Therapists in Beulah, CO

Photo of Michael Barnard, Registered Psychotherapist
Michael Barnard
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Beulah, CO 81023
Setbacks are not failures but questions asked of our own desire. Finding the way forward sometimes means exiting first through the back door of the symptom. You may yield to your symptom in order to suffer less (or more), or resist it the way you resist scratching that itch that won’t ever keep you from scratching it again, or you can anesthetize it or otherwise exist while it is simultaneously taking up space within you, speaking with your own body, killing your own time. But you can’t really live with your symptom, can you? In analysis the symptom becomes a most singular path to the peculiarity of your own unprecedented being.
Setbacks are not failures but questions asked of our own desire. Finding the way forward sometimes means exiting first through the back door of the symptom. You may yield to your symptom in order to suffer less (or more), or resist it the way you resist scratching that itch that won’t ever keep you from scratching it again, or you can anesthetize it or otherwise exist while it is simultaneously taking up space within you, speaking with your own body, killing your own time. But you can’t really live with your symptom, can you? In analysis the symptom becomes a most singular path to the peculiarity of your own unprecedented being.
(719) 245-2692 View (719) 245-2692
Photo of David Michael Bokel, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
David Michael Bokel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Beulah, CO 81023
Many of my clients come to me with questions surrounding relationships, communication, work/life balance, problems with attachment and past trauma, anxiety and depression. The work we do in treatment is often focused on building self awareness, understanding how past experiences, including family of origin dynamics, impact well being, and building tools and strategies for improved functioning. Each person is different, and I work to tailor the work we do to your specific goals and needs.
Many of my clients come to me with questions surrounding relationships, communication, work/life balance, problems with attachment and past trauma, anxiety and depression. The work we do in treatment is often focused on building self awareness, understanding how past experiences, including family of origin dynamics, impact well being, and building tools and strategies for improved functioning. Each person is different, and I work to tailor the work we do to your specific goals and needs.
(719) 781-6463 View (719) 781-6463
Photo of Jasmine N Carlson, MS ASDI, LPCC, CAMS, C-AAIS, CTP
Jasmine N Carlson
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MS ASDI, LPCC, CAMS, C-AAIS, CTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beulah, CO 81023
Therapy then is essentially a cure through love - Frued. I specialize in the neurodivergent and often the first-timers. I especially enjoy working with kids and young adults on the spectrum, successful women who may have ADHD, and those who have never tried therapy before but think maybe it might be for them and are coming in with no pre-conceived notions of what therapy has to be. I am also completing my doctorate in Sport and Performance Psychology and work with high performers, especially those who are neurodivergent.
Therapy then is essentially a cure through love - Frued. I specialize in the neurodivergent and often the first-timers. I especially enjoy working with kids and young adults on the spectrum, successful women who may have ADHD, and those who have never tried therapy before but think maybe it might be for them and are coming in with no pre-conceived notions of what therapy has to be. I am also completing my doctorate in Sport and Performance Psychology and work with high performers, especially those who are neurodivergent.
(719) 652-5755 View (719) 652-5755

Online Therapists

Photo of Catherine Henricks, MS, LAC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Catherine Henricks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LAC, LPC
Verified Verified
Parker, CO 80134
Experienced addiction and mental health therapist ready to help. I am available both in person and through Telehealth.
Experienced addiction and mental health therapist ready to help. I am available both in person and through Telehealth.
(720) 677-8679 View (720) 677-8679
Brett Skyba
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Trinidad, CO 81082  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am an experienced LPC that has worked with many types of people with many types of conditions. I have experience with trauma-based therapy, addiction therapy, and working through life's everyday issues that we deal with. I'm eclectic with my approach to counseling and one of the main things I strive for is to build trust so that I can help you get to where you would like to go quicker. I am very personable and love to bring humor into the sessions that we do together.
Hi there! I am an experienced LPC that has worked with many types of people with many types of conditions. I have experience with trauma-based therapy, addiction therapy, and working through life's everyday issues that we deal with. I'm eclectic with my approach to counseling and one of the main things I strive for is to build trust so that I can help you get to where you would like to go quicker. I am very personable and love to bring humor into the sessions that we do together.
(720) 817-5489 View (720) 817-5489
Photo of Patrick T Moran, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patrick T Moran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience in private practice. I have worked in the mental health field for thirty years and have experience working in a variety of treatment settings including outpatient, residential, day treatment and public school settings at all grade levels. My extensive experience working with children, adolescents and adults has provided me with the insight and understanding which allows me to evaluate and guide you through your individual situation in a professional and confidential manner.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience in private practice. I have worked in the mental health field for thirty years and have experience working in a variety of treatment settings including outpatient, residential, day treatment and public school settings at all grade levels. My extensive experience working with children, adolescents and adults has provided me with the insight and understanding which allows me to evaluate and guide you through your individual situation in a professional and confidential manner.
(719) 722-2573 View (719) 722-2573
Photo of Barbara Wegener, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Barbara Wegener
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Divide, CO 80814
Barbara brings experience, warmth, and humor to the therapeutic environment and creates a welcoming space for client concerns and challenges. She employs Internal Family Systems (IFS) methods to help clients learn to understand their "bad actors" (personality parts that engage in impulsive or harmful behaviors), as well as those that manage the client's life and keep them out of trouble. Barbara facilitates clients' re-discovery of their own vast internal resources and with this, they begin to realize their authentic qualities and strengths. . . . . . Barbara Wegener, LPC, Shadow Lantern Counseling, LLC
Barbara brings experience, warmth, and humor to the therapeutic environment and creates a welcoming space for client concerns and challenges. She employs Internal Family Systems (IFS) methods to help clients learn to understand their "bad actors" (personality parts that engage in impulsive or harmful behaviors), as well as those that manage the client's life and keep them out of trouble. Barbara facilitates clients' re-discovery of their own vast internal resources and with this, they begin to realize their authentic qualities and strengths. . . . . . Barbara Wegener, LPC, Shadow Lantern Counseling, LLC
(719) 888-5409 View (719) 888-5409
Photo of Stephanie Spjuth, LCSW, CCTP, C-DBT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Spjuth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
Parker, CO 80134  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated therapist who specializes in working exclusively with women aged 18 and older, focusing on their mental health concerns. My goal is to create a nurturing space where adult women can find support, healing, and growth. I understand the unique challenges that women face during different stages of life, and I am committed to providing personalized care that addresses your specific needs. I strive to create a safe and inclusive environment where you can openly explore your thoughts, emotions, and concerns.
I am a dedicated therapist who specializes in working exclusively with women aged 18 and older, focusing on their mental health concerns. My goal is to create a nurturing space where adult women can find support, healing, and growth. I understand the unique challenges that women face during different stages of life, and I am committed to providing personalized care that addresses your specific needs. I strive to create a safe and inclusive environment where you can openly explore your thoughts, emotions, and concerns.
(720) 819-5131 View (720) 819-5131
Photo of Molly Ohle, LPCC
Molly Ohle
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Molly (they/them) brings a warm and comfortable presence to the counseling space, and works with their clients to foster growth and movement during those moments of life that feel stuck and stagnant. They strive to create an affirming and safe space while navigating a range of concerns, including interpersonal relationships, self-discovery, stress and anxiety management, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and processing traumatic experiences.
Molly (they/them) brings a warm and comfortable presence to the counseling space, and works with their clients to foster growth and movement during those moments of life that feel stuck and stagnant. They strive to create an affirming and safe space while navigating a range of concerns, including interpersonal relationships, self-discovery, stress and anxiety management, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and processing traumatic experiences.
(719) 362-0558 View (719) 362-0558
Photo of Elinah Russell, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elinah Russell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80918  (Online Only)
I am a trauma-focused therapist who strongly believes that the negative cognitions we have about ourselves start with the trauma we have experienced in the past. I provide psychotherapy and EMDR therapy to those looking to resolve issues related to trauma, depression, anxiety, substance use, and emotional dysregulation. I believe for one to connect with others, one should connect with themselves internally. Through a healthy therapeutic alliance, I believe we can collaborate and work together to heal and gain coping strategies that will provide relief from symptoms of concern.
I am a trauma-focused therapist who strongly believes that the negative cognitions we have about ourselves start with the trauma we have experienced in the past. I provide psychotherapy and EMDR therapy to those looking to resolve issues related to trauma, depression, anxiety, substance use, and emotional dysregulation. I believe for one to connect with others, one should connect with themselves internally. Through a healthy therapeutic alliance, I believe we can collaborate and work together to heal and gain coping strategies that will provide relief from symptoms of concern.
(719) 631-3826 View (719) 631-3826
Photo of Tammy Fisher Aasect Sex Therapist, MA, LPC-S, LMFT-S, CST, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tammy Fisher Aasect Sex Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LPC-S, LMFT-S, CST
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80911  (Online Only)
Relationships are hard. Only our closest loved ones, especially those we share a bed with, can stir up our most intense feelings of emotional pain, disappointment and shame. We often respond to these emotions with anger, withdraw, control or resistance which leads to conflict, emotional distance and the dreaded dead bedroom syndrome. Having disagreements in a relationship is expected. We all have our own ways of seeing, feeling and thinking about things including sex. The key to a healthy relationship is to be able to acknowledge the differences and communicate in a way that is genuine, supportive and understanding.
Relationships are hard. Only our closest loved ones, especially those we share a bed with, can stir up our most intense feelings of emotional pain, disappointment and shame. We often respond to these emotions with anger, withdraw, control or resistance which leads to conflict, emotional distance and the dreaded dead bedroom syndrome. Having disagreements in a relationship is expected. We all have our own ways of seeing, feeling and thinking about things including sex. The key to a healthy relationship is to be able to acknowledge the differences and communicate in a way that is genuine, supportive and understanding.
(512) 940-1168 View (512) 940-1168
Photo of Grace Combs, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Grace Combs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80921  (Online Only)
In the words of Dave Pelzer, “It is important for people to know that no matter what lies in their past, they can overcome the dark side and press on to a brighter world..” As a clinician, I take joy in helping others find the path to hope and joy in their lives when it feels like it has abandoned us. I have experience working with adults and children as young as 5 years old. My work focuses on a client-centered approach while using a mix of therapeutic modalities such as DBT, Somatic Awareness, Expressive Arts, Attachment Theory, Strengths Based, Internal Family Systems, and direct and non-direct play therapy.
In the words of Dave Pelzer, “It is important for people to know that no matter what lies in their past, they can overcome the dark side and press on to a brighter world..” As a clinician, I take joy in helping others find the path to hope and joy in their lives when it feels like it has abandoned us. I have experience working with adults and children as young as 5 years old. My work focuses on a client-centered approach while using a mix of therapeutic modalities such as DBT, Somatic Awareness, Expressive Arts, Attachment Theory, Strengths Based, Internal Family Systems, and direct and non-direct play therapy.
(719) 356-1896 View (719) 356-1896
Photo of Kristin Evert, LPC, MA, MEd, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristin Evert
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80921
We all need a place to unpack our brokenness, pain and struggle. We desire to have someone listen wholeheartedly to our story. The Sanctuary Collective desires to be a place that is safe, without judgement to create change within ourselves so that we can engage in the world. Our belief is that we have a mind, body and soul that works as one. Here we will collectively work with like-minded professionals that address you holistically (mind, body and soul). Please call or email to set up your appointment.
We all need a place to unpack our brokenness, pain and struggle. We desire to have someone listen wholeheartedly to our story. The Sanctuary Collective desires to be a place that is safe, without judgement to create change within ourselves so that we can engage in the world. Our belief is that we have a mind, body and soul that works as one. Here we will collectively work with like-minded professionals that address you holistically (mind, body and soul). Please call or email to set up your appointment.
(719) 882-1505 View (719) 882-1505
Photo of Misty Wilson, LMFT, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Misty Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS
Verified Verified
Highlands Ranch, CO 80126
Have you been thinking about therapy but are unsure or afraid?Have you been deterred by stories of therapy with no results?Therapy can be intimidating, that is why I focus on a welcoming, goal oriented approach that builds a collaborative relationship.I believe in RESULTS and achieving them through an individualized plan, that uses specific GOALS and OBJECTIVES. To achieve this I use my certifications/education in several approaches, as well as a vast referral network. I am deeply committed to 1 goal:for you to live YOUR BEST life.In my 20+years I've witnessed the power of therapy to achieve the happiness you deserve. Are you ready?
Have you been thinking about therapy but are unsure or afraid?Have you been deterred by stories of therapy with no results?Therapy can be intimidating, that is why I focus on a welcoming, goal oriented approach that builds a collaborative relationship.I believe in RESULTS and achieving them through an individualized plan, that uses specific GOALS and OBJECTIVES. To achieve this I use my certifications/education in several approaches, as well as a vast referral network. I am deeply committed to 1 goal:for you to live YOUR BEST life.In my 20+years I've witnessed the power of therapy to achieve the happiness you deserve. Are you ready?
(720) 799-0719 View (720) 799-0719
Photo of Heidi Schnakenberg, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heidi Schnakenberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
If you are feeling hopeless and overwhelmed, I have over 15 years of experience and want to work with you. My goal is to help you feel better and be able to live your best life. My approach to decreasing your anxiety, relational conflict or depression includes using nutrition and other lifestyle factors to help you see the whole picture. Your mental and physical health are closely intertwined and I want to help you make changes in both areas to improve your overall wellness. Life is short, let me help you take a step towards a brighter future.
If you are feeling hopeless and overwhelmed, I have over 15 years of experience and want to work with you. My goal is to help you feel better and be able to live your best life. My approach to decreasing your anxiety, relational conflict or depression includes using nutrition and other lifestyle factors to help you see the whole picture. Your mental and physical health are closely intertwined and I want to help you make changes in both areas to improve your overall wellness. Life is short, let me help you take a step towards a brighter future.
(720) 573-0453 View (720) 573-0453
Photo of Roy Hill, PsyD, Psychologist
Roy Hill
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Navigating the rivers of life can become rocky. Sometimes we need an objective person to help us through the rough rapids. I can work with you to develop new strategies for success, plot out new courses, and feel better in time. I do so by empowering you with confidence in a safe environment. I have over twenty years of experience working with issues of depression, anxiety, trauma, relationships, family, grief, and finding personal meaning. More specific to me, I have specialties working with spiritual issues. I have written two books on psychology and spirituality.
Navigating the rivers of life can become rocky. Sometimes we need an objective person to help us through the rough rapids. I can work with you to develop new strategies for success, plot out new courses, and feel better in time. I do so by empowering you with confidence in a safe environment. I have over twenty years of experience working with issues of depression, anxiety, trauma, relationships, family, grief, and finding personal meaning. More specific to me, I have specialties working with spiritual issues. I have written two books on psychology and spirituality.
(719) 259-1952 View (719) 259-1952
Photo of Dr. Benjamin Neale, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Benjamin Neale
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80903
Who knew it would be so difficult to make it on your own, develop new relationships, and face the stresses of your late teens, 20s or 30s? Addressing struggles as you become an adult can present you with immediate and urgent challenges related to family, relationships, money, work, school, and confusion with your overall life path. This period of time is filled with moving from one place to another, sometimes one of familiarity to another one that feels totally foreign. Shifting responsibilities and demands at school or work can certainly cause confusion, self-doubt, and feeling overwhelmed.
Who knew it would be so difficult to make it on your own, develop new relationships, and face the stresses of your late teens, 20s or 30s? Addressing struggles as you become an adult can present you with immediate and urgent challenges related to family, relationships, money, work, school, and confusion with your overall life path. This period of time is filled with moving from one place to another, sometimes one of familiarity to another one that feels totally foreign. Shifting responsibilities and demands at school or work can certainly cause confusion, self-doubt, and feeling overwhelmed.
(719) 505-2461 View (719) 505-2461
Photo of Hayes Gelber, MA, MFTC
Hayes Gelber
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate , MA, MFTC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80920
I want to start by understanding who you are and what you want in working with me. Sharing yourself with another can be a difficult, but rewarding process. Finding someone who you feel comfortable with, and relatively safe, begins the process. My experience as a therapist developed working with the general and Special Needs populations in a school setting, couples in the throes of relationship distress, adolescents during transition periods of their lives, and older adults seeking comfort at the end of their days.
I want to start by understanding who you are and what you want in working with me. Sharing yourself with another can be a difficult, but rewarding process. Finding someone who you feel comfortable with, and relatively safe, begins the process. My experience as a therapist developed working with the general and Special Needs populations in a school setting, couples in the throes of relationship distress, adolescents during transition periods of their lives, and older adults seeking comfort at the end of their days.
(719) 414-9379 x709 View (719) 414-9379 x709
Photo of Stephanie Marie Schneider, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Stephanie Marie Schneider
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Colorado Springs, CO 80909  (Online Only)
Are you aware that something lays under the surface of your daily life but can't quite name what it is? Therapy is a safe place where you can explore the emotions, memories, and issues that can be easily buried as you go about your life. Whether you have a specific issue that brings you to seek counseling or have just a general sense that something isn't quite right, I would love to meet with you. Often, it is only through connecting in safe relationship that hidden emotions can freely come out.
Are you aware that something lays under the surface of your daily life but can't quite name what it is? Therapy is a safe place where you can explore the emotions, memories, and issues that can be easily buried as you go about your life. Whether you have a specific issue that brings you to seek counseling or have just a general sense that something isn't quite right, I would love to meet with you. Often, it is only through connecting in safe relationship that hidden emotions can freely come out.
(719) 427-6958 View (719) 427-6958
Photo of Bradley D Thorsen, MS, LPCC, LMHC, Counselor
Bradley D Thorsen
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Canon City, CO 81212
I believe in a real experience, with real people, and as such I strive to understand the specific needs and afflictions of each client, individualizing the therapeutic experience and counseling treatment one person at a time. Though afflictions may manifest similarly across clients, each person perceives and responds in different ways, making treatment individualization essential to positively promoting client growth and wellness. Formal education and personal life experiences have provided an opportunity for diversified understanding of individual client uniqueness.
I believe in a real experience, with real people, and as such I strive to understand the specific needs and afflictions of each client, individualizing the therapeutic experience and counseling treatment one person at a time. Though afflictions may manifest similarly across clients, each person perceives and responds in different ways, making treatment individualization essential to positively promoting client growth and wellness. Formal education and personal life experiences have provided an opportunity for diversified understanding of individual client uniqueness.
(719) 631-4328 View (719) 631-4328

See more therapy options for Beulah

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Beulah, CO

< 10

Therapists in Beulah, CO who prioritize treating:

100% ADHD
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Self Esteem
67% Relationship Issues
67% Depression
67% Anxiety
67% Child

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Beulah, CO see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

50% Female
50% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Beulah?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.