Psychodynamic Therapists in Chaplin, CT

Photo of Joann Averill, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joann Averill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chaplin, CT 06235
Crises or life stressors are often what initially bring people to therapy. Others come to work on old issues that continue to re-surface, causing problems for the individuals themselves or in their relationships with family, or at work. Many people find therapy to be a place where they can work on increasing personal insight and self-awareness in order to live more fulfilling lives, and work toward achieving their highest potential. Whatever brings you here, therapy can be a place to help you restore balance in your life and live life to the fullest. In therapy, we work together to bring about lasting change.
Crises or life stressors are often what initially bring people to therapy. Others come to work on old issues that continue to re-surface, causing problems for the individuals themselves or in their relationships with family, or at work. Many people find therapy to be a place where they can work on increasing personal insight and self-awareness in order to live more fulfilling lives, and work toward achieving their highest potential. Whatever brings you here, therapy can be a place to help you restore balance in your life and live life to the fullest. In therapy, we work together to bring about lasting change.
(860) 926-0134 View (860) 926-0134
Photo of Druanne Cahill, MA, LPC, MAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Druanne Cahill
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MAC
Verified Verified
Chaplin, CT 06235
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a licensed professional counselor with over thirty years of experience. I graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1984 with my bachelors degree and Tufts University in 1987 with my masters degree I see my role as a therapist who guides clients through the difficult journeys we all struggle with. I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment in which we can develop a constructive therapeutic relationship to address the issues. I can assist with skills such as communication skills, assertiveness skills, relaxation skills and relationship skills. .
Thank you for reading my profile. I am a licensed professional counselor with over thirty years of experience. I graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1984 with my bachelors degree and Tufts University in 1987 with my masters degree I see my role as a therapist who guides clients through the difficult journeys we all struggle with. I strive to provide a safe, non-judgmental environment in which we can develop a constructive therapeutic relationship to address the issues. I can assist with skills such as communication skills, assertiveness skills, relaxation skills and relationship skills. .
(959) 666-6949 View (959) 666-6949
Photo of Vanessa Aguirre-DaSilva, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vanessa Aguirre-DaSilva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Chaplin, CT 06235  (Online Only)
I specialize in providing support and guidance to parents and caregivers of newborns and young children. It is common for a parent to feel lost at any period of parenting. It is common to experience guilt and shame associated to feelings we have as parents. I believe that no parent or caregiver should feel alone and I believe that they should have the space to share their feelings without judgement or shame.
I specialize in providing support and guidance to parents and caregivers of newborns and young children. It is common for a parent to feel lost at any period of parenting. It is common to experience guilt and shame associated to feelings we have as parents. I believe that no parent or caregiver should feel alone and I believe that they should have the space to share their feelings without judgement or shame.
(978) 953-5016 View (978) 953-5016
Photo of Friedrich (Fritz) C Maurer, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Friedrich (Fritz) C Maurer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chaplin, CT 06235
Not accepting new clients
This is a great first step! At ReGeneration Therapy and Counseling, our passion is to help you get clear about what is causing problems and working with you toward solutions and overcoming the challenges of life. Please view our website, drop us an email or give us a call. There is hope, help, and solutions to your problems. Let's journey together!
This is a great first step! At ReGeneration Therapy and Counseling, our passion is to help you get clear about what is causing problems and working with you toward solutions and overcoming the challenges of life. Please view our website, drop us an email or give us a call. There is hope, help, and solutions to your problems. Let's journey together!
(860) 865-1997 View (860) 865-1997

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Thomas Ranallo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Thomas Ranallo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Mansfield Center, CT 06250  (Online Only)
My approach to helping clients is to establish an evolving partnership based on mutual respect and trust, with various treatment modalities focusing on the patient’s needs and preferences; however, my primary treatment approach is to use a combination of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Relational Therapy, and Interpersonal Therapy.
ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over thirty years of experience in the mental health field. I have a diverse background that ranges from providing administrative oversight and consultation to clinical programs and staff, to working in private practice treating adults and couples of all ages with various therapeutic needs. My experience has allowed me to gain a vast understanding and empathy of the effects of mental health issues on individuals and their lives.
My approach to helping clients is to establish an evolving partnership based on mutual respect and trust, with various treatment modalities focusing on the patient’s needs and preferences; however, my primary treatment approach is to use a combination of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Relational Therapy, and Interpersonal Therapy.
ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over thirty years of experience in the mental health field. I have a diverse background that ranges from providing administrative oversight and consultation to clinical programs and staff, to working in private practice treating adults and couples of all ages with various therapeutic needs. My experience has allowed me to gain a vast understanding and empathy of the effects of mental health issues on individuals and their lives.
(860) 325-4176 View (860) 325-4176
Photo of Aaron Burgess, PhD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Aaron Burgess
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
Mansfield Center, CT 06250
Therapeutic Approaches: strengths perspective, solution focused, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), psychodynamic approaches, motivational interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), narrative therapy, Internal Family Systems (IFS).
I’m Aaron Burgess, PhD, LMSW. I’m glad you’re starting your journey toward mental health recovery and joy. With over 20 years of experience, I offer affirming psychotherapy for adults dealing with various challenges. My trauma-informed, person-centered approach integrates mindfulness, values identification, and radical acceptance. I use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and parts-work for a solution-focused treatment. My extensive training, including at Duke Divinity School, supports those with spiritual trauma. I proudly support LGBTQ individuals and those living with HIV.
Therapeutic Approaches: strengths perspective, solution focused, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), psychodynamic approaches, motivational interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), narrative therapy, Internal Family Systems (IFS).
I’m Aaron Burgess, PhD, LMSW. I’m glad you’re starting your journey toward mental health recovery and joy. With over 20 years of experience, I offer affirming psychotherapy for adults dealing with various challenges. My trauma-informed, person-centered approach integrates mindfulness, values identification, and radical acceptance. I use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and parts-work for a solution-focused treatment. My extensive training, including at Duke Divinity School, supports those with spiritual trauma. I proudly support LGBTQ individuals and those living with HIV.
(860) 981-0373 View (860) 981-0373
Photo of Carroll Foley, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carroll Foley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Storrs Mansfield, CT 06269
No two people are the same, and so I work creatively using trauma-informed therapeutic approaches from psychodynamic, attachment, mindfulness, IFS, EMDR, and cognitive-behavioral therapies uniquely tailored to you.
I specialize in the really hard stuff life throws our way. I work with adults, college students, and teens affected by grief and loss, complex trauma (abuse and neglect) and PTSD, serious and chronic health conditions (like cancer, ALS, MS, MD), disability, and other big life changes and challenges resulting in depression and anxiety. I believe that our inability to control what happens to us is not something to be overcome. Instead, it is the reality of life that we all live within. This is where the real work of being a person begins. And this is where good, meaningful, compassionate therapy comes in. I'm glad you're here.
No two people are the same, and so I work creatively using trauma-informed therapeutic approaches from psychodynamic, attachment, mindfulness, IFS, EMDR, and cognitive-behavioral therapies uniquely tailored to you.
I specialize in the really hard stuff life throws our way. I work with adults, college students, and teens affected by grief and loss, complex trauma (abuse and neglect) and PTSD, serious and chronic health conditions (like cancer, ALS, MS, MD), disability, and other big life changes and challenges resulting in depression and anxiety. I believe that our inability to control what happens to us is not something to be overcome. Instead, it is the reality of life that we all live within. This is where the real work of being a person begins. And this is where good, meaningful, compassionate therapy comes in. I'm glad you're here.
(860) 397-6291 View (860) 397-6291
Photo of Katie O'Brien, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Coventry, CT 06238  (Online Only)
My treatment approach is psychodynamic, attachment-informed and insight oriented.
Life’s transitions and milestones can be exhilarating but also overwhelming. You may feel tension in your body and uncertainty in your mind, making it hard to find stability. In these moments, seeking relief from pain and suffering is natural. While the path to feeling grounded can seem hard and unclear, therapy offers the support you need to navigate these changes, regain your balance and feel connected to yourself again. I specialize in working with adults/young adults who are struggling with stressors in life related to adjustments, education, parenting, dating and relationships, divorce, family issues and trauma processing.
My treatment approach is psychodynamic, attachment-informed and insight oriented.
Life’s transitions and milestones can be exhilarating but also overwhelming. You may feel tension in your body and uncertainty in your mind, making it hard to find stability. In these moments, seeking relief from pain and suffering is natural. While the path to feeling grounded can seem hard and unclear, therapy offers the support you need to navigate these changes, regain your balance and feel connected to yourself again. I specialize in working with adults/young adults who are struggling with stressors in life related to adjustments, education, parenting, dating and relationships, divorce, family issues and trauma processing.
(508) 690-4581 View (508) 690-4581
Photo of Ruth Ettenberg Freeman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ruth Ettenberg Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Storrs Mansfield, CT 06268
My work focuses on positive relationships - with yourself and others - based on compassion and fearless self-awareness. Even when we are thinking, feeling or doing things that we don't like, there is something about it all that makes sense. Uncovering the mystery of that logic is important to therapy. This process helps us come home to ourselves and to the present moment. I specialize in individual and couple goal oriented therapy. I also have considerable expertise in parent-child relationships, behavior management and emotional intelligence in children (see more at www.PeaceAtHomeParenting.com/our-experts).
My work focuses on positive relationships - with yourself and others - based on compassion and fearless self-awareness. Even when we are thinking, feeling or doing things that we don't like, there is something about it all that makes sense. Uncovering the mystery of that logic is important to therapy. This process helps us come home to ourselves and to the present moment. I specialize in individual and couple goal oriented therapy. I also have considerable expertise in parent-child relationships, behavior management and emotional intelligence in children (see more at www.PeaceAtHomeParenting.com/our-experts).
(860) 786-4747 View (860) 786-4747
Photo of Marguerite (Rita) Amodeo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marguerite (Rita) Amodeo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Coventry, CT 06238
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with extensive experience working with the elderly, adults with severe and persistent mental illness, and children and families. My areas of expertise are in working with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, life transitions of any kind and parent guidance. My hope is that you will find hope, practical strategies and be empowered to live your best life through the therapeutic process.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with extensive experience working with the elderly, adults with severe and persistent mental illness, and children and families. My areas of expertise are in working with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, life transitions of any kind and parent guidance. My hope is that you will find hope, practical strategies and be empowered to live your best life through the therapeutic process.
(860) 356-0270 View (860) 356-0270
Photo of Leah Wessels, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leah Wessels
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mansfield Center, CT 06250
Are you feeling a lack of emotional control that’s leading to self-esteem, motivation, or relationship issues? Are negative thought patterns getting the best of you during difficult times? As the Founder of Swift Running Waters Counseling, I maintain hope that you can take charge of your well-being and build resilience. In our sessions together, I aim to create a trusting environment where you will learn the necessary tools and strategies to face your stress with confidence. I prioritize highlighting your strengths and celebrating your wins as you move through the change process toward your identified goals.
Are you feeling a lack of emotional control that’s leading to self-esteem, motivation, or relationship issues? Are negative thought patterns getting the best of you during difficult times? As the Founder of Swift Running Waters Counseling, I maintain hope that you can take charge of your well-being and build resilience. In our sessions together, I aim to create a trusting environment where you will learn the necessary tools and strategies to face your stress with confidence. I prioritize highlighting your strengths and celebrating your wins as you move through the change process toward your identified goals.
(860) 845-0801 View (860) 845-0801
Photo of Erica Backmann, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erica Backmann
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Storrs Mansfield, CT 06268
If you're stuck in a pattern of behavior or thinking that isn't working for you and you want to feel better, I welcome your call! I use traditional psychotherapy as well as acupressure and other body-based techniques to help clients improve quickly. I particularly enjoy working with individuals who are interested in a holistic approach to healing that includes incorporating diet, exercise and mindfulness strategies. I also run groups for men and women throughout the year.
If you're stuck in a pattern of behavior or thinking that isn't working for you and you want to feel better, I welcome your call! I use traditional psychotherapy as well as acupressure and other body-based techniques to help clients improve quickly. I particularly enjoy working with individuals who are interested in a holistic approach to healing that includes incorporating diet, exercise and mindfulness strategies. I also run groups for men and women throughout the year.
(860) 578-2849 View (860) 578-2849
Photo of Michael Probert, LCSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Probert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Willimantic, CT 06226
Now Accepting New Patients! I specialize in treating people who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or desiring something better out of life. I have 20 years of experience treating people with depression, anxiety, and trauma as well as those struggling to have satisfying relationships with other people. I use a person-centered approach during treatment. I have been trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, and the therapeutic use of mindfulness.
Now Accepting New Patients! I specialize in treating people who are feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or desiring something better out of life. I have 20 years of experience treating people with depression, anxiety, and trauma as well as those struggling to have satisfying relationships with other people. I use a person-centered approach during treatment. I have been trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, and the therapeutic use of mindfulness.
(860) 854-4425 View (860) 854-4425
Photo of Archna Khattar - Inlight Professional Counseling Services, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Inlight Professional Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Willimantic, CT 06226
Do you find yourself conflicted within your thoughts and feelings? Do you spend a lot of mental energy trying to cope with your inner angst and turmoil or sadness or anger? maybe even rage? or Fear? Do you find yourself wishing you knew how to feel better emotionally so you could just be more happy in life? Our Feelings are a wonderful gift that makes us HUMAN but when our feelings are not balanced, when we are carrying unresolved issues from past, when we are flooded by feelings and not able to see things clearly, they provide the biggest pain and heartache in life. Would you like someone to help you with your inner struggle?
Do you find yourself conflicted within your thoughts and feelings? Do you spend a lot of mental energy trying to cope with your inner angst and turmoil or sadness or anger? maybe even rage? or Fear? Do you find yourself wishing you knew how to feel better emotionally so you could just be more happy in life? Our Feelings are a wonderful gift that makes us HUMAN but when our feelings are not balanced, when we are carrying unresolved issues from past, when we are flooded by feelings and not able to see things clearly, they provide the biggest pain and heartache in life. Would you like someone to help you with your inner struggle?
(860) 786-7623 View (860) 786-7623
Photo of Robert Salcedo, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert Salcedo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mansfield Center, CT 06250
I understand that we can benefit from help if we feel stuck, overwhelmed or not sure where to turn. Sometimes people get stuck in patterns that may have been helpful but have become limiting or even destructive. I believe therapy can provide deep healing which allows for greater flexibility, ease, self knowledge and enjoyment of life. With 20+ years of experience, I have been successful in helping my clients through depression, substance abuse, anxiety, panic and grief and loss or just gaining more satisfaction with their lives. It has been an honor for me to do this.
I understand that we can benefit from help if we feel stuck, overwhelmed or not sure where to turn. Sometimes people get stuck in patterns that may have been helpful but have become limiting or even destructive. I believe therapy can provide deep healing which allows for greater flexibility, ease, self knowledge and enjoyment of life. With 20+ years of experience, I have been successful in helping my clients through depression, substance abuse, anxiety, panic and grief and loss or just gaining more satisfaction with their lives. It has been an honor for me to do this.
(860) 546-4158 View (860) 546-4158
Photo of Chastity Joy Pimental, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chastity Joy Pimental
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Coventry, CT 06238
I am accepting Anthem BCBS, Husky and self-pay clients. I am bringing with me 22 years of experience dedicating the majority of my career to the treatment of children, adolescents and families in acute care facilities. I have had the pleasure to work with clients with a wide array of clinical presentations from substance abuse, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, gender identity, behavioral, parenting and change of life phase issues.
I am accepting Anthem BCBS, Husky and self-pay clients. I am bringing with me 22 years of experience dedicating the majority of my career to the treatment of children, adolescents and families in acute care facilities. I have had the pleasure to work with clients with a wide array of clinical presentations from substance abuse, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, gender identity, behavioral, parenting and change of life phase issues.
(860) 607-0386 View (860) 607-0386
Photo of Penny Tavar, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Penny Tavar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Willimantic, CT 06226
As the founder and clinical director of Meridian Psychotherapy Associates, I am here to provide you with the support you deserve. We have a talented and compassionate team of clinical psychotherapists that have worked extensively with individuals, couples and families. The majority of individuals we help are working on managing anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss. Meridian Psychotherapy Associates strives to provide a compassionate, safe and judgement-free space to talk and heal. Whether it is relationship difficulty or the stressors of day to day life, your lived experience should and will be heard.
As the founder and clinical director of Meridian Psychotherapy Associates, I am here to provide you with the support you deserve. We have a talented and compassionate team of clinical psychotherapists that have worked extensively with individuals, couples and families. The majority of individuals we help are working on managing anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss. Meridian Psychotherapy Associates strives to provide a compassionate, safe and judgement-free space to talk and heal. Whether it is relationship difficulty or the stressors of day to day life, your lived experience should and will be heard.
(203) 988-6900 View (203) 988-6900
Photo of Lynn Ereshena-Manning - Lynn Ereshena-Manning LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lynn Ereshena-Manning LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Willimantic, CT 06226
Are you feeling stuck in negative behaviors and feelings, struggling with a transition or crisis? Looking for some clarity, hope and balance in your life? Let me help. I offer an integrated approach to healing and wellness focusing on your strengths, experiences and values. Our work together will focus on self-care, in combination with becoming conscience of unhealthy behaviors/thinking in order to create your own wellness toolbox. Let's work together so you will shine in all areas of your life. "When you possess light within, you see it externally" Anais Nin
Are you feeling stuck in negative behaviors and feelings, struggling with a transition or crisis? Looking for some clarity, hope and balance in your life? Let me help. I offer an integrated approach to healing and wellness focusing on your strengths, experiences and values. Our work together will focus on self-care, in combination with becoming conscience of unhealthy behaviors/thinking in order to create your own wellness toolbox. Let's work together so you will shine in all areas of your life. "When you possess light within, you see it externally" Anais Nin
(860) 782-0980 View (860) 782-0980
Photo of Inlight Professional Counseling Services Llc - Inlight Professional Counseling Services, LLC, LMFT, LPC, LADC, LCSW, Marriage & Family Therapist
Inlight Professional Counseling Services, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, LADC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Willimantic, CT 06226
Are you struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Relationship problems, Grief, Transition in Personal life or Career, Parenting Difficulties, Trauma, PTSD, existential crises, lack of self confidence? Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of your emotional struggles and find ways to heal and thrive in life? Are you experiencing spiritual turbulence and would like help in getting back your balance and orientation in this rapidly evolving spiritual shifts in consciousness on the planet today?
Are you struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Relationship problems, Grief, Transition in Personal life or Career, Parenting Difficulties, Trauma, PTSD, existential crises, lack of self confidence? Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of your emotional struggles and find ways to heal and thrive in life? Are you experiencing spiritual turbulence and would like help in getting back your balance and orientation in this rapidly evolving spiritual shifts in consciousness on the planet today?
(860) 471-8559 View (860) 471-8559
Photo of Ciro Anthony Massa, PsyD, LCSW, LADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ciro Anthony Massa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mansfield Center, CT 06250
Welcome to creating positive change in your life. My goal is to help you identify the issues that have been the most challenging, and helping you work towards finding solutions that will move you towards achieving a more fulfilling life. Feel free to contact me via email or phone call so that we can discuss how I may be of help to you. Help is available. You have only to embrace it with hope, and a willingness to move forward with your life.
Welcome to creating positive change in your life. My goal is to help you identify the issues that have been the most challenging, and helping you work towards finding solutions that will move you towards achieving a more fulfilling life. Feel free to contact me via email or phone call so that we can discuss how I may be of help to you. Help is available. You have only to embrace it with hope, and a willingness to move forward with your life.
(860) 854-7524 View (860) 854-7524

See more therapy options for Chaplin

Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.