Therapists in Killeen, TX

Photo of Vicki Nunez, MSW,  LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vicki Nunez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Killeen, TX 76549
Vicki Nunez is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2022. She has a Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work. Vicki has an educational background in trauma, sexual assaults, and years of experience working in mental health. She has worked on psychiatric units in hospitals and worked as a crisis clinician with individuals struggling with mental health issues. Vicki has worked in the community as a Clinical Care Manager supporting individuals connecting to community-based services to decrease hospitalizations and ER visits.
Vicki Nunez is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2022. She has a Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work. Vicki has an educational background in trauma, sexual assaults, and years of experience working in mental health. She has worked on psychiatric units in hospitals and worked as a crisis clinician with individuals struggling with mental health issues. Vicki has worked in the community as a Clinical Care Manager supporting individuals connecting to community-based services to decrease hospitalizations and ER visits.
(254) 425-4984 View (254) 425-4984
Photo of Vania Legington, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vania Legington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76549
Vania is a professional and empathetic Licensed Clinical Social Worker and holds a Master's Degree in Social Work from Texas A&M University at Commerce. She will soon complete her licensure for LCDC and currently holds an LCDC-I. She has been a social worker for over 20 years, obtaining her undergraduate degree from Baylor University in 1999. Vania is an experienced and engaging trainer of both professionals and families. She specializes in blended, relative, adoptive and foster families. Her 18-year experience with Child Protective Services allows her to empathize and treat the dynamics of these special types of families.
Vania is a professional and empathetic Licensed Clinical Social Worker and holds a Master's Degree in Social Work from Texas A&M University at Commerce. She will soon complete her licensure for LCDC and currently holds an LCDC-I. She has been a social worker for over 20 years, obtaining her undergraduate degree from Baylor University in 1999. Vania is an experienced and engaging trainer of both professionals and families. She specializes in blended, relative, adoptive and foster families. Her 18-year experience with Child Protective Services allows her to empathize and treat the dynamics of these special types of families.
(254) 452-5672 View (254) 452-5672
Photo of Sarah Erickson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Erickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Killeen, TX 76549
Sarah Erickson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2020. She has a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Kaplan University and a Master's in Social Work from Walden University. Sarah can help a client work through reported traumatic experiences using DBT and/or EMDR. She can help a client learn how to recognize triggers for depressive moods, anger, self-harm, and suicidal ideations, then learn healthy alternative behaviors to mitigate these stressors and prevent harm. Outside of work, Sarah enjoys spending time with her family, crocheting, playing with her dogs, and visiting friends.
Sarah Erickson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas who has been practicing since 2020. She has a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Kaplan University and a Master's in Social Work from Walden University. Sarah can help a client work through reported traumatic experiences using DBT and/or EMDR. She can help a client learn how to recognize triggers for depressive moods, anger, self-harm, and suicidal ideations, then learn healthy alternative behaviors to mitigate these stressors and prevent harm. Outside of work, Sarah enjoys spending time with her family, crocheting, playing with her dogs, and visiting friends.
(254) 321-2691 View (254) 321-2691
Photo of Phuong Lan Carter - Carpe Diem Behavioral Health & Counseling (Online), MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carpe Diem Behavioral Health & Counseling (Online)
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76541
Not accepting new clients
Are you ready to break unhealthy habits? Are you ready to provide yourself the same love and attention that you give to others? Are you ready to accept that you are a unique being and are not bound to anyone’s standards? Then it's time to start devoting some "me time" to yourself. Too busy or tired to navigate through traffic? Then Carpe Diem Behavioral Health & Counseling, PLLC has you covered as we're a virtual company. We provide online counseling for people who value flexibility and convenience.
Are you ready to break unhealthy habits? Are you ready to provide yourself the same love and attention that you give to others? Are you ready to accept that you are a unique being and are not bound to anyone’s standards? Then it's time to start devoting some "me time" to yourself. Too busy or tired to navigate through traffic? Then Carpe Diem Behavioral Health & Counseling, PLLC has you covered as we're a virtual company. We provide online counseling for people who value flexibility and convenience.
(254) 434-6224 View (254) 434-6224
Photo of Nicola Waisome-Crooks, MS, LPC-A
Nicola Waisome-Crooks
LPC Associate, MS, LPC-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76549
My ideal clients experience a broad array of emotional, mental, and behavioral issues and situations that they no longer feel in control of. This may be anxiety, depression, traumas, grief, identity/personality and/or self-esteem problems. My ideal clients desire growth, self-discovery, and empowerment. My clients will have a strong desire foe self-fulfillment in all aspect of life: financially, emotionally, spiritually, academically, socially, and in intimacy.
My ideal clients experience a broad array of emotional, mental, and behavioral issues and situations that they no longer feel in control of. This may be anxiety, depression, traumas, grief, identity/personality and/or self-esteem problems. My ideal clients desire growth, self-discovery, and empowerment. My clients will have a strong desire foe self-fulfillment in all aspect of life: financially, emotionally, spiritually, academically, socially, and in intimacy.
(254) 434-6789 View (254) 434-6789
Photo of Veronica Molina - Collaborative Counseling Services, PLLC, DSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Collaborative Counseling Services, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542
Welcome, if you are having personal struggles that are impacting your mental health and motivation, I am here to help you manage this. Bienvenido, si tienes luchas personales que están afectando tu salud mental y tu motivación, estoy aquí para ayudarte a manejar esto.
Welcome, if you are having personal struggles that are impacting your mental health and motivation, I am here to help you manage this. Bienvenido, si tienes luchas personales que están afectando tu salud mental y tu motivación, estoy aquí para ayudarte a manejar esto.
(254) 566-3622 View (254) 566-3622
Photo of Ayonna Johnson - Wellness Seeds Counseling, MACC, LPC, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Wellness Seeds Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACC, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76549  (Online Only)
I am Ayonna Johnson and I have been a licensed counselor since 2012. In 2017 I began working with military families. Families and individuals have been able to address concerns ranging from image concerns, PTSD, and marriage. Utilizing Gestalt and Family Focus therapy, I am able to help you see the bigger picture and empower you make steps towards change.
I am Ayonna Johnson and I have been a licensed counselor since 2012. In 2017 I began working with military families. Families and individuals have been able to address concerns ranging from image concerns, PTSD, and marriage. Utilizing Gestalt and Family Focus therapy, I am able to help you see the bigger picture and empower you make steps towards change.
(254) 323-8683 View (254) 323-8683
Photo of Tiffany Breaux-Jones, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tiffany Breaux-Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Killeen, TX 76549
I specialize in helping individuals navigate through challenges using a blend of evidence-based therapies. My therapeutic approach integrates Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. These methods are tailored to meet the unique needs of each client, fostering healing and personal growth.
I specialize in helping individuals navigate through challenges using a blend of evidence-based therapies. My therapeutic approach integrates Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. These methods are tailored to meet the unique needs of each client, fostering healing and personal growth.
(254) 736-6940 View (254) 736-6940
Photo of Emmanuel (Manny) Tamarez, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emmanuel (Manny) Tamarez
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542  (Online Only)
Are you taking on the problems of those around you but finding nothing left in the tank? Is your mind on overdrive, and you want to achieve peace? Is it hard to let go of the things that may have happened to you in the past? Hey! Therapy is not easy, so thank you for taking the steps towards a change for the better. Whether with me or another, I hope you find your person. My therapy approach is anchored in empathy and understanding. I am here to walk with you. Your story matters, and most importantly, you matter!
Are you taking on the problems of those around you but finding nothing left in the tank? Is your mind on overdrive, and you want to achieve peace? Is it hard to let go of the things that may have happened to you in the past? Hey! Therapy is not easy, so thank you for taking the steps towards a change for the better. Whether with me or another, I hope you find your person. My therapy approach is anchored in empathy and understanding. I am here to walk with you. Your story matters, and most importantly, you matter!
(254) 536-5824 View (254) 536-5824
Photo of Daa'Iyah W Mauras, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Daa'Iyah W Mauras
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello fellow humans, My name is Di-Di Mauras. I believe a good life is about healthy connections and being who you want to be. As an Army veteran I know that relationships can be tested. As a human, I know there can be challenges to feeling your best. I do not have any expectations of who you should be or what you need for you. I do have the expectation that change can, and will, come, with work. We will work together to get there.
Hello fellow humans, My name is Di-Di Mauras. I believe a good life is about healthy connections and being who you want to be. As an Army veteran I know that relationships can be tested. As a human, I know there can be challenges to feeling your best. I do not have any expectations of who you should be or what you need for you. I do have the expectation that change can, and will, come, with work. We will work together to get there.
(254) 731-4378 View (254) 731-4378
Photo of Dr. Thomas L. Jones - Lake Inks Professional Services, PhD, LPC-S, LMSW, NCC, CSC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lake Inks Professional Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LMSW, NCC, CSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76543
In our growing and transit community, many individuals, couples, children/adolescents and families struggle daily with painful life events. Events such as marital discord, stress, medical illness, past abuse, single parenting, unresolved anger financial instability, military connected issues, educational restarting, grief, and spiritual confusion, can cause anyone to get lost in overwhelming darkness. Allow me to assist you with piercing the darkness of life's painful events.
In our growing and transit community, many individuals, couples, children/adolescents and families struggle daily with painful life events. Events such as marital discord, stress, medical illness, past abuse, single parenting, unresolved anger financial instability, military connected issues, educational restarting, grief, and spiritual confusion, can cause anyone to get lost in overwhelming darkness. Allow me to assist you with piercing the darkness of life's painful events.
(254) 655-3563 View (254) 655-3563
Photo of La'Porsha D Timmons, MS, LPC
La'Porsha D Timmons
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76541
Supervised by Maria Dudley, MS, LPC-S, RPT. Available: Mon-Thur (5pm-7pm) and Sat from (10am-1pm). I look to see the world through my client's eyes and lessen the gap between their ideal and authentic self. I strive to make a space where clients feel safest being their authentic self, showing who they are fully while holding space for hard conversations and challenging topics. I see counseling as a journey with my clients and approach with curiosity, gentleness, honesty, and a little fun.
Supervised by Maria Dudley, MS, LPC-S, RPT. Available: Mon-Thur (5pm-7pm) and Sat from (10am-1pm). I look to see the world through my client's eyes and lessen the gap between their ideal and authentic self. I strive to make a space where clients feel safest being their authentic self, showing who they are fully while holding space for hard conversations and challenging topics. I see counseling as a journey with my clients and approach with curiosity, gentleness, honesty, and a little fun.
(254) 276-4852 x254 View (254) 276-4852 x254
Photo of Sarah Rice, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Rice
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance the demands of parenting with your own personal growth and fulfillment? Do you feel overwhelmed and question your abilities as a parent? Do you feel like you are not doing enough for yourself? Your children? Are you an adolescent or young adult in need of a compassionate and understanding therapist who can help you navigate through anger, anxiety, friendships, self-esteem, relationships, and other challenges?
Are you struggling to balance the demands of parenting with your own personal growth and fulfillment? Do you feel overwhelmed and question your abilities as a parent? Do you feel like you are not doing enough for yourself? Your children? Are you an adolescent or young adult in need of a compassionate and understanding therapist who can help you navigate through anger, anxiety, friendships, self-esteem, relationships, and other challenges?
(254) 332-2946 View (254) 332-2946
Photo of Dejai Nelson-Parten, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Dejai Nelson-Parten
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76541
Supervised by Christina Watts-Figueroa, MA, LMFT-S, LPC-S, RPT-S. Aetna/Cigna Accepted. I strive to be authentic and human in session. After working 5+ years with neurodivergent individuals I wanted to incorporate sensory informed practices to best help parents and families of neurodivergent households. I heavily focus on experiential processing in session with all clients to provide an alternative form of communication. I love to work with the communities I have been apart of such as military, LGBTQ+, and mixed race background. I would love to make a safe space for you.
Supervised by Christina Watts-Figueroa, MA, LMFT-S, LPC-S, RPT-S. Aetna/Cigna Accepted. I strive to be authentic and human in session. After working 5+ years with neurodivergent individuals I wanted to incorporate sensory informed practices to best help parents and families of neurodivergent households. I heavily focus on experiential processing in session with all clients to provide an alternative form of communication. I love to work with the communities I have been apart of such as military, LGBTQ+, and mixed race background. I would love to make a safe space for you.
(254) 332-3680 View (254) 332-3680
Photo of Jessica Marie Pustka, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Marie Pustka
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76547
Feeling drained, down and overwhelmed? I enjoy helping others work through difficult transitions in their lives. Life will inevitably present us all with challenges and changes, and reaching out can be empowering. My treatment approach is solution-focused & emotion-focused with a strengths-based approach to help my clients experience positive growth and gain mastery over their circumstances.
Feeling drained, down and overwhelmed? I enjoy helping others work through difficult transitions in their lives. Life will inevitably present us all with challenges and changes, and reaching out can be empowering. My treatment approach is solution-focused & emotion-focused with a strengths-based approach to help my clients experience positive growth and gain mastery over their circumstances.
(512) 271-3657 View (512) 271-3657
Photo of Dawn Maria Spradley, LPC, LCDC-I, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dawn Maria Spradley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76541
Using an Adlerian approach, I want to encourage and empower clients to use their own strengths to attain their goals. I also specialize in sand-tray therapy-which is an effective intervention that helps clients better articulate their past trauma, feelings and emotions, and has been powerful in the healing of depression, grief, addiction, and anxiety in teens and adults. Our counseling center offers an Intensive Outpatient Program for substance abuse, to include individual and group counseling. Finally, I encourage the client to lead their own sessions to heal.
Using an Adlerian approach, I want to encourage and empower clients to use their own strengths to attain their goals. I also specialize in sand-tray therapy-which is an effective intervention that helps clients better articulate their past trauma, feelings and emotions, and has been powerful in the healing of depression, grief, addiction, and anxiety in teens and adults. Our counseling center offers an Intensive Outpatient Program for substance abuse, to include individual and group counseling. Finally, I encourage the client to lead their own sessions to heal.
(254) 457-4944 View (254) 457-4944
Photo of Michael Stephen Stagar IV, LPC, LCDC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michael Stephen Stagar IV
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542
As an an Iraq war veteran with 18 years of military experience I know the challenges that service members, their families, and trauma survivors face on a personal level. I am here to let you know that you will not just survive, but you will overcome your circumstances. I specialize in therapy with veterans, law enforcement, soldiers with PTSD, families, couples, the LGBT community, survivors of physical and sexual abuse, and victims of human trafficking. My goals when working with clients are to attack faulty thinking, improve coping skills, build resilience, and encourage adaptation to life challenges.
As an an Iraq war veteran with 18 years of military experience I know the challenges that service members, their families, and trauma survivors face on a personal level. I am here to let you know that you will not just survive, but you will overcome your circumstances. I specialize in therapy with veterans, law enforcement, soldiers with PTSD, families, couples, the LGBT community, survivors of physical and sexual abuse, and victims of human trafficking. My goals when working with clients are to attack faulty thinking, improve coping skills, build resilience, and encourage adaptation to life challenges.
(254) 275-6352 View (254) 275-6352
Dorrie Christman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Killeen, TX 76549  (Online Only)
Dorrie Christman LICSW has been a Clinical Social Worker for over 30 years. She graduated with her MSW from Adelphi University in NY. She went on to become the Director of Counseling Services at Adelphi University. Later, she held the role of Clinician and Clinical Supervisor at Westchester Mental Health Clinic. She and her family moved to Massachusetts where she became Clinical Supervisor at The Child Guidance clinic in Springfield Ma. She then became the Director of The Children's Behavioral Health Initiative in Westfield Ma. Dorrie has been an avid Yoga practitioner since her college days.
Dorrie Christman LICSW has been a Clinical Social Worker for over 30 years. She graduated with her MSW from Adelphi University in NY. She went on to become the Director of Counseling Services at Adelphi University. Later, she held the role of Clinician and Clinical Supervisor at Westchester Mental Health Clinic. She and her family moved to Massachusetts where she became Clinical Supervisor at The Child Guidance clinic in Springfield Ma. She then became the Director of The Children's Behavioral Health Initiative in Westfield Ma. Dorrie has been an avid Yoga practitioner since her college days.
(512) 642-5486 View (512) 642-5486
The IOPs at Counseling Solutions
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Killeen, TX 76542
Eating Disorders , Addiction Recovery (SUDS) , Trauma IOPs are available here. We are not your traditional treatment center. Our Intensive Outpatient Programs and Center is owned by therapists and run by therapists. Our priority is the client and their wellness. Located on ten acres outside of Killeen, Texas, we use an integrative approach with numerous evidence-based therapies designed specifically for the individual's success. The incoming IOP client needs a higher level of care than someone attending therapy weekly. We offer 12-15 hours a week of intense treatments while the client lives at home. The family system is included.
Eating Disorders , Addiction Recovery (SUDS) , Trauma IOPs are available here. We are not your traditional treatment center. Our Intensive Outpatient Programs and Center is owned by therapists and run by therapists. Our priority is the client and their wellness. Located on ten acres outside of Killeen, Texas, we use an integrative approach with numerous evidence-based therapies designed specifically for the individual's success. The incoming IOP client needs a higher level of care than someone attending therapy weekly. We offer 12-15 hours a week of intense treatments while the client lives at home. The family system is included.
(254) 279-0714 View (254) 279-0714
MEY Elizabeth's Place Counseling Service, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMFT, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Killeen, TX 76542
I have both the ability and experience to counsel individuals experiencing Marital and Family difficulties, Child and Adolescent problems, Substance Abuse, Mental Health and Anger issues, Depression, Anxiety issues, Crisis Intervention, Personality Disorders, and Grief difficulties.
I have both the ability and experience to counsel individuals experiencing Marital and Family difficulties, Child and Adolescent problems, Substance Abuse, Mental Health and Anger issues, Depression, Anxiety issues, Crisis Intervention, Personality Disorders, and Grief difficulties.
(469) 751-0042 View (469) 751-0042
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Killeen, TX

200+

Average cost per session

$110

Therapists in Killeen, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
69% Relationship Issues
62% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
82% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Killeen, TX see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Killeen?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.