Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA

Photo of Thomas E Holden, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Thomas E Holden
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Although it may feel risky to reach out, it is partly through this risk that change and healing can begin. I welcome your fears and doubts, both are common companions on the first part of a new journey. If you're struggling with panic attacks, anxiety, low self-worth, feeling afraid or confused by some of your experiences in life, know that you are not alone and there is a way through. We'll work together to help you navigate these challenges, build and maintain a sense of optimism. I invite you to take the first courageous step toward healing.
Although it may feel risky to reach out, it is partly through this risk that change and healing can begin. I welcome your fears and doubts, both are common companions on the first part of a new journey. If you're struggling with panic attacks, anxiety, low self-worth, feeling afraid or confused by some of your experiences in life, know that you are not alone and there is a way through. We'll work together to help you navigate these challenges, build and maintain a sense of optimism. I invite you to take the first courageous step toward healing.
(707) 800-3056 View (707) 800-3056
Photo of Erika Lin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erika Lin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
My name is Erika Lin and I am a California Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I believe that who we are today is shaped by our past experiences and relationships. I like to work with my clients to recognize, identify, and change patterns in their lives in order to work towards the life they wish to live! I come from a family systems-based background and I work with clients to identify and make changes in their relationships and environment to achieve long-lasting change. I often utilize a systems approach, such as structural family therapy. I also utilize an emotionally-focused and attachment-based approach to therapy.
My name is Erika Lin and I am a California Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I believe that who we are today is shaped by our past experiences and relationships. I like to work with my clients to recognize, identify, and change patterns in their lives in order to work towards the life they wish to live! I come from a family systems-based background and I work with clients to identify and make changes in their relationships and environment to achieve long-lasting change. I often utilize a systems approach, such as structural family therapy. I also utilize an emotionally-focused and attachment-based approach to therapy.
(707) 943-5797 View (707) 943-5797
Photo of Alissa Hirshfeld, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alissa Hirshfeld
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
I am a seasoned therapist with over 25 years of experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds and orientations. My approach is tailored toward each individual. I draw on decades of bereavement work (directing a hospice program), trauma (including EMDR), and mindfulness training (as a meditation and yoga instructor and spiritual director). Recently, I have been certified as a psychedelic-assisted therapist, work with ketamine, and provide integration. I'm a visual artist and writer and enjoy working with creative folks. Many of my clients come to me in the midst of grief, trauma, or life transitions. See alissahirshfeld.com
I am a seasoned therapist with over 25 years of experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds and orientations. My approach is tailored toward each individual. I draw on decades of bereavement work (directing a hospice program), trauma (including EMDR), and mindfulness training (as a meditation and yoga instructor and spiritual director). Recently, I have been certified as a psychedelic-assisted therapist, work with ketamine, and provide integration. I'm a visual artist and writer and enjoy working with creative folks. Many of my clients come to me in the midst of grief, trauma, or life transitions. See alissahirshfeld.com
(707) 730-4840 View (707) 730-4840
Photo of Mark L Sipowicz Soul Guide, MA, Jungian, BSP, CCTP
Mark L Sipowicz Soul Guide
MA, Jungian, BSP, CCTP
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Many of the clients I work with recognize the soul even if they call it something else like spirit or Self. Regardless of what we call this depth we often arrive at crossings in life where that center is lost, buried, or suffering. These can be painful crossings, with subtle and sometimes disturbing pleas for a return to adventure, more imagination, trauma sensitivity, exploration of sharing our gifts - and pursuit of a more meaningful life. Combining the insights of Jungian psychology with the mapping of the archetypal quest, dream and process work, and brainspotting..
Many of the clients I work with recognize the soul even if they call it something else like spirit or Self. Regardless of what we call this depth we often arrive at crossings in life where that center is lost, buried, or suffering. These can be painful crossings, with subtle and sometimes disturbing pleas for a return to adventure, more imagination, trauma sensitivity, exploration of sharing our gifts - and pursuit of a more meaningful life. Combining the insights of Jungian psychology with the mapping of the archetypal quest, dream and process work, and brainspotting..
(209) 315-6773 View (209) 315-6773
Photo of Jennifer Sederholm, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Sederholm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95403
Life is a boundless and creative experience! In this, life will inevitably present painful moments and stressful situations. Parenting challenges, partner conflict, unhelpful behaviors that seem impossible to change...perhaps we find ourselves in a "rut" and don't know why. What is the source of the suffering? As a Licensed Clinician for 14 years, I can provide a supportive and compassionate environment for you to explore patterns in feelings, behaviors and thought. Through this exploration, you can experience a new openness and freedom in relationships and in daily interactions with life.
Life is a boundless and creative experience! In this, life will inevitably present painful moments and stressful situations. Parenting challenges, partner conflict, unhelpful behaviors that seem impossible to change...perhaps we find ourselves in a "rut" and don't know why. What is the source of the suffering? As a Licensed Clinician for 14 years, I can provide a supportive and compassionate environment for you to explore patterns in feelings, behaviors and thought. Through this exploration, you can experience a new openness and freedom in relationships and in daily interactions with life.
(707) 289-7251 View (707) 289-7251
Photo of Ayne Shore, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ayne Shore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401  (Online Only)
Are you getting the love and respect that you deserve? Are you suffering from low self esteem which is reflected in your inability to have a nurturing, loving relationship? Do you wish you could stop repeating the same patterns in spite of all the work you have done on yourself? Do you wish you were stronger and more resilient? Would you like to develop the capacity to experience more joy and wellbeing?
Are you getting the love and respect that you deserve? Are you suffering from low self esteem which is reflected in your inability to have a nurturing, loving relationship? Do you wish you could stop repeating the same patterns in spite of all the work you have done on yourself? Do you wish you were stronger and more resilient? Would you like to develop the capacity to experience more joy and wellbeing?
(707) 574-8743 View (707) 574-8743
Photo of Dan Caul, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dan Caul
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Whatever the reason you are seeking therapy, I believe a caring and supportive relationship is the foundation for the work. Rather than pathologize experience, I seek to support an exploration the full range of experience and to collaboratively create a process where clients are able to better access internal and external resources as they navigate life’s inevitable challenges and connect to its joys. My goal is to walk with you as you make choices that are self-supportive and aligned with your sense of well-being, meaning and values. I welcome all parts of you, especially parts that have been suppressed or oppressed.
Whatever the reason you are seeking therapy, I believe a caring and supportive relationship is the foundation for the work. Rather than pathologize experience, I seek to support an exploration the full range of experience and to collaboratively create a process where clients are able to better access internal and external resources as they navigate life’s inevitable challenges and connect to its joys. My goal is to walk with you as you make choices that are self-supportive and aligned with your sense of well-being, meaning and values. I welcome all parts of you, especially parts that have been suppressed or oppressed.
(707) 896-2292 View (707) 896-2292
Photo of Ronald A Bauer - Ronald Bauer, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ronald Bauer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95405  (Online Only)
Whether you are struggling with, anxiety,narcissistic abuse,depression, or self image, there is one common denominator-YOU! In our work together you will learn to discover yourself, challenge and overcome dysfunctional behaviors, develop effective tools and coping strategies,set boundaries,recognize your triggers,become more self aware and learn to take responsibility for your part in developing healthy relationships. As we work together we will create challenge false realities and create new map.
Whether you are struggling with, anxiety,narcissistic abuse,depression, or self image, there is one common denominator-YOU! In our work together you will learn to discover yourself, challenge and overcome dysfunctional behaviors, develop effective tools and coping strategies,set boundaries,recognize your triggers,become more self aware and learn to take responsibility for your part in developing healthy relationships. As we work together we will create challenge false realities and create new map.
(707) 595-9717 View (707) 595-9717
Photo of Kimi Bishop, LMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kimi Bishop
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Do you often feel like something is holding you back from your fullest potential? Are you stuck in repetitive patterns that don’t serve you? Do you want to have a better relationship with yourself? In my therapy practice, we will feel into these questions as well as look at and build on practical ways to work with life’s many challenges. Through mindful inquiry, curiosity and kind humor, we’ll together create a space that is safe and expansive, that will allow you to find yourself in new and exciting ways.
Do you often feel like something is holding you back from your fullest potential? Are you stuck in repetitive patterns that don’t serve you? Do you want to have a better relationship with yourself? In my therapy practice, we will feel into these questions as well as look at and build on practical ways to work with life’s many challenges. Through mindful inquiry, curiosity and kind humor, we’ll together create a space that is safe and expansive, that will allow you to find yourself in new and exciting ways.
(707) 999-3309 View (707) 999-3309
Photo of Diane Camurat, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Diane Camurat
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
The issues that bring us to therapy serve as openings to our true nature, and as bridges to self-compassion. When we discover or remember who we are beyond our suffering, and attend to the authentic being that has been neglected in the process, healing can begin to happen.
The issues that bring us to therapy serve as openings to our true nature, and as bridges to self-compassion. When we discover or remember who we are beyond our suffering, and attend to the authentic being that has been neglected in the process, healing can begin to happen.
(707) 987-6169 View (707) 987-6169
Photo of Jennifer Blum, PsyD, Psychologist
Jennifer Blum
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95405  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I practice individual psychotherapy and am a certified hypnotherapist. l serve adults at all stages of life who are experiencing challenges around many issues, including but not limited to relationships, depression, PTSD, and anxiety. I also work with clients who are experiencing struggles with sobriety, difficulty coping with life events, mental illness, or who simply want change in their life.
I practice individual psychotherapy and am a certified hypnotherapist. l serve adults at all stages of life who are experiencing challenges around many issues, including but not limited to relationships, depression, PTSD, and anxiety. I also work with clients who are experiencing struggles with sobriety, difficulty coping with life events, mental illness, or who simply want change in their life.
(707) 968-7637 View (707) 968-7637
Photo of Conrad E Larkin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Conrad E Larkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95409
I focus on the underlining structure that contributes to a person's symptoms of anxiety and / or depression. During my 30 years as a therapist I have found that once an unworkable pattern is revealed and the emotions connected to that are expressed, your authentic self is more available. As the internal conflicts fade; relationships become more fulfilling and the meaning and purpose of your true nature becomes evident. I assist each person to create a plan that reflects their values and unique contributions in order to achieve that goal.
I focus on the underlining structure that contributes to a person's symptoms of anxiety and / or depression. During my 30 years as a therapist I have found that once an unworkable pattern is revealed and the emotions connected to that are expressed, your authentic self is more available. As the internal conflicts fade; relationships become more fulfilling and the meaning and purpose of your true nature becomes evident. I assist each person to create a plan that reflects their values and unique contributions in order to achieve that goal.
(707) 679-6041 View (707) 679-6041
Photo of Suzanne M Yeomans, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Suzanne M Yeomans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95403
Waitlist for new clients
Trauma is not what happens to you. Trauma is what happens inside you (as a result of what happens to you). -Dr. Gabor Mate.
Trauma is not what happens to you. Trauma is what happens inside you (as a result of what happens to you). -Dr. Gabor Mate.
(707) 378-6203 View (707) 378-6203
Photo of Marie F Piazza, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Marie F Piazza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
Is it easier for you to give than to receive? Are you a nurse, therapist, teacher, or in another "helping profession"? Are you tired of struggling with the daily life grind, while longing for a rich and vibrant life? Do you wonder why you often feel so depleted, while others are enjoying life? Are you in a relationship but are struggling with the same issues and can't find your way to a better way of relating? You are not alone! You deserve to be happy and fulfilled. You can heal and learn new ways of living! I hold the space in which a full and rewarding life is possible for you, even if you cannot yet imagine it for yourself.
Is it easier for you to give than to receive? Are you a nurse, therapist, teacher, or in another "helping profession"? Are you tired of struggling with the daily life grind, while longing for a rich and vibrant life? Do you wonder why you often feel so depleted, while others are enjoying life? Are you in a relationship but are struggling with the same issues and can't find your way to a better way of relating? You are not alone! You deserve to be happy and fulfilled. You can heal and learn new ways of living! I hold the space in which a full and rewarding life is possible for you, even if you cannot yet imagine it for yourself.
(707) 570-3940 View (707) 570-3940
Photo of Dorothy M Foster, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dorothy M Foster
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95401  (Online Only)
Has life dropped an unwanted change in your lap? Or perhaps a change is what you want to achieve. I offer guidance to support you in coping with the realities of life, and in creating new ways of being in life. I bring compassion and commitment to my work. My clients find that I am gentle but also direct and responsive. Your sense of emotional safety - that you feel heard, understood, and accepted - is the foundation of our relationship.
Has life dropped an unwanted change in your lap? Or perhaps a change is what you want to achieve. I offer guidance to support you in coping with the realities of life, and in creating new ways of being in life. I bring compassion and commitment to my work. My clients find that I am gentle but also direct and responsive. Your sense of emotional safety - that you feel heard, understood, and accepted - is the foundation of our relationship.
(707) 317-1656 View (707) 317-1656
Photo of Gina (Regina) L Culver, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gina (Regina) L Culver
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
My practice is full. I offer both in person (local) and telehealth throughout California. I enjoy working with clients who are wanting to work on areas they struggle with or wanting to feel better in general. I strive to help clients find balance, work on making changes, and help them be the best version of themselves. I offer a conversational, supportive atmosphere which allows freedom to be open while making the changes desired. I enjoy working with clients wanting to grow and heal. Give me a call to find out more today!
My practice is full. I offer both in person (local) and telehealth throughout California. I enjoy working with clients who are wanting to work on areas they struggle with or wanting to feel better in general. I strive to help clients find balance, work on making changes, and help them be the best version of themselves. I offer a conversational, supportive atmosphere which allows freedom to be open while making the changes desired. I enjoy working with clients wanting to grow and heal. Give me a call to find out more today!
(707) 896-3607 View (707) 896-3607
Photo of Debbie Mizell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Debbie Mizell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Waitlist for new clients
If you've been holding in your thoughts and feelings, hoping they just go away, and don't feel that you have an outlet, they'll likely come out in ways that impact your self-esteem and your relationships. You've likely been trying to solve your problems on your own for a while now but have realized that you need some help. I meet my clients where they're at using evidence based treatments tailored to meet your unique needs. I'm confident that we can work together to understand the causes of your struggles and address them with long-lasting results.
If you've been holding in your thoughts and feelings, hoping they just go away, and don't feel that you have an outlet, they'll likely come out in ways that impact your self-esteem and your relationships. You've likely been trying to solve your problems on your own for a while now but have realized that you need some help. I meet my clients where they're at using evidence based treatments tailored to meet your unique needs. I'm confident that we can work together to understand the causes of your struggles and address them with long-lasting results.
(707) 504-3208 View (707) 504-3208
Photo of Michelle Hardeman-Guptill Now Offering Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, MA, LMFT, CCHT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michelle Hardeman-Guptill Now Offering Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCHT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Today, I encourage you to consider an alternative future. One where you are at peace with yourself. Where the light and dark within you are both accepted unconditionally and you remember who you were before the beliefs that currently limit you were formed. I strive to help others separate themselves from their problems, including significant symptoms and behaviors. You HAVE a problem. YOU are not a Problem. For the last 15 years I have worked with children, adolescents, adults and their families. Ready to dive deep and make a change? Let's talk!
Today, I encourage you to consider an alternative future. One where you are at peace with yourself. Where the light and dark within you are both accepted unconditionally and you remember who you were before the beliefs that currently limit you were formed. I strive to help others separate themselves from their problems, including significant symptoms and behaviors. You HAVE a problem. YOU are not a Problem. For the last 15 years I have worked with children, adolescents, adults and their families. Ready to dive deep and make a change? Let's talk!
(707) 317-1405 View (707) 317-1405
Photo of Devon Maher, MA, LMFT, CET, SEP, RYT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Devon Maher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CET, SEP, RYT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Rosa, CA 95403  (Online Only)
Hello, and Welcome, I'm Devon Maher. I'm a licensed Marriage Family Therapist, Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, Mindfulness Based Eco Therapist (Therapy Outdoors) and a Registered Yoga Teacher. I've been working in the mental health field over 10 years and am deeply drawn to this work. I believe in the power and capacity of each human being and their ability to heal. I believe with the right support, understanding, and guidance we all can live with more ease, belonging, and happiness, and live a truly fulfilled life. If you're struggling and want support in living a more fulfilled life, reach out, theres no better time than now.
Hello, and Welcome, I'm Devon Maher. I'm a licensed Marriage Family Therapist, Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, Mindfulness Based Eco Therapist (Therapy Outdoors) and a Registered Yoga Teacher. I've been working in the mental health field over 10 years and am deeply drawn to this work. I believe in the power and capacity of each human being and their ability to heal. I believe with the right support, understanding, and guidance we all can live with more ease, belonging, and happiness, and live a truly fulfilled life. If you're struggling and want support in living a more fulfilled life, reach out, theres no better time than now.
(707) 309-2759 View (707) 309-2759
Photo of Joy Kolker, PhD, Psychologist
Joy Kolker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Not accepting new clients
We are born to love and be loved. Yet, difficult work, home, or health challenges, high sensitivity, introversion, rocky relationships, relocation, or unresolved childhood issues can make us feel unloved, resulting in depression, anxiety, stress, mistrust, grief, anger, loneliness, or low self-esteem. I provide a safe haven to explore your innermost feelings, thoughts, experiences, desires; I want to hear your story. I listen attentively, acknowledge your feelings, and gently identify/examine self-defeating thoughts and behavior patterns, causing suffering. We will develop and practice ways to reduce stress and anxiety, diminish depression, increase self-confidence, and enhance well-being.
We are born to love and be loved. Yet, difficult work, home, or health challenges, high sensitivity, introversion, rocky relationships, relocation, or unresolved childhood issues can make us feel unloved, resulting in depression, anxiety, stress, mistrust, grief, anger, loneliness, or low self-esteem. I provide a safe haven to explore your innermost feelings, thoughts, experiences, desires; I want to hear your story. I listen attentively, acknowledge your feelings, and gently identify/examine self-defeating thoughts and behavior patterns, causing suffering. We will develop and practice ways to reduce stress and anxiety, diminish depression, increase self-confidence, and enhance well-being.
(707) 358-6857 View (707) 358-6857
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA

700+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

53% Aetna
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
50% Optum

How Therapists in Santa Rosa, CA see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Rosa?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.