Therapists in Arvada, CO

Photo of Kristen Sandine - Courageous Counseling Colorado, LPC, RPT-S, SWC, LMFT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Courageous Counseling Colorado
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RPT-S, SWC, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
We are a team of therapists who use strength-based and expressive therapies to help children, teens, adults, and families work through difficulties, learn more about yourself, learn new coping strategies, and take tangible steps towards your goals. We have dedicated our careers to supporting families in our community and are passionate about advocating for and supporting our LGBTQIA+ community.
We are a team of therapists who use strength-based and expressive therapies to help children, teens, adults, and families work through difficulties, learn more about yourself, learn new coping strategies, and take tangible steps towards your goals. We have dedicated our careers to supporting families in our community and are passionate about advocating for and supporting our LGBTQIA+ community.
(720) 606-6981 View (720) 606-6981
Photo of Becc Mace, Pre-Licensed Professional
Becc Mace
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
Welcome! Navigating this world can be hard; I am here to provide a space for exploring the beauty, grief, and everything in between throughout your experience. I am passionate about working with queer, neurodivergent, and deeply feeling, curious kids, teens, and adults. I deeply value connection and believe in healing through community. I also know, for so many different reasons, it can be difficult to find and navigate what this means to you. Through a relational and client-centered approach, I aim to build a trusting relationship where together, we can venture into the unknown.
Welcome! Navigating this world can be hard; I am here to provide a space for exploring the beauty, grief, and everything in between throughout your experience. I am passionate about working with queer, neurodivergent, and deeply feeling, curious kids, teens, and adults. I deeply value connection and believe in healing through community. I also know, for so many different reasons, it can be difficult to find and navigate what this means to you. Through a relational and client-centered approach, I aim to build a trusting relationship where together, we can venture into the unknown.
(720) 896-4094 View (720) 896-4094
Photo of Jenny Riedel, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenny Riedel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002
Welcome! I specialize in working with adult females who are struggling with unresolved trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief. I take a holistic approach to my work with clients and believe the key to health lives in the connection between the mind, body, and soul. I do not see a set of symptoms but rather resiliency and an opportunity to develop new skills that support the goals we have identified to work towards together. I take a creative approach to therapy that incorporates trauma-informed care, EMDR, Internal Family Systems, somatic modalities, and other evidence-based interventions.
Welcome! I specialize in working with adult females who are struggling with unresolved trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief. I take a holistic approach to my work with clients and believe the key to health lives in the connection between the mind, body, and soul. I do not see a set of symptoms but rather resiliency and an opportunity to develop new skills that support the goals we have identified to work towards together. I take a creative approach to therapy that incorporates trauma-informed care, EMDR, Internal Family Systems, somatic modalities, and other evidence-based interventions.
(719) 581-5652 View (719) 581-5652
Photo of Erica Bonham - AVOS Counseling Center and Training Institute, LPC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
AVOS Counseling Center and Training Institute
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
Our badass team helps clients reclaim the joy in their relationships, schooling and careers. We help folx go from struggling to thriving. Our clients go from faking their way and just getting through the day to becoming the shining authentic beings they are. Perhaps you have survived, now it is time to shine. You are always and already enough and lovable AND you have work to do. We have an amazing team of folks ranging from clinical interns to senior therapists, but we all specialize in helping clients dive deep and share tools that allow clients to sustain measurable and meaningful change. Most of our team also accepts Medicaid.
Our badass team helps clients reclaim the joy in their relationships, schooling and careers. We help folx go from struggling to thriving. Our clients go from faking their way and just getting through the day to becoming the shining authentic beings they are. Perhaps you have survived, now it is time to shine. You are always and already enough and lovable AND you have work to do. We have an amazing team of folks ranging from clinical interns to senior therapists, but we all specialize in helping clients dive deep and share tools that allow clients to sustain measurable and meaningful change. Most of our team also accepts Medicaid.
(720) 636-8957 View (720) 636-8957
Photo of Ashlee Ackelson Avail Psychotherapy, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashlee Ackelson Avail Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002
Not accepting new clients
Addressing life changes and difficulties can be overwhelming, stressful and isolating. It takes a lot of courage to overcome your obstacles, but doing it alone may not be enough. Pursing psychotherapy is the first step to elicit change in your life. My goal is to provide an empathic, safe, and understanding environment to help clients work through their difficulties together. The goal is to figure out what rings true to you, that has not always been evident. By working together, we can help you find greater joy, freedom and satisfaction in life may it be with a life transition, grief, addiction or support around a relationship.
Addressing life changes and difficulties can be overwhelming, stressful and isolating. It takes a lot of courage to overcome your obstacles, but doing it alone may not be enough. Pursing psychotherapy is the first step to elicit change in your life. My goal is to provide an empathic, safe, and understanding environment to help clients work through their difficulties together. The goal is to figure out what rings true to you, that has not always been evident. By working together, we can help you find greater joy, freedom and satisfaction in life may it be with a life transition, grief, addiction or support around a relationship.
(720) 408-6316 View (720) 408-6316
Photo of Jill Squyres Groubert - Jill Squyres Groubert PhD, PhD, Psychologist
Jill Squyres Groubert PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80005
Waitlist for new clients
I have over 35 years of experience helping people successfully navigate life's most difficult challenges and realize their dreams. My personal style is warm, supportive, flexible and optimistic. In our work together, we will focus on your individual perspective, unique strengths and personal values as we collaborate in accomplishing your goals. My office provides a secure comfortable place for you to explore issues, solve problems, examine assumptions, change dysfunctional patterns, and learn new coping strategies. I've helped countless teens and adults make lasting changes and lead better happier lives.
I have over 35 years of experience helping people successfully navigate life's most difficult challenges and realize their dreams. My personal style is warm, supportive, flexible and optimistic. In our work together, we will focus on your individual perspective, unique strengths and personal values as we collaborate in accomplishing your goals. My office provides a secure comfortable place for you to explore issues, solve problems, examine assumptions, change dysfunctional patterns, and learn new coping strategies. I've helped countless teens and adults make lasting changes and lead better happier lives.
(720) 513-5142 View (720) 513-5142
Photo of Alex Koukov, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alex Koukov
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002  (Online Only)
As a licensed clinical social worker with clinical experience in healthcare and with family systems, I have chosen to direct my practice towards folks with chronic disease and people who are close to them as I believe these populations often do not receive enough support around their experiences.
As a licensed clinical social worker with clinical experience in healthcare and with family systems, I have chosen to direct my practice towards folks with chronic disease and people who are close to them as I believe these populations often do not receive enough support around their experiences.
(720) 915-4913 View (720) 915-4913
Kate Dowdy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80003  (Online Only)
If you’ve ever tried to think your way out of your problems, to numb your way out of your pain, to reason your way out of your emotions, you’ve come to the right place. You are not alone! I’m here to walk alongside you as we nonjudgementally examine if your coping strategies are working for you. If you’re feeling stuck, let’s get curious about your patterns together.
If you’ve ever tried to think your way out of your problems, to numb your way out of your pain, to reason your way out of your emotions, you’ve come to the right place. You are not alone! I’m here to walk alongside you as we nonjudgementally examine if your coping strategies are working for you. If you’re feeling stuck, let’s get curious about your patterns together.
(720) 606-6920 View (720) 606-6920
Photo of Lizzy White, LPCC
Lizzy White
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002
Are you grappling with overwhelming emotions that are hard to manage? Do you feel stressed, unhappy, or disconnected from yourself or others? If you’re feeling isolated, inadequate, or unworthy of joy, know that you’re not alone—and you’ve come to the right place. Navigating the complexities of human emotions can be one of life’s toughest journeys.
Are you grappling with overwhelming emotions that are hard to manage? Do you feel stressed, unhappy, or disconnected from yourself or others? If you’re feeling isolated, inadequate, or unworthy of joy, know that you’re not alone—and you’ve come to the right place. Navigating the complexities of human emotions can be one of life’s toughest journeys.
(844) 783-2931 View (844) 783-2931
Photo of Alyssa Lopez, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alyssa Lopez
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002
Not accepting new clients
When working with me, my goal is to find creative ways to support you during your journey. I love to explore ways to work through client’s stressors by building resilience. I lean heavily on a CBT approach to achieve wellness. I enjoy supporting diverse clientele and am always open to learning differing perspectives. During our time together, I hope to support and encourage you to gain more insight on your life.
When working with me, my goal is to find creative ways to support you during your journey. I love to explore ways to work through client’s stressors by building resilience. I lean heavily on a CBT approach to achieve wellness. I enjoy supporting diverse clientele and am always open to learning differing perspectives. During our time together, I hope to support and encourage you to gain more insight on your life.
(720) 802-6671 View (720) 802-6671
Photo of Peggy A. Salazar, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Peggy A. Salazar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80003  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) I am passionate about working with and walking along side those hurting or wanting help in an area that has led you to a crossroads. Sometimes we gravitate to our loved ones or friends for help however, seeking professional help may be your best choice. No one should ever go it alone! I have years of experience and a vast of resources that affords the best possible treatment plan for you.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) I am passionate about working with and walking along side those hurting or wanting help in an area that has led you to a crossroads. Sometimes we gravitate to our loved ones or friends for help however, seeking professional help may be your best choice. No one should ever go it alone! I have years of experience and a vast of resources that affords the best possible treatment plan for you.
(720) 463-1432 View (720) 463-1432
Photo of Kimberly Moore, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimberly Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80003  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! I am a therapist devoted to supporting preteens, teens, and young adults in facing life’s challenges. There are times in our lives when our stressors become tangled, overwhelming, and messy. I am here to support you in feeling heard, connected and supported so we can unravel and work through your struggles together in a way that makes sense for you. Whether you are experiencing relationship problems, family problems, school problems, grief, anxiety, depression, ADHD, the effects of trauma, mood imbalances or LGBTQIA challenges, I am here to support you on your journey.
Hello and welcome! I am a therapist devoted to supporting preteens, teens, and young adults in facing life’s challenges. There are times in our lives when our stressors become tangled, overwhelming, and messy. I am here to support you in feeling heard, connected and supported so we can unravel and work through your struggles together in a way that makes sense for you. Whether you are experiencing relationship problems, family problems, school problems, grief, anxiety, depression, ADHD, the effects of trauma, mood imbalances or LGBTQIA challenges, I am here to support you on your journey.
(720) 802-6360 View (720) 802-6360
Photo of Beverly Reimer, LPCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Beverly Reimer
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
Like many of you, my life has had many twists and turns – some of which I anticipated and many of which I did not. During times of transition, it can feel vulnerable to revisit trauma, make sense of unwanted memories, endure unexpected reactions, or live with lingering negative emotions. I’d like the opportunity to work with you during these difficult times. My approach in counseling is to include the whole-self, bringing mind, body, and spirit into the healing process. I seek to understand how our pasts impact our present as we look toward change in the future, trusting our inner wisdom to help reveal the therapeutic path forward.
Like many of you, my life has had many twists and turns – some of which I anticipated and many of which I did not. During times of transition, it can feel vulnerable to revisit trauma, make sense of unwanted memories, endure unexpected reactions, or live with lingering negative emotions. I’d like the opportunity to work with you during these difficult times. My approach in counseling is to include the whole-self, bringing mind, body, and spirit into the healing process. I seek to understand how our pasts impact our present as we look toward change in the future, trusting our inner wisdom to help reveal the therapeutic path forward.
(303) 529-9058 View (303) 529-9058
Photo of Taylor Young, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Taylor Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
One of the most important things we can share is our story. I believe we are the experts of our stories and they can be heavy. I focus on having a collaborative relationship with clients, so we can navigate through the heavier parts of your story together. I offer a warm and non judgmental space to provide support, guidance, clarity, and growth. Whether you are looking for a confidante to explore past and present challenges or you have a specific goal for therapy, you can trust I will support you with knowledge, empathy and compassion.
One of the most important things we can share is our story. I believe we are the experts of our stories and they can be heavy. I focus on having a collaborative relationship with clients, so we can navigate through the heavier parts of your story together. I offer a warm and non judgmental space to provide support, guidance, clarity, and growth. Whether you are looking for a confidante to explore past and present challenges or you have a specific goal for therapy, you can trust I will support you with knowledge, empathy and compassion.
(720) 707-1829 View (720) 707-1829
Photo of Tess Amer, LPCC
Tess Amer
LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80002
Hello, I'm a psychotherapist with iSeek Counseling and am currently accepting new clients! I am experienced in supporting creative children, teens, and emerging adults with difficulty in relationships with peers, partners, and/or family members. Teenage and young adult years are a great time to grow emotional intelligence and learn to better understand yourself and your emotions. I am passionate about supporting young people in this process. My clients are often looking to work on relationship problems, family issues, social and emotional struggles, rebuilding self-esteem, general life transitions, and personal growth.
Hello, I'm a psychotherapist with iSeek Counseling and am currently accepting new clients! I am experienced in supporting creative children, teens, and emerging adults with difficulty in relationships with peers, partners, and/or family members. Teenage and young adult years are a great time to grow emotional intelligence and learn to better understand yourself and your emotions. I am passionate about supporting young people in this process. My clients are often looking to work on relationship problems, family issues, social and emotional struggles, rebuilding self-esteem, general life transitions, and personal growth.
(888) 312-2571 View (888) 312-2571
Photo of Julie Preston Schilling - Bloom Counseling, LCSW, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bloom Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80002
My aim is to support you to live a present, engaged and fulfilled life, renegotiate past trauma or conditioning, and help you to feel more centered and connected inside. My clients feel stressed out to the point of feeling collapse; unworthy of love, overwhelmed and unheard. Many have PTSD from abuse /neglect as a child, harsh training in organized sports, impacts of generational/cultural/religious patterns, traumatic events. My clients symptoms show up as anxiety, moodiness, inability to regulate or navigate life, unresolved trauma, fear, depression, anger, grief, physical pain and chronic health issues.
My aim is to support you to live a present, engaged and fulfilled life, renegotiate past trauma or conditioning, and help you to feel more centered and connected inside. My clients feel stressed out to the point of feeling collapse; unworthy of love, overwhelmed and unheard. Many have PTSD from abuse /neglect as a child, harsh training in organized sports, impacts of generational/cultural/religious patterns, traumatic events. My clients symptoms show up as anxiety, moodiness, inability to regulate or navigate life, unresolved trauma, fear, depression, anger, grief, physical pain and chronic health issues.
(720) 459-9737 View (720) 459-9737
Photo of Jenna LaBombard Sondermind Provider, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jenna LaBombard Sondermind Provider
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80004  (Online Only)
Life is full of challenges but you don’t have to face them alone! I can help you uncover the insights and strengths within yourself that can guide you through the toughest of times. For over two decades, I have had the privilege of assisting individuals on this transformative journey. By working collaboratively with my clients, we can achieve healing and lasting change. As an LGBTQIA+ ally, I approach therapy with cultural sensitivity and respect for all individuals. (I do have a good sense of humor to lighten the load along the way!)
Life is full of challenges but you don’t have to face them alone! I can help you uncover the insights and strengths within yourself that can guide you through the toughest of times. For over two decades, I have had the privilege of assisting individuals on this transformative journey. By working collaboratively with my clients, we can achieve healing and lasting change. As an LGBTQIA+ ally, I approach therapy with cultural sensitivity and respect for all individuals. (I do have a good sense of humor to lighten the load along the way!)
(720) 640-8593 View (720) 640-8593
Photo of Briton Sloan, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Briton Sloan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arvada, CO 80004
Not accepting new clients
As a fellow human, I help those who are feeling lost, unmotivated, and burnt out in life to reclaim a sense of peace and joy in self and with others. It may seem like you are at the bottom of an insurmountable mountain. You may feel as though you are just surviving. However, it is possible to reawaken a sense of curiosity, openness, and joy within yourself and in your relationships. I utilize a compassionate, strength-based approach that builds on the therapeutic alliance to provide concrete tools that increase the probability for meaningful change to occur.
As a fellow human, I help those who are feeling lost, unmotivated, and burnt out in life to reclaim a sense of peace and joy in self and with others. It may seem like you are at the bottom of an insurmountable mountain. You may feel as though you are just surviving. However, it is possible to reawaken a sense of curiosity, openness, and joy within yourself and in your relationships. I utilize a compassionate, strength-based approach that builds on the therapeutic alliance to provide concrete tools that increase the probability for meaningful change to occur.
(720) 696-9365 View (720) 696-9365
Photo of Jessica Ward, LCSW, CACIII, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Ward
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CACIII
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80005
How can I help? Are you hoping for: feeling better than you do right now, inner peace, emotional healing, an improved outlook, a new paradigm, feeling listened to and a better understanding of yourself and/or others? I come to the therapeutic space with 20+ years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I trust the therapeutic process will benefit anyone with an open mind and heart and willingness to try.
How can I help? Are you hoping for: feeling better than you do right now, inner peace, emotional healing, an improved outlook, a new paradigm, feeling listened to and a better understanding of yourself and/or others? I come to the therapeutic space with 20+ years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I trust the therapeutic process will benefit anyone with an open mind and heart and willingness to try.
(720) 707-2796 View (720) 707-2796
Photo of Tracy Grobbel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tracy Grobbel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arvada, CO 80004  (Online Only)
I specialize in cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a focus on helping clients understand their strengths in order to reach their goals. I work with adolescents who need support with regulating emotions, coping with depression and anxiety, and learning strategies for symptoms related to ADHD and learning difficulties. I also have a background in family therapy, focusing on offering comprehensive resources and education to families.
I specialize in cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a focus on helping clients understand their strengths in order to reach their goals. I work with adolescents who need support with regulating emotions, coping with depression and anxiety, and learning strategies for symptoms related to ADHD and learning difficulties. I also have a background in family therapy, focusing on offering comprehensive resources and education to families.
(720) 902-8171 View (720) 902-8171
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Arvada, CO

600+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Arvada, CO who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Stress
70% Self Esteem
70% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
77% Cigna and Evernorth
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Arvada, CO see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
14% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Arvada?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.