith D Croen - reVision Studio LLC Therapy & Counseling Services, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
reVision Studio LLC Therapy & Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06901  (Online Only)
I have a positive and flexible approach, incorporating psychodynamic, trauma-informed, mindfulness, energy psychology, solution-focused and other techniques depending on your needs and goals.
I believe in the value and beauty of every individual and consider it a privilege to help someone recognize and experience the gifts they have inside. I see asking for help as a positive step, resulting in an opportunity to receive new insights, hope and strength for the tasks at hand. I know that life's lessons are often painful and yet can create the greatest opportunity for self-growth. Whether you are dealing with chronic mental or physical health problems, stressful life transitions, traumatic events or other life challenges, you can get help and healing. I encourage you to start the journey today!
I have a positive and flexible approach, incorporating psychodynamic, trauma-informed, mindfulness, energy psychology, solution-focused and other techniques depending on your needs and goals.
I believe in the value and beauty of every individual and consider it a privilege to help someone recognize and experience the gifts they have inside. I see asking for help as a positive step, resulting in an opportunity to receive new insights, hope and strength for the tasks at hand. I know that life's lessons are often painful and yet can create the greatest opportunity for self-growth. Whether you are dealing with chronic mental or physical health problems, stressful life transitions, traumatic events or other life challenges, you can get help and healing. I encourage you to start the journey today!
(203) 433-0773 View (203) 433-0773
Photo of Raven Lee, LMSW, MA, RYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Raven Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MA, RYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Danbury, CT 06811
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome, thank you for being here! Take a deep breath - you've made it to this moment. Great work! If you are ready to unearth the roots of what's holding you back and ready to peel away the layers of your being and take a deep look inside, then you are in the right place. It would be an honor to be by your side on the journey through growth and healing. Sometimes, we may be disconnected from ourSelf without even knowing it. Please take another deep breath and know that you are not alone in this. My hope is to help you access that space within - your own innate capacity to heal (without long-term medication).
Welcome, thank you for being here! Take a deep breath - you've made it to this moment. Great work! If you are ready to unearth the roots of what's holding you back and ready to peel away the layers of your being and take a deep look inside, then you are in the right place. It would be an honor to be by your side on the journey through growth and healing. Sometimes, we may be disconnected from ourSelf without even knowing it. Please take another deep breath and know that you are not alone in this. My hope is to help you access that space within - your own innate capacity to heal (without long-term medication).
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Photo of Angelique De Nofa -  Copper Penny Guidance, LLC - Angelique De Nofa , LCSW, MPH, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Copper Penny Guidance, LLC - Angelique De Nofa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH
Verified Verified
Stamford, CT 06905  (Online Only)
As a seasoned therapist, I am curious, interactive and enjoy working with clients who are willing to cultivate a working relationship. Together we can work towards your goal, demystify your patterns, and shine a light into blind spots. When you're stuck in a cycle, used what's worked in the past with little success, it's time to seek guidance. I offer EMDR, clinical hypnotherapy, parts psychology, executive functioning skills, EQ (and more) to support your Whole Self in this collective world.
As a seasoned therapist, I am curious, interactive and enjoy working with clients who are willing to cultivate a working relationship. Together we can work towards your goal, demystify your patterns, and shine a light into blind spots. When you're stuck in a cycle, used what's worked in the past with little success, it's time to seek guidance. I offer EMDR, clinical hypnotherapy, parts psychology, executive functioning skills, EQ (and more) to support your Whole Self in this collective world.
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Photo of Patty Schein - Patty Schein, M.Ed., LMFT, LPC, MEd, LMFT, LPC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Patty Schein, M.Ed., LMFT, LPC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Milford, CT 06460  (Online Only)
I will support and guide you through a transformation of your pain, worry and concerns. You will benefit from interactive and integrative services developed over my 30 years in practice. You and I will work in partnership to create and implement relevant and empowering treatment. My services include holistic psychotherapy, marital therapy; lifestyle assessment and planning; stress management coaching; energy healing and balancing; breath work; meditation and spirituality. These services are provided in individual, couple and group sessions. Relax and enjoy more.
I will support and guide you through a transformation of your pain, worry and concerns. You will benefit from interactive and integrative services developed over my 30 years in practice. You and I will work in partnership to create and implement relevant and empowering treatment. My services include holistic psychotherapy, marital therapy; lifestyle assessment and planning; stress management coaching; energy healing and balancing; breath work; meditation and spirituality. These services are provided in individual, couple and group sessions. Relax and enjoy more.
(860) 308-1264 View (860) 308-1264
Photo of Heather Repko-Moses, MS, LPCA
Heather Repko-Moses
Professional Counselor Associate, MS, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Danbury, CT 06811
Understanding who you are and working through deep emotions can feel overwhelming. You might notice repeating patterns or maybe you feel misunderstood. Whether you are lacking self-compassion, experiencing trauma symptoms, struggling with anxiety and depression, or looking to find your purpose, I believe that therapy can be a supportive space for your growth. Are you ready to walk down a path that can help you uncover root causes and break free from what is holding you back? Together we can work through overwhelming emotions, overcome underlying challenges and experiences, build confidence within, and embrace your authentic self.
Understanding who you are and working through deep emotions can feel overwhelming. You might notice repeating patterns or maybe you feel misunderstood. Whether you are lacking self-compassion, experiencing trauma symptoms, struggling with anxiety and depression, or looking to find your purpose, I believe that therapy can be a supportive space for your growth. Are you ready to walk down a path that can help you uncover root causes and break free from what is holding you back? Together we can work through overwhelming emotions, overcome underlying challenges and experiences, build confidence within, and embrace your authentic self.
(475) 447-1156 View (475) 447-1156
Photo of Jill Badyrka, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jill Badyrka
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Stratford, CT 06614  (Online Only)
I work within a Holistic and Strength-Based Foundation, with a profound understanding of the impact of environmental elements, and the effects these elements cause in the mind and body. Emotional influences cognitive influences physical/physiological influences emotional well-being: these internal systems are intricately woven in a magnificent tapestry that is the individual at any given moment. The individual is further affected by the external systems of family, job, school, neighborhood, spiritual affiliations, nutritional selections, and on and on. I believe in the power of the individual to learn to heal the Self and achieve Wellness and Peace in all Systems.
I work within a Holistic and Strength-Based Foundation, with a profound understanding of the impact of environmental elements, and the effects these elements cause in the mind and body. Emotional influences cognitive influences physical/physiological influences emotional well-being: these internal systems are intricately woven in a magnificent tapestry that is the individual at any given moment. The individual is further affected by the external systems of family, job, school, neighborhood, spiritual affiliations, nutritional selections, and on and on. I believe in the power of the individual to learn to heal the Self and achieve Wellness and Peace in all Systems.
(475) 252-4530 View (475) 252-4530
Photo of Jennifer Favorite, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Favorite
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06119
Thank you for taking the first step to invest in yourself. Life can be like a roller coaster, with many bumps, twists, and turns, but it should not be an unsafe ride that never stops! You get to reset! I am a trauma informed, Licensed Therapist, experienced with ages ranging from 3 to 92. Being trained in a variety of evidence-based practices, I offer a comprehensive range of therapy techniques including IFS, MI, and CBT. My approach is strength-based, intuitive and clinically sound, assisting you to achieve defined goals to create positive, lasting change. You deserve the sacred space to become your best Self possible!
Thank you for taking the first step to invest in yourself. Life can be like a roller coaster, with many bumps, twists, and turns, but it should not be an unsafe ride that never stops! You get to reset! I am a trauma informed, Licensed Therapist, experienced with ages ranging from 3 to 92. Being trained in a variety of evidence-based practices, I offer a comprehensive range of therapy techniques including IFS, MI, and CBT. My approach is strength-based, intuitive and clinically sound, assisting you to achieve defined goals to create positive, lasting change. You deserve the sacred space to become your best Self possible!
(860) 492-6962 View (860) 492-6962
Existential Counseling and Consulting Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Ellington, CT 06029
The psychological and psychotherapy interventions offered are tailored specific to each and every client's own needs. In our professional formation we have utilized Psychoanalytical, Behavioral. Humanistic , Existential and Interpersonal perspectives to help the client understand their life experiences and their capabilities to address the various psychological problems that each may face in their daily life. Clients learn to explore further deeper into the areas that have been known by themselves, by others and that of which still remains to be discovered by the client.
The psychological and psychotherapy interventions offered are tailored specific to each and every client's own needs. In our professional formation we have utilized Psychoanalytical, Behavioral. Humanistic , Existential and Interpersonal perspectives to help the client understand their life experiences and their capabilities to address the various psychological problems that each may face in their daily life. Clients learn to explore further deeper into the areas that have been known by themselves, by others and that of which still remains to be discovered by the client.
(860) 689-1365 View (860) 689-1365
Photo of Teresa Finaldi, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Teresa Finaldi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Waterbury, CT 06706
Do you have a sense of loss or sadness that won't go away? Do you often feel angry or disappointed by others? Are you sleepless at night with overwhelming worry? Do you experience a sense of numbness or emptiness? We have about 70,000 thoughts a day. Many are a replay of past experiences that create an inner sense or feeling that seems to take hold. Add to that traumatic experiences and sometimes life can feel difficult. Unfortunately most of us haven't been taught how to manage feelings and so we often develop coping tools that keep us feeling safe for a while until the next trigger comes along.
Do you have a sense of loss or sadness that won't go away? Do you often feel angry or disappointed by others? Are you sleepless at night with overwhelming worry? Do you experience a sense of numbness or emptiness? We have about 70,000 thoughts a day. Many are a replay of past experiences that create an inner sense or feeling that seems to take hold. Add to that traumatic experiences and sometimes life can feel difficult. Unfortunately most of us haven't been taught how to manage feelings and so we often develop coping tools that keep us feeling safe for a while until the next trigger comes along.
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Photo of Dr. Janelle D Posey-Green, DSW, MSW, CLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Janelle D Posey-Green
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, MSW, CLC, LCSW
Verified Verified
New London, CT 06320
I am very passionate about helping Women on their journey of self-empowerment and change. I have over 10 years of experience helping adolescents, women, and families with their goals by helping teach the tools needed for success. I have worked with a wide range of individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, abandonment, low self-esteem, and helplessness. I work with couples as well as families to build a bridge and achieve conflict and communication goals. A person working with me should expect a nonjudgmental supportive approach. I love to highlight personal strengths and meet a person where they are.
I am very passionate about helping Women on their journey of self-empowerment and change. I have over 10 years of experience helping adolescents, women, and families with their goals by helping teach the tools needed for success. I have worked with a wide range of individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, abandonment, low self-esteem, and helplessness. I work with couples as well as families to build a bridge and achieve conflict and communication goals. A person working with me should expect a nonjudgmental supportive approach. I love to highlight personal strengths and meet a person where they are.
(860) 546-3266 View (860) 546-3266
Photo of Malina Choi - Soul Alignment Counseling LLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Soul Alignment Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plantsville, CT 06479  (Online Only)
Using a trauma-informed, holistic, and supportive yet challenging approach. We offer a combination of direct, but compassionate style of therapy. The pain of emotional wounding can be difficult to navigate through, but with the power of listening, and useful therapeutic tools, your journey of healing can be achieved. Depression, anxiety, trauma, and low self-esteem can impact anyone's quality of life and take a toll on their relationships. We're here to promote the importance of safety & quality self-care; as well as rebuilding intimacy and passion in your relationships through healing communication and conflict resolution skills.
Using a trauma-informed, holistic, and supportive yet challenging approach. We offer a combination of direct, but compassionate style of therapy. The pain of emotional wounding can be difficult to navigate through, but with the power of listening, and useful therapeutic tools, your journey of healing can be achieved. Depression, anxiety, trauma, and low self-esteem can impact anyone's quality of life and take a toll on their relationships. We're here to promote the importance of safety & quality self-care; as well as rebuilding intimacy and passion in your relationships through healing communication and conflict resolution skills.
(475) 262-9314 View (475) 262-9314
Photo of Eileen Genevieve Andricovich -   Eileen Andricovich LMFT- Spirals of Eternity, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eileen Andricovich LMFT- Spirals of Eternity
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Shelton, CT 06484  (Online Only)
I believe that change begins in respecting each person's life choices. I listen and reflect to help people become aware and transform negative thought patterns, and to identify and release emotional and negative thoughts that promote feeling "stuck." Testimonial "Eileen made us feel comfortable from the 1st day," I use Solution Focused Approach with couples and help them to develop clear communication and listening skills. I have developed simple yet powerful healing methods that are essential tools for stress reduction elimination of anxiety and panic episodes and healing sexual abuse/trauma.
I believe that change begins in respecting each person's life choices. I listen and reflect to help people become aware and transform negative thought patterns, and to identify and release emotional and negative thoughts that promote feeling "stuck." Testimonial "Eileen made us feel comfortable from the 1st day," I use Solution Focused Approach with couples and help them to develop clear communication and listening skills. I have developed simple yet powerful healing methods that are essential tools for stress reduction elimination of anxiety and panic episodes and healing sexual abuse/trauma.
(203) 200-0617 View (203) 200-0617
Laurie W. Rhines PhD LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Glastonbury, CT 06033
I believe in the power each client has within themselves to use problems as opportunities to heal old wounds and release negative self-beliefs. I accept my clients exactly where they are, excited to journey with them toward enhanced consciousness and their authentic self. Feeling heard and validated are important aspects of my client relationships.
I believe in the power each client has within themselves to use problems as opportunities to heal old wounds and release negative self-beliefs. I accept my clients exactly where they are, excited to journey with them toward enhanced consciousness and their authentic self. Feeling heard and validated are important aspects of my client relationships.
(860) 248-4029 View (860) 248-4029

See more therapy options for Litchfield

Energy Psychology Therapists

What are the roots of energy psychology?

Energy psychology is a relatively new modality, yet it combines older techniques from both Eastern and Western medicine—talk therapy and exposure therapy from a Western orientation and energy fields and healing touch from an Eastern orientation. Although these techniques have long existed, they were developed into today’s form of energy psychology and brought to the fore in the 1980s by psychologists including Fred Gallo, Roger Callahan, and David Feinstein.

Is energy psychology a short-term therapy?

Energy psychology is a brief intervention, designed to provide relief to patients quickly. The exact number of sessions a patient requires varies depending on numerous factors, including the condition being treated, the technique being used, and the practitioner's approach. Some patients may begin to improve after only one session. Proponents of energy therapy point out that it is relatively easy to learn, so clients can practice some of the techniques on themselves at home, such as the acceptance, acupressure, and affirmations used in emotional freedom technique.

Does energy therapy work?

The exposure therapy techniques involved in energy psychology, such as recounting a traumatic experience to the therapist, are evidence-based and have long helped individuals address trauma, phobias, and anxiety. As a whole, the practice isn’t as validated as other techniques, but it may be healing for some. Energy psychology involves exposing a client to a distressing memory, object, or situation in the therapy room while providing acupressure or tapping to relieve distress, which is thought to lower the stress and arousal of the body that had become associated with the relevant stimulus.

What are the limitations of energy therapy?

A disadvantage of energy psychology is that the research supporting its effectiveness is not as robust as research supporting the effectiveness of other therapy types, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy, specifically the component of body tapping and touching. Some research on energy psychology has also been critiqued for being methodologically flawed.