Therapists in Fredericksburg, VA

Photo of Tonjesia Gilchrist - Faith Transformation Counseling, PLLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Faith Transformation Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22406  (Online Only)
My name is Tonjesia Gilchrist and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I am empathetic and passionate about helping clients navigate life's stressors. As a Christian Counselor my hope is to encourage clients to identify and challenge limiting beliefs while incorporating faith into the therapeutic relationship. As an Army veteran I have a thorough knowledge of working with active-duty service members, veterans and their families around trauma.
My name is Tonjesia Gilchrist and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I am empathetic and passionate about helping clients navigate life's stressors. As a Christian Counselor my hope is to encourage clients to identify and challenge limiting beliefs while incorporating faith into the therapeutic relationship. As an Army veteran I have a thorough knowledge of working with active-duty service members, veterans and their families around trauma.
(540) 783-6302 View (540) 783-6302
Photo of Mary Wazeter Mannhardt, MEd, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mary Wazeter Mannhardt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407
I believe the problems that direct clients into counseling are emotional, physical, and spiritual. Therefore, the whole person must be addressed and treated as a unique and complex individual. As a Christian therapist, I help clients get to the root causes of their distress and assist them to find answers by using solution focused therapy. While some long-term therapy is a necessity I take pride in helping people set goals and objectives to find answers to their issues and struggles. Discover your hidden strengths and find an inner peace that brings stability amidst your storm.
I believe the problems that direct clients into counseling are emotional, physical, and spiritual. Therefore, the whole person must be addressed and treated as a unique and complex individual. As a Christian therapist, I help clients get to the root causes of their distress and assist them to find answers by using solution focused therapy. While some long-term therapy is a necessity I take pride in helping people set goals and objectives to find answers to their issues and struggles. Discover your hidden strengths and find an inner peace that brings stability amidst your storm.
(540) 726-5603 x2 View (540) 726-5603 x2
Photo of Cristina Brown, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cristina Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407
I care deeply and believe people can adapt to their life circumstances if given the necessary tools. It is not for lack of will but for lack of skill that people are not thriving. Therefore, my focus in therapy is to equip and empower individuals, couples and families to achieve healing. Having worked as a missionary for two decades and lived in three different continents, I possess a rich multicultural background, a love for diversity as well as the languages to communicate.
I care deeply and believe people can adapt to their life circumstances if given the necessary tools. It is not for lack of will but for lack of skill that people are not thriving. Therefore, my focus in therapy is to equip and empower individuals, couples and families to achieve healing. Having worked as a missionary for two decades and lived in three different continents, I possess a rich multicultural background, a love for diversity as well as the languages to communicate.
(540) 405-8978 View (540) 405-8978
Photo of Larry J Colby, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Larry J Colby
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407  (Online Only)
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
Stress can come into our lives at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. We may try to deny the effects of stress in our lives until it becomes overbearing. When this happens, we tend to have developed behaviors that become more damaging than they are helpful – these are maladaptive behaviors. It can be hard to pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding our lives. Our thoughts and actions can get in our way. We can get stuck with our unhelpful actions and need help learning how to replace these behaviors.
(540) 329-3476 View (540) 329-3476
Photo of Dianna H Hart, MSW, LCSW, BCN, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dianna H Hart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BCN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
As a psychotherapist and provider of neurofeedback services, I am committed to helping children, teens, and adults fulfill their potential and break free from limitations created by stress and difficult life experiences or by developmental and physical challenges. I specialize in providing neurofeedback services, a cutting edge intervention for stress management and relaxation as well as many symptoms of ADHD, high functioning autism, PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), OCD, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and many other conditions. I also practice cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), strength-based solution-focused therapy, mindfulness, and other specialized interventions appropriate for unique needs and circumstances.
As a psychotherapist and provider of neurofeedback services, I am committed to helping children, teens, and adults fulfill their potential and break free from limitations created by stress and difficult life experiences or by developmental and physical challenges. I specialize in providing neurofeedback services, a cutting edge intervention for stress management and relaxation as well as many symptoms of ADHD, high functioning autism, PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), OCD, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and many other conditions. I also practice cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), strength-based solution-focused therapy, mindfulness, and other specialized interventions appropriate for unique needs and circumstances.
(540) 253-1445 x112 View (540) 253-1445 x112
Photo of Lindsay J Czajka, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Lindsay J Czajka
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Waitlist for new clients
I currently have a waiting list. I wish you well on your journey. My approach to psychotherapy involves "walking with" you on your journey. The journey would include developing increased self awareness and symptom reduction, which would allow for a fuller experience in one's life. One may also experience increased self empathy throughout the journey. I emphasize the importance of each person's unique early and current experiences. Many individuals I have worked with have concerns involving: trauma, attachment, relationships, identity, life transitions, mood, anxiety, dissociative, personality, & reality.
I currently have a waiting list. I wish you well on your journey. My approach to psychotherapy involves "walking with" you on your journey. The journey would include developing increased self awareness and symptom reduction, which would allow for a fuller experience in one's life. One may also experience increased self empathy throughout the journey. I emphasize the importance of each person's unique early and current experiences. Many individuals I have worked with have concerns involving: trauma, attachment, relationships, identity, life transitions, mood, anxiety, dissociative, personality, & reality.
(540) 277-9896 View (540) 277-9896
Photo of Amani McCoy, MEd, LPC-R
Amani McCoy
Resident in Counseling, MEd, LPC-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Are you feeling stuck? Life can sometimes feel like a loop, with challenges that seem to keep resurfacing. Therapy can be a powerful tool if you’re ready to break free and find a path forward. Whether seeking personal growth, healing from past experiences, or simply navigating life's twists and turns, therapy can provide the support and guidance you need. By exploring your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with a trained professional, you can gain valuable insights, develop coping strategies, and unlock your full potential.
Are you feeling stuck? Life can sometimes feel like a loop, with challenges that seem to keep resurfacing. Therapy can be a powerful tool if you’re ready to break free and find a path forward. Whether seeking personal growth, healing from past experiences, or simply navigating life's twists and turns, therapy can provide the support and guidance you need. By exploring your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with a trained professional, you can gain valuable insights, develop coping strategies, and unlock your full potential.
(540) 296-2852 View (540) 296-2852
Photo of Lindsay Nolan, PhD, Psychologist
Lindsay Nolan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22407
My name is Dr. Lindsay Nolan and I am a clinical psychologist. Primarily, I work with individuals on managing anxiety and depression. I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal techniques, as well as humor, in order to help individuals improve their faith in themselves and their own abilities.
My name is Dr. Lindsay Nolan and I am a clinical psychologist. Primarily, I work with individuals on managing anxiety and depression. I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal techniques, as well as humor, in order to help individuals improve their faith in themselves and their own abilities.
(540) 502-3196 View (540) 502-3196
Photo of Karmaria Negron - Centre for Holistic Therapies, PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Centre for Holistic Therapies, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with people who are striving to rise from a place of brokenness; those who need help seeing their innate value and worth. There can be many things that block our vision of ourselves as being great. My goal is to work with clients who need help dusting off their glasses and learning how to reframe their way of seeing the world. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, abuse, infidelity, self-hatred, or fear that is stopping you; if you are willing to be vulnerable, then you can experience change. The goal being a new or improved vision for a new and improved you.
I enjoy working with people who are striving to rise from a place of brokenness; those who need help seeing their innate value and worth. There can be many things that block our vision of ourselves as being great. My goal is to work with clients who need help dusting off their glasses and learning how to reframe their way of seeing the world. Whether it is depression, anxiety, trauma, abuse, infidelity, self-hatred, or fear that is stopping you; if you are willing to be vulnerable, then you can experience change. The goal being a new or improved vision for a new and improved you.
(540) 698-3928 View (540) 698-3928
Photo of Dana Lanham, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dana Lanham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22406  (Online Only)
I am accepting new clients and currently have weekday availability. I am a licensed clinical social worker in Virginia who specializes in adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health issues. I have a diverse clinical background with experience treating anxiety, depression, grief/loss, mood disorders, interpersonal/relationship issues, life transitions and trauma.
I am accepting new clients and currently have weekday availability. I am a licensed clinical social worker in Virginia who specializes in adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health issues. I have a diverse clinical background with experience treating anxiety, depression, grief/loss, mood disorders, interpersonal/relationship issues, life transitions and trauma.
(540) 501-7254 View (540) 501-7254
Photo of Helen Henrich, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Helen Henrich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22406  (Online Only)
I am an experienced clinical social worker with a specialty working with adults. I provide a safe place to discuss a number of problem areas including grief, trauma, relationship issues, stress, health issues, anxiety, and depression. I work with caregivers, both spouses and parents. I listen very well, offer direct feedback, and provide compassion and hope. I seek solutions and encourage the expression of thoughts and feelings.
I am an experienced clinical social worker with a specialty working with adults. I provide a safe place to discuss a number of problem areas including grief, trauma, relationship issues, stress, health issues, anxiety, and depression. I work with caregivers, both spouses and parents. I listen very well, offer direct feedback, and provide compassion and hope. I seek solutions and encourage the expression of thoughts and feelings.
(540) 264-3729 View (540) 264-3729
Photo of Beth Collins, LCSW, CTT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CTT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Is your relationship stuck in a negative cycle? Maybe the struggle is due to different communication styles, disagreements about parenting, or dealing with daily frustrations. When you get into an argument, one of you wants to resolve the matter quickly in hopes to reconnect. The other shuts down and withdraws hoping space will allow things to calm down. Over time these differences create resentment, anger, and relationship ruptures. You find yourself getting stuck in the same fights over and over again. You wonder if you should throw in the towel but at the same time you desperately want to make it work.
Is your relationship stuck in a negative cycle? Maybe the struggle is due to different communication styles, disagreements about parenting, or dealing with daily frustrations. When you get into an argument, one of you wants to resolve the matter quickly in hopes to reconnect. The other shuts down and withdraws hoping space will allow things to calm down. Over time these differences create resentment, anger, and relationship ruptures. You find yourself getting stuck in the same fights over and over again. You wonder if you should throw in the towel but at the same time you desperately want to make it work.
(540) 264-4598 View (540) 264-4598
Photo of Dr. Bridgette Y. Williams, PhD, CSAC, MAC-NCC, DOT, SAP, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Dr. Bridgette Y. Williams
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, CSAC, MAC-NCC, DOT, SAP
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408
I believe that every person has the ability to break through barriers that we are faced with in life, but sometimes we may need some assistance, and this is when I come in. I enjoy helping people navigate change, promote growth, healing and restore hope. I take an active role in helping you to clarify your issues and identify an effective solution that fits your personal need. When I work with clients, I employ evidenced-based treatment including cognitive-behavioral therapy, crisis-intervention, bereavement counseling, Solution-Focused Brief therapy and spiritual counseling.
I believe that every person has the ability to break through barriers that we are faced with in life, but sometimes we may need some assistance, and this is when I come in. I enjoy helping people navigate change, promote growth, healing and restore hope. I take an active role in helping you to clarify your issues and identify an effective solution that fits your personal need. When I work with clients, I employ evidenced-based treatment including cognitive-behavioral therapy, crisis-intervention, bereavement counseling, Solution-Focused Brief therapy and spiritual counseling.
(540) 328-9615 View (540) 328-9615
Photo of Leisa A Williams, PhD, LP, NCSP
Leisa A Williams
PhD, LP, NCSP
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
There is only one guarantee in life and that is that we will all face a challenge at some point. I consider it a privilege to be able to serve others as a psychologist. I specialize in working with children, but I also have experience with overall development across the lifespan. It is also essential to be comfortable in various stages of life. Parents require ways to navigate parenting and children require tools to navigate their personal stages.
There is only one guarantee in life and that is that we will all face a challenge at some point. I consider it a privilege to be able to serve others as a psychologist. I specialize in working with children, but I also have experience with overall development across the lifespan. It is also essential to be comfortable in various stages of life. Parents require ways to navigate parenting and children require tools to navigate their personal stages.
(540) 264-3882 View (540) 264-3882
Photo of Michele L Neverdon, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michele L Neverdon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22408
I am the owner and sole practitioner of The Hope Connection. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I believe that all my clients have the ability to heal and learn restorative skills so that they can have a fulfilling life. My specialty is trauma and I'm trained and certified in EMDR. I utilize many different types of therapeutic methodologies given the issues, nature and personality of my clients.
I am the owner and sole practitioner of The Hope Connection. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP). I believe that all my clients have the ability to heal and learn restorative skills so that they can have a fulfilling life. My specialty is trauma and I'm trained and certified in EMDR. I utilize many different types of therapeutic methodologies given the issues, nature and personality of my clients.
(540) 361-6449 View (540) 361-6449
Photo of Gabriele Neumaier-Farnsworth, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gabriele Neumaier-Farnsworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22405  (Online Only)
Gabriele Farnsworth is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Virginia. Her office is located in Fredericksburg, not far from Mary Washington University. She provides psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and families.
Gabriele Farnsworth is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of Virginia. Her office is located in Fredericksburg, not far from Mary Washington University. She provides psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and families.
(540) 226-5586 View (540) 226-5586
Photo of Rebecca Howson-Jacobs, LPC, CSOTP, CCTP, CIMHP, CSTIP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rebecca Howson-Jacobs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSOTP, CCTP, CIMHP, CSTIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Telehealth available to all Virginia residents! Therapy should be like a birdhouse- a safe place in which to seek refuge from the storm of life while you rest your soul, unburden your mind, and rebuild your strength. I strive to provide you with that birdhouse as I help you understand your behavior, organize your mind, let go of unhealthy patterns from the past, develop new skills, and ultimately reveal your best life. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families and thrive on helping my clients unfold their wings and fly.
Telehealth available to all Virginia residents! Therapy should be like a birdhouse- a safe place in which to seek refuge from the storm of life while you rest your soul, unburden your mind, and rebuild your strength. I strive to provide you with that birdhouse as I help you understand your behavior, organize your mind, let go of unhealthy patterns from the past, develop new skills, and ultimately reveal your best life. I have extensive experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families and thrive on helping my clients unfold their wings and fly.
View
Photo of Laurencia C. duSantos - El Rophe Psychological Solutions, LLC, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
El Rophe Psychological Solutions, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Doctor of psychology with expertise in psychological/neuropsychological/educational/forensic evaluations and psychotherapy. Diagnoses and treats various clinical/neuropsychological difficulties including brain-related injuries, anxiety, depression, PTSD, autism, intellectual disabilities/learning disorders, and emotional and behavioral difficulties. Works with immigrant populations, military/veterans and families, victims of trauma, abuse and domestic violence, as well as forensic (court-related) populations, among others. Works with all age groups. Bible-centered therapy can be also provided, if so desired.
Doctor of psychology with expertise in psychological/neuropsychological/educational/forensic evaluations and psychotherapy. Diagnoses and treats various clinical/neuropsychological difficulties including brain-related injuries, anxiety, depression, PTSD, autism, intellectual disabilities/learning disorders, and emotional and behavioral difficulties. Works with immigrant populations, military/veterans and families, victims of trauma, abuse and domestic violence, as well as forensic (court-related) populations, among others. Works with all age groups. Bible-centered therapy can be also provided, if so desired.
(703) 348-9174 View (703) 348-9174
Photo of Joe Thomas Johnson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joe Thomas Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fredericksburg, VA 22405
Joe is 1992 Graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University with a master's in social work and has been licensed in Virginia as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) since 1996. Joe has over two decades of experience as a therapist providing Individual and Couple Therapy.
Joe is 1992 Graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University with a master's in social work and has been licensed in Virginia as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) since 1996. Joe has over two decades of experience as a therapist providing Individual and Couple Therapy.
(540) 579-2417 View (540) 579-2417
Photo of Catherine Grace Brackett, MEd
Catherine Grace Brackett
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fredericksburg, VA 22407  (Online Only)
In practice, I rely heavily on the notion that learning and growth cannot occur without safety and connection. I focus on building honest relationships with clients and have worked with children and adolescents as an educator and childcare provider for over fifteen years. I have extensive international experience with youth advocacy and support programs and have worked closely LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC adolescents and their caregivers and families. I aim to continue to understand the unique challenges faced by these communities and have a passion for multicultural counseling.
In practice, I rely heavily on the notion that learning and growth cannot occur without safety and connection. I focus on building honest relationships with clients and have worked with children and adolescents as an educator and childcare provider for over fifteen years. I have extensive international experience with youth advocacy and support programs and have worked closely LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC adolescents and their caregivers and families. I aim to continue to understand the unique challenges faced by these communities and have a passion for multicultural counseling.
(540) 306-5389 View (540) 306-5389
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fredericksburg, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Fredericksburg, VA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Stress
69% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
66% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% Anthem
74% Aetna

How Therapists in Fredericksburg, VA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fredericksburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.