Therapists in Arlington, VA

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Photo of Kassidy Schmidt, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kassidy Schmidt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201
I help clients achieve their goals by utilizing research-based interventions within a warm, nonjudgmental, and supportive therapeutic space. In this fast-paced and often high-pressure region in which we live, having a place to talk about the things going on in your life without having to worry about how it might impact others can be a relief within itself. I specialize in working with children (ages 10+), adolescents, and adults.
I help clients achieve their goals by utilizing research-based interventions within a warm, nonjudgmental, and supportive therapeutic space. In this fast-paced and often high-pressure region in which we live, having a place to talk about the things going on in your life without having to worry about how it might impact others can be a relief within itself. I specialize in working with children (ages 10+), adolescents, and adults.
(571) 581-6364 View (571) 581-6364
Photo of Leonard Brisendine, LPC, MS, CSAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leonard Brisendine
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS, CSAC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
Hello. My name is Lenny Brisendine. I am credentialed in DC and Virginia as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor. My professional orientation is based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness. I offer online therapy and flexible scheduling including Saturday hours, plus an initial free 15 minute video session so you can decide if we are a good match.
Hello. My name is Lenny Brisendine. I am credentialed in DC and Virginia as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor. My professional orientation is based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness. I offer online therapy and flexible scheduling including Saturday hours, plus an initial free 15 minute video session so you can decide if we are a good match.
(571) 946-4316 View (571) 946-4316
Photo of Beth Higgins, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Higgins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22204
Life is full of challenging events, decisions, and transitions. Going to therapy does not make a person “less than,” or indicate you are incapable of dealing with challenges/issues on your own. Beginning therapy is a sign of courage and awareness that you believe positive change in your life can be achieved. I work with adult individuals helping them cope with and work through a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, drug/alcohol use, stress reduction, anger, life transitions, coping with uncertainty, increasing self-esteem, as well as developing and maintaining healthy relationships.
Life is full of challenging events, decisions, and transitions. Going to therapy does not make a person “less than,” or indicate you are incapable of dealing with challenges/issues on your own. Beginning therapy is a sign of courage and awareness that you believe positive change in your life can be achieved. I work with adult individuals helping them cope with and work through a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, drug/alcohol use, stress reduction, anger, life transitions, coping with uncertainty, increasing self-esteem, as well as developing and maintaining healthy relationships.
(571) 601-4904 View (571) 601-4904
Photo of Dr. Taylor Bonanni Hawk, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Taylor Bonanni Hawk
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
“Out of your vulnerabilities will come your strength” -Sigmund Freud. I work with clients who have felt the heartache of hopelessness, despair, and sadness. Whether the presenting problems stem from anxiety, depression, trauma, eating concerns, or a combination of these or other issues, I aim to help clients learn new ways in which to alleviate some of the negative symptoms associated with dissatisfaction or despair.
“Out of your vulnerabilities will come your strength” -Sigmund Freud. I work with clients who have felt the heartache of hopelessness, despair, and sadness. Whether the presenting problems stem from anxiety, depression, trauma, eating concerns, or a combination of these or other issues, I aim to help clients learn new ways in which to alleviate some of the negative symptoms associated with dissatisfaction or despair.
(703) 420-7120 View (703) 420-7120
Photo of Mark F. Yapelli, PhD, Psychologist
Mark F. Yapelli
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who provides therapy for adults and adolescents. I help many different types of people with many different types of problems. But, for most people, my overarching goal is to help them learn to live life as authentically as possible. We all learned strategies for coping with pain when we were younger, and even classic psychological "problems" are typically rooted in doing the best we can to cope with struggles. But these strategies (eg worrying, perfectionism, avoidance, numbness, 'toughness,') can also keep us from getting what we want as we get older, and don't allow our true self to flourish.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who provides therapy for adults and adolescents. I help many different types of people with many different types of problems. But, for most people, my overarching goal is to help them learn to live life as authentically as possible. We all learned strategies for coping with pain when we were younger, and even classic psychological "problems" are typically rooted in doing the best we can to cope with struggles. But these strategies (eg worrying, perfectionism, avoidance, numbness, 'toughness,') can also keep us from getting what we want as we get older, and don't allow our true self to flourish.
(703) 596-1924 View (703) 596-1924
Photo of Simona Efanov, PsyD, Psychologist
Simona Efanov
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22202
Not Accepting New Clients I believe people continue to grow and foster their self-concept over time. Sudden life changes, chronic stress, and ongoing personal difficulties are challenging and affect how we adjust to life transitions. I see therapy as a process aiming to empower individuals to embrace their true self, foster self-awareness and personal growth. I aim to create a trusting environment for individuals and couples to explore recurrent patterns in relationships and cope with distressing emotions. I work with trauma survivors, first responders, law enforcement, and military families. I also specialize in couples counseling.
Not Accepting New Clients I believe people continue to grow and foster their self-concept over time. Sudden life changes, chronic stress, and ongoing personal difficulties are challenging and affect how we adjust to life transitions. I see therapy as a process aiming to empower individuals to embrace their true self, foster self-awareness and personal growth. I aim to create a trusting environment for individuals and couples to explore recurrent patterns in relationships and cope with distressing emotions. I work with trauma survivors, first responders, law enforcement, and military families. I also specialize in couples counseling.
(202) 629-0609 View (202) 629-0609
Photo of Lauren Ziel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren Ziel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22204
Many of us have lived-experiences where we’ve been forced to disconnect from the most fundamental aspects of ourselves. This disconnection, & the beliefs we construct to protect ourselves from the pain of this, serves as the basis for much suffering. I believe rebuilding a positive relationship with your whole being (mind/body/spirit) is a fundamental principle of healing & that a safe therapeutic relationship is one way we can grow capacity for the exploration, understanding, & reclamation of self required to heal. I aim for our work to bring you into contact with the self-observer, advocate, and healer inside you.
Many of us have lived-experiences where we’ve been forced to disconnect from the most fundamental aspects of ourselves. This disconnection, & the beliefs we construct to protect ourselves from the pain of this, serves as the basis for much suffering. I believe rebuilding a positive relationship with your whole being (mind/body/spirit) is a fundamental principle of healing & that a safe therapeutic relationship is one way we can grow capacity for the exploration, understanding, & reclamation of self required to heal. I aim for our work to bring you into contact with the self-observer, advocate, and healer inside you.
(571) 496-8148 View (571) 496-8148
Photo of Sally Moreland
Sally Moreland
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22201
Like many parents, my experiences with pregnancy and the transition into motherhood was fraught with unexpected challenges that left me feeling anxious and inadequate. Today, as I embark on a second career as a social worker, I am committed to supporting women and their families as they navigate these tremendously vulnerable times. Regardless of your unique circumstances, if you are experiencing feelings of anxiety or depression, I am committed to offering high-quality, supervised support.
Like many parents, my experiences with pregnancy and the transition into motherhood was fraught with unexpected challenges that left me feeling anxious and inadequate. Today, as I embark on a second career as a social worker, I am committed to supporting women and their families as they navigate these tremendously vulnerable times. Regardless of your unique circumstances, if you are experiencing feelings of anxiety or depression, I am committed to offering high-quality, supervised support.
(571) 487-7529 View (571) 487-7529
Photo of Dr. Chloe Goldbach, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Chloe Goldbach
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22207
With dozens of psychological journal publications to her name, Chloe Goldbach is a licensed psychologist and PsyPact provider who received her PhD in Counseling Psychology from Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. Chloe is a lesbian, gray-asexual, transgender woman-identified clinician who is deeply passionate about helping clients understand how the unique intersection of their identities, cultural backgrounds, and social context can inform experiences of trauma, sources of strength and community, and shape other life challenges.
With dozens of psychological journal publications to her name, Chloe Goldbach is a licensed psychologist and PsyPact provider who received her PhD in Counseling Psychology from Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. Chloe is a lesbian, gray-asexual, transgender woman-identified clinician who is deeply passionate about helping clients understand how the unique intersection of their identities, cultural backgrounds, and social context can inform experiences of trauma, sources of strength and community, and shape other life challenges.
(571) 604-5617 View (571) 604-5617
Photo of Dr. Emily Fortney, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Emily Fortney
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22209  (Online Only)
At times, life can feel so overwhelming. With each season of life bringing its own set of challenges, we often find ourselves cycling through different emotions and behavioral patterns. Sometimes we may feel confused, lost and “stuck” and we have no idea how to move forward; this is where I come in. My job is to help facilitate healing and help you navigate life’s most complicated seasons. If you are looking for a therapeutic style that is interpersonal and engaging (with a sprinkle of good humor) I am the right therapist for you.
At times, life can feel so overwhelming. With each season of life bringing its own set of challenges, we often find ourselves cycling through different emotions and behavioral patterns. Sometimes we may feel confused, lost and “stuck” and we have no idea how to move forward; this is where I come in. My job is to help facilitate healing and help you navigate life’s most complicated seasons. If you are looking for a therapeutic style that is interpersonal and engaging (with a sprinkle of good humor) I am the right therapist for you.
(540) 386-1385 View (540) 386-1385
Photo of Holly Willard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holly Willard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22207
We are broken within relationships, and it's in relationships that we can also heal. If you want to feel happier in your marriage or with your partner but feel stuck fighting and disconnected, I invite you to come explore a new way to love yourself and each other. We all yearn to be seen, heard and understood. This often manifests itself in defensiveness and arguing with the people we care about most. My goal is to gently guide you and your partner to more friendship, empathy and love so you can experience the joy of deep connection. I work with couples and individuals. I look forward to hearing from you!
We are broken within relationships, and it's in relationships that we can also heal. If you want to feel happier in your marriage or with your partner but feel stuck fighting and disconnected, I invite you to come explore a new way to love yourself and each other. We all yearn to be seen, heard and understood. This often manifests itself in defensiveness and arguing with the people we care about most. My goal is to gently guide you and your partner to more friendship, empathy and love so you can experience the joy of deep connection. I work with couples and individuals. I look forward to hearing from you!
(571) 200-2412 View (571) 200-2412
Photo of Lisa Ann Zager - Lisa Zager, LPC, LLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lisa Zager, LPC, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22203  (Online Only)
My purpose in each therapeutic relationship is to create a safe environment where compassion and curiosity rule. I respect the courage it takes to explore vulnerability. I have just as much respect for protective strategies that are employed,no matter how constructive or destructive they may seem. In our time together we will focus on bringing clarity to both internal and external or relational distress. My education, training and experience have prepared me to address issues of grief, trauma and transition from many angles.
My purpose in each therapeutic relationship is to create a safe environment where compassion and curiosity rule. I respect the courage it takes to explore vulnerability. I have just as much respect for protective strategies that are employed,no matter how constructive or destructive they may seem. In our time together we will focus on bringing clarity to both internal and external or relational distress. My education, training and experience have prepared me to address issues of grief, trauma and transition from many angles.
(703) 935-5801 View (703) 935-5801
Photo of Bob Kenney, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bob Kenney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22203
Have you been feeling "off" and need to get back on track? Or do you need help to bring about significant changes in your life? I will provide you with a comfortable and safe environment to talk about your issues or concerns without fear of judgment. Together, we can identify old thinking and behaviors that have not been productive for you. We will explore strategies to make the changes that you are seeking within yourself and in your relationships. It is time for you to feel light and free again.
Have you been feeling "off" and need to get back on track? Or do you need help to bring about significant changes in your life? I will provide you with a comfortable and safe environment to talk about your issues or concerns without fear of judgment. Together, we can identify old thinking and behaviors that have not been productive for you. We will explore strategies to make the changes that you are seeking within yourself and in your relationships. It is time for you to feel light and free again.
(571) 526-0593 View (571) 526-0593
Photo of Donna Frank, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
Donna Frank
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201  (Online Only)
You are unique. The way you experience and process the world around you is a reflection of your individuality. As such, my approach is tailored to suit the specific needs of the individuals I work with. I believe that everyone is doing their best, given their life circumstances and acquired coping. You deserve to have a provider meet you where you are in life, to be heard and feel understood. In my practice, I don’t just offer therapy; I offer a committed partnership in care with a specialized skill set, expert guidance, and empathetic support.
You are unique. The way you experience and process the world around you is a reflection of your individuality. As such, my approach is tailored to suit the specific needs of the individuals I work with. I believe that everyone is doing their best, given their life circumstances and acquired coping. You deserve to have a provider meet you where you are in life, to be heard and feel understood. In my practice, I don’t just offer therapy; I offer a committed partnership in care with a specialized skill set, expert guidance, and empathetic support.
(571) 620-6181 View (571) 620-6181
Photo of Claudia Spain-Grove, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Claudia Spain-Grove
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22207  (Online Only)
Going through life's challenges can be overwhelming and confusing. No one is immune to hardship and struggle. I will work collaboratively with you to create positive change and focus on issues which impair overall functioning and movement forward. Together we will identify what is most distressing and create the coping tools necessary to move toward a healthier, calmer, and more balanced future. I have worked in an acute counseling environment for the past twelve years with children, young teens and adults, and have offered a compassionate focus to my counseling.
Going through life's challenges can be overwhelming and confusing. No one is immune to hardship and struggle. I will work collaboratively with you to create positive change and focus on issues which impair overall functioning and movement forward. Together we will identify what is most distressing and create the coping tools necessary to move toward a healthier, calmer, and more balanced future. I have worked in an acute counseling environment for the past twelve years with children, young teens and adults, and have offered a compassionate focus to my counseling.
(571) 536-2267 View (571) 536-2267
Photo of Serena Anand, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Serena Anand
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22201
You may be seeking therapy to process, cope with, or make sense of a challenging life transition. Perhaps you are looking for a space to reflect on past and current relationships, and to better understand yourself and others. Maybe something just feels "off," and you can't quite put a finger on what it is. In therapy, we will work together to put down what is heavy, unpack what has been bottled up, and explore possibilities that may offer you change or relief.
You may be seeking therapy to process, cope with, or make sense of a challenging life transition. Perhaps you are looking for a space to reflect on past and current relationships, and to better understand yourself and others. Maybe something just feels "off," and you can't quite put a finger on what it is. In therapy, we will work together to put down what is heavy, unpack what has been bottled up, and explore possibilities that may offer you change or relief.
(703) 936-7102 x701 View (703) 936-7102 x701
Photo of Katelyn Dolieslager, LPC-A
Katelyn Dolieslager
Resident in Counseling, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22203
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(571) 604-6690 View (571) 604-6690
Photo of Lisa Bateman, PhD, Psychologist
Lisa Bateman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22203
I specialize in providing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and other primary anxiety disorders. I also specialize in providing CBT for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), stress, depression, and body dysmorphia, as well as Habit Reversal Training (HRT) for body-focused repetitive behaviors (e.g., excoriation, trichotillomania) and Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) for tic disorders. I have experience in providing individual, group, and family therapy to all ages in a variety of settings.
I specialize in providing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and other primary anxiety disorders. I also specialize in providing CBT for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), stress, depression, and body dysmorphia, as well as Habit Reversal Training (HRT) for body-focused repetitive behaviors (e.g., excoriation, trichotillomania) and Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) for tic disorders. I have experience in providing individual, group, and family therapy to all ages in a variety of settings.
(703) 440-7397 View (703) 440-7397
Photo of Jessica Echeverry, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Echeverry
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Arlington, VA 22201
Jessica Echeverry is a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with individuals with a range of emotional and psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, post-partum, school-related issues and life transitions When working with children, Jessica works very closely with parents to help develop better communication and coping strategies. When working with adults Jessica helps clients develop healthy coping strategies and provides a safe space for clients to explore their emotions. Jessica is bilingual and speaks English and Spanish fluently.
Jessica Echeverry is a Licensed Professional Counselor who works with individuals with a range of emotional and psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, post-partum, school-related issues and life transitions When working with children, Jessica works very closely with parents to help develop better communication and coping strategies. When working with adults Jessica helps clients develop healthy coping strategies and provides a safe space for clients to explore their emotions. Jessica is bilingual and speaks English and Spanish fluently.
(571) 410-3248 View (571) 410-3248
Photo of Breanna Elliott
Breanna Elliott
Resident in Counseling
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, VA 22202  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I welcome individuals who are struggling with anxiety, depression, maternal mental health, co-occurring disorders and those who may experience stress from daily life experiences. Clients with addiction-related challenges appropriate for outpatient care are welcome as well. Let's work together to make your ideal day happen!
I welcome individuals who are struggling with anxiety, depression, maternal mental health, co-occurring disorders and those who may experience stress from daily life experiences. Clients with addiction-related challenges appropriate for outpatient care are welcome as well. Let's work together to make your ideal day happen!
(571) 388-3852 View (571) 388-3852

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Arlington, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Arlington, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
58% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Arlington, VA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Arlington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.