Therapists in West Springfield, MA

Photo of Ileana Hernandez, MSW, LICSW, LADCI, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ileana Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADCI
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Have you tried to manage symptoms of anxiety, panic attacks, and depression with distractions, self-medicating behaviors, and hoping time will make things better, but instead, they worsen? The frequency and intensity of these symptoms feel like a dark cloud before a storm that does not clear up, causing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. I encourage you to try therapy. If that speaks to you, use the filters on this page to find a provider that speaks to your individual needs, or if you want to communicate with me, click “email me,” and I will reach out to you. Together we will develop a treatment plan that will work for you.
Have you tried to manage symptoms of anxiety, panic attacks, and depression with distractions, self-medicating behaviors, and hoping time will make things better, but instead, they worsen? The frequency and intensity of these symptoms feel like a dark cloud before a storm that does not clear up, causing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. I encourage you to try therapy. If that speaks to you, use the filters on this page to find a provider that speaks to your individual needs, or if you want to communicate with me, click “email me,” and I will reach out to you. Together we will develop a treatment plan that will work for you.
(413) 887-3478 View (413) 887-3478
Photo of Paulette Berrocales, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paulette Berrocales
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
Do you struggle with perinatal issues such as anxiety, depression, or grief that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by the challenges of motherhood, managing your career, or maintaining a sense of self amidst these transitions? Do you wonder if your life could be more fulfilling and balanced? Now more than ever, many women are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming perinatal challenges, finding their place in motherhood, and managing their mental health.
Do you struggle with perinatal issues such as anxiety, depression, or grief that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by the challenges of motherhood, managing your career, or maintaining a sense of self amidst these transitions? Do you wonder if your life could be more fulfilling and balanced? Now more than ever, many women are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming perinatal challenges, finding their place in motherhood, and managing their mental health.
(413) 423-1454 x510 View (413) 423-1454 x510
Photo of Luis A Torres-Cordero - Luis Torres (Inspira Counseling Center), LMHC, Counselor
Luis Torres (Inspira Counseling Center)
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Do you feel like you’ve tried everything, but nothing seems to be working and you’re starting to feel hopeless? Do you want to be more confident in your abilities and who you are as a person? Do you find yourself so stressed out that you cannot function? If you are experiencing Depression, Anxiety, grieving the loss of a loved one, difficulty with work and/or relationships, feeling overwhelmed, difficulty managing or dealing with strong emotions or need support through a major life transition, I may be able to help.
Do you feel like you’ve tried everything, but nothing seems to be working and you’re starting to feel hopeless? Do you want to be more confident in your abilities and who you are as a person? Do you find yourself so stressed out that you cannot function? If you are experiencing Depression, Anxiety, grieving the loss of a loved one, difficulty with work and/or relationships, feeling overwhelmed, difficulty managing or dealing with strong emotions or need support through a major life transition, I may be able to help.
(413) 327-9497 x501 View (413) 327-9497 x501
Photo of Andres De Leon Ortiz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andres De Leon Ortiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
….Accepting New Clients…. Do you struggle with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship problems that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, or ability to function? Do you feel overwhelmed or exhausted by the thought of just getting through the day? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about overcoming difficult challenges and finding their place in life. I believe that change is possible and that everyone deserves support on their journey towards a better life.
….Accepting New Clients…. Do you struggle with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship problems that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, or ability to function? Do you feel overwhelmed or exhausted by the thought of just getting through the day? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about overcoming difficult challenges and finding their place in life. I believe that change is possible and that everyone deserves support on their journey towards a better life.
(413) 287-6983 x509 View (413) 287-6983 x509
Photo of Kathleen Morrissey, MSW, LICSW, PTA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathleen Morrissey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, PTA
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Our lives can be difficult and demanding. Sometimes we do not receive the support that we need or would like to have. Life changing circumstances, whether recent or long standing, can result in feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and fatigue affecting your quality of life, your relationships and managing from day to day. When feeling overwhelmed coping can become difficult. I am also a guide and life coach who will assist you on your journey. I will help you to find resolve for your concerns, begin to imagine positive changes that will benefit you and create the life you wish to have.
Our lives can be difficult and demanding. Sometimes we do not receive the support that we need or would like to have. Life changing circumstances, whether recent or long standing, can result in feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and fatigue affecting your quality of life, your relationships and managing from day to day. When feeling overwhelmed coping can become difficult. I am also a guide and life coach who will assist you on your journey. I will help you to find resolve for your concerns, begin to imagine positive changes that will benefit you and create the life you wish to have.
(413) 455-1532 View (413) 455-1532
Photo of Melissa Strahan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Strahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Waitlist for new clients
Wait time 1-4 months depending on availability Finding a therapist can be difficult and intimidating. I have provided therapy and other therapeutic services for children and adolescents for over 10 years. I offer a strengths-based perspective and help to identify and build on your current strengths to meet your goals. I provide a peaceful and nonjudgmental space for you to explore your feelings and identify and navigate the challenges that you face. I work to find the style that meets your needs often integrating solution focused and dialectical models.
Wait time 1-4 months depending on availability Finding a therapist can be difficult and intimidating. I have provided therapy and other therapeutic services for children and adolescents for over 10 years. I offer a strengths-based perspective and help to identify and build on your current strengths to meet your goals. I provide a peaceful and nonjudgmental space for you to explore your feelings and identify and navigate the challenges that you face. I work to find the style that meets your needs often integrating solution focused and dialectical models.
(413) 300-6407 View (413) 300-6407
Photo of Kristin Robtoy, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristin Robtoy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
I truly believe that psychotherapy is a collaboration and fostering a strong therapeutic relationship is imperative. I make it a priority to spend time building a quality rapport which helps me gain an understanding of who you are, how you receive information, and how I can be most helpful. I offer a warm, safe, and supportive environment, and incorporate modalities such as CBT, DBT, and SFBT. I strive to help adolescents and young adults identify and express emotions, navigate expectations, create identity, and live life in a more fulfilling way. My passion is working LGBTQIA+ individuals.
I truly believe that psychotherapy is a collaboration and fostering a strong therapeutic relationship is imperative. I make it a priority to spend time building a quality rapport which helps me gain an understanding of who you are, how you receive information, and how I can be most helpful. I offer a warm, safe, and supportive environment, and incorporate modalities such as CBT, DBT, and SFBT. I strive to help adolescents and young adults identify and express emotions, navigate expectations, create identity, and live life in a more fulfilling way. My passion is working LGBTQIA+ individuals.
(413) 287-6592 View (413) 287-6592
Photo of Pam Boone, MS, CAGS, LMHC, Counselor
Pam Boone
Counselor, MS, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Are you fearful, anxious, stressed, sad or not able to complete your goals and life seems to be moving while you are feeling stuck? Prioritize yourself and your well-being, call me and let's talk. I am a passionate and empathic mental health professional who believes that everyone deserves the chance to be the best person they can be and to live the best life possible. I am committed to empowering individuals to recognize and utilize their strengths to change their circumstance.
Are you fearful, anxious, stressed, sad or not able to complete your goals and life seems to be moving while you are feeling stuck? Prioritize yourself and your well-being, call me and let's talk. I am a passionate and empathic mental health professional who believes that everyone deserves the chance to be the best person they can be and to live the best life possible. I am committed to empowering individuals to recognize and utilize their strengths to change their circumstance.
(413) 225-4892 View (413) 225-4892
Photo of Krista Lawrence, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Krista Lawrence
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Krista values a holistic healing achieved by working through sorting out the hard stuff in a safe space, free of judgement and full of support. Krista views therapy as a place to improve a sense of self and give your unheard parts a voice. Her approach emphasizes the mutual, collaborative development of goals in therapy. She enjoys working collectively with clients, using empathy and unconditional positive regard to help facilitate change. Service can include individual, couples, family, and group therapy.
Krista values a holistic healing achieved by working through sorting out the hard stuff in a safe space, free of judgement and full of support. Krista views therapy as a place to improve a sense of self and give your unheard parts a voice. Her approach emphasizes the mutual, collaborative development of goals in therapy. She enjoys working collectively with clients, using empathy and unconditional positive regard to help facilitate change. Service can include individual, couples, family, and group therapy.
(413) 344-2312 View (413) 344-2312
Photo of Eileen Garrigan - Thriveworks Counseling&Psychiatry West Springfield, Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling&Psychiatry West Springfield
Counselor
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(855) 524-5193 View (855) 524-5193
Photo of Alma Iris Flores, LMHC, Counselor
Alma Iris Flores
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
I work with clients from 6 to 90 years old who are looking to learn to live their life in a healthy manner, who wants to improve the quality of their relationships in a personal and Laboral life. This include kids, adolescents, young adults, and adults, married or single, living alone or in a family setting.
I work with clients from 6 to 90 years old who are looking to learn to live their life in a healthy manner, who wants to improve the quality of their relationships in a personal and Laboral life. This include kids, adolescents, young adults, and adults, married or single, living alone or in a family setting.
(413) 732-7677 x1015 View (413) 732-7677 x1015
Photo of Cheryl Lewis, LMHC, Counselor
Cheryl Lewis
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Cheryl’s easy going and empathetic demeanor will help you feel at ease, even when speaking about life’s most difficult circumstances. Cheryl uses a person-centered and collaborative approach to meet clients where they are in the therapy process.
Cheryl’s easy going and empathetic demeanor will help you feel at ease, even when speaking about life’s most difficult circumstances. Cheryl uses a person-centered and collaborative approach to meet clients where they are in the therapy process.
(413) 339-3678 View (413) 339-3678
Photo of Therese Katherine Sarnelli, MEd , LMHC, Counselor
Therese Katherine Sarnelli
Counselor, MEd , LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
Please allow me to introduce myself. I have been working with young adults and adults for over ten years. I have worked with veterans, first responders, those with disabilities. My specialties include but not limited to Sexual Trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Depression and Anxiety. I have been certified through the VA/Springfield Vet Center for specialized training, in Military Sexual Trauma (MST). In the past, I interned at the Springfield Vet Center offering readjustment counseling to combat vet’s and their families.
Please allow me to introduce myself. I have been working with young adults and adults for over ten years. I have worked with veterans, first responders, those with disabilities. My specialties include but not limited to Sexual Trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Depression and Anxiety. I have been certified through the VA/Springfield Vet Center for specialized training, in Military Sexual Trauma (MST). In the past, I interned at the Springfield Vet Center offering readjustment counseling to combat vet’s and their families.
(413) 287-1420 View (413) 287-1420
Photo of Ann G Wilson, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Ann G Wilson
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist with 30 years of experience in helping others move through difficulties. My work is shaped by the knowledge that we all have the capacity to grow and learn though our life experiences. I believe that sometimes our most difficult experiences can bring us our greatest life lessons. I work collaboratively with adults, 18 years and older, to build on strengths, develop new strategies and work to remove or reduce internal obstacles such as negative beliefs.
I am a psychotherapist with 30 years of experience in helping others move through difficulties. My work is shaped by the knowledge that we all have the capacity to grow and learn though our life experiences. I believe that sometimes our most difficult experiences can bring us our greatest life lessons. I work collaboratively with adults, 18 years and older, to build on strengths, develop new strategies and work to remove or reduce internal obstacles such as negative beliefs.
(413) 424-3686 View (413) 424-3686
Photo of Dr. Alex Rivera-Fernandez, PhD, LADC 1, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Dr. Alex Rivera-Fernandez
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, LADC 1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Services provided to individuals experiencing psychiatric disability, dual diagnosis, substance abuse, and addiction, isolation, trauma, among others. Services delivered from a multicultural competence perspective through the Wraparound Framework and Systems of Care Philosophy to a broad spectrum of ethnic backgrounds.
Services provided to individuals experiencing psychiatric disability, dual diagnosis, substance abuse, and addiction, isolation, trauma, among others. Services delivered from a multicultural competence perspective through the Wraparound Framework and Systems of Care Philosophy to a broad spectrum of ethnic backgrounds.
(413) 307-3703 View (413) 307-3703
Photo of Kristine Marie Williams, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kristine Marie Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Hey there, thank you for reviewing my profile and for considering me as your next therapist. My name is Kristine and I graduated with my Masters in Social Work from Westfield State University. I am license eligible and in the process of obtaining my social work licensure. I have experience working with a wide range of diverse populations and backgrounds. I enjoy working collaboratively with children and families. Feeling safe, building trust and rapport is essential to treatment and we will get there with time. My number one goal is to always create a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel comfortable and can express yourself.
Hey there, thank you for reviewing my profile and for considering me as your next therapist. My name is Kristine and I graduated with my Masters in Social Work from Westfield State University. I am license eligible and in the process of obtaining my social work licensure. I have experience working with a wide range of diverse populations and backgrounds. I enjoy working collaboratively with children and families. Feeling safe, building trust and rapport is essential to treatment and we will get there with time. My number one goal is to always create a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel comfortable and can express yourself.
(413) 287-7897 View (413) 287-7897
Photo of Crystal Richey, LMHC, Counselor
Crystal Richey
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
At Abundantly You Counseling Services, LLC, my goal is to help prospective clients realize they can lead fully abundant lives despite past traumas and/or current life stressors. Through culturally sensitive and trauma informed practices, my aim is to guide you through this therapeutic journey.
At Abundantly You Counseling Services, LLC, my goal is to help prospective clients realize they can lead fully abundant lives despite past traumas and/or current life stressors. Through culturally sensitive and trauma informed practices, my aim is to guide you through this therapeutic journey.
(413) 307-8073 View (413) 307-8073
Photo of Amy Baker, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Amy Baker
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
I am currently offering telehealth sessions! Reaching out for help is often very difficult. I want to invite you to a trusting therapeutic setting set to promote health and healing. People often engage in therapy for a variety reasons. Some people seek resolutions to conflict and challenges while others seek to find meaning in their lives. Each person and their course of treatment is unique and I will work closely and collaboratively with you. My practice encompasses adults, teens, families, and couples. I have worked with a variety of presenting issues. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs.
I am currently offering telehealth sessions! Reaching out for help is often very difficult. I want to invite you to a trusting therapeutic setting set to promote health and healing. People often engage in therapy for a variety reasons. Some people seek resolutions to conflict and challenges while others seek to find meaning in their lives. Each person and their course of treatment is unique and I will work closely and collaboratively with you. My practice encompasses adults, teens, families, and couples. I have worked with a variety of presenting issues. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs.
(413) 259-0354 View (413) 259-0354
Photo of Gena Lyn Dube, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gena Lyn Dube
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Waitlist for new clients
Couples Wait List Currently. Openings for individuals only at this time. With over twenty years of experience, it has always been my passion to help others reach their goals and heal, however you define that to be. Whether it be juggling every day stress, coping with life transitions and changes, or learning new ways to cope with depression or anxiety, seeking help from a professional can be scary at first, but my first priority is that you feel seen and heard so you can move towards improved balance and healthier relationships with those around you.
Couples Wait List Currently. Openings for individuals only at this time. With over twenty years of experience, it has always been my passion to help others reach their goals and heal, however you define that to be. Whether it be juggling every day stress, coping with life transitions and changes, or learning new ways to cope with depression or anxiety, seeking help from a professional can be scary at first, but my first priority is that you feel seen and heard so you can move towards improved balance and healthier relationships with those around you.
(413) 258-1015 View (413) 258-1015
Photo of Rhonda L Ward, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rhonda L Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Feeling stressed, overwhelmed, depressed, anxious? Having a hard time focusing and concentrating? Perhaps your life isn't going in the direction you had hoped it would. Life can get difficult at times…. Therapy can offer many opportunities to help relieve emotional pain, to improve our relationships, to overcome the ways we feel stuck, and ultimately to build a more meaningful life as we come to understand ourselves more deeply. I am a neurodiversity-affirming therapist. I specialize in ADHD, Anxiety, Autism, Sensory challenges, Trauma, Family and couple support.
Feeling stressed, overwhelmed, depressed, anxious? Having a hard time focusing and concentrating? Perhaps your life isn't going in the direction you had hoped it would. Life can get difficult at times…. Therapy can offer many opportunities to help relieve emotional pain, to improve our relationships, to overcome the ways we feel stuck, and ultimately to build a more meaningful life as we come to understand ourselves more deeply. I am a neurodiversity-affirming therapist. I specialize in ADHD, Anxiety, Autism, Sensory challenges, Trauma, Family and couple support.
(413) 216-4685 View (413) 216-4685
1

See more therapy options for West Springfield

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Springfield, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in West Springfield, MA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
70% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills
64% Relationship Issues
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Optum
69% Aetna

How Therapists in West Springfield, MA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
17% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.