Therapists in Santa Ana, CA

View neighborhoods in Santa Ana
Photo of Abigail Ortega, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Abigail Ortega
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92703  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to get out of bed in the morning? Are you finding it harder and harder to get through the day? You are not alone. Depression and anxiety affect an estimated 792 million people across the globe. Depression can come in many forms but it is treatable. Remission is possible with the right tools and support. We can work together to build the skills necessary not only to survive but to thrive in a healthier and happier version of you!
Are you struggling to get out of bed in the morning? Are you finding it harder and harder to get through the day? You are not alone. Depression and anxiety affect an estimated 792 million people across the globe. Depression can come in many forms but it is treatable. Remission is possible with the right tools and support. We can work together to build the skills necessary not only to survive but to thrive in a healthier and happier version of you!
(619) 304-5143 View (619) 304-5143
Photo of Jim Moakley, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jim Moakley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92701
You deserve to feel happy, healthy, and loved! Your relationships can be the best part of your life, helping you to feel joy, appreciation, and fulfillment...or you can find yourself just going through the motions. In our stressful and demanding world, it is all too easy to disconnect from those who are most important to us; poor communication leads to a lack of understanding, and we become demanding, intolerant, and unforgiving of ourselves and of those who matter most. Instead of sharing quality time together, we spend our energy tearing each other down. Gaining awareness, and learning from the past instead of dwelling on it, are some of the first steps toward moving forward. I find nothing more satisfying than helping people to overcome their obstacles so that they can love and feel loved, accept and feel accepted, and realize that they are truly worthy of all that life has to offer. Since 2009, I've helped my clients become better versions of themselves; let's work together and start turning your possibilities into realities!
You deserve to feel happy, healthy, and loved! Your relationships can be the best part of your life, helping you to feel joy, appreciation, and fulfillment...or you can find yourself just going through the motions. In our stressful and demanding world, it is all too easy to disconnect from those who are most important to us; poor communication leads to a lack of understanding, and we become demanding, intolerant, and unforgiving of ourselves and of those who matter most. Instead of sharing quality time together, we spend our energy tearing each other down. Gaining awareness, and learning from the past instead of dwelling on it, are some of the first steps toward moving forward. I find nothing more satisfying than helping people to overcome their obstacles so that they can love and feel loved, accept and feel accepted, and realize that they are truly worthy of all that life has to offer. Since 2009, I've helped my clients become better versions of themselves; let's work together and start turning your possibilities into realities!
(657) 255-7895 View (657) 255-7895
Photo of Alexandra Sanchez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexandra Sanchez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92704
I am Alexandra Sanchez, and I am committed to facilitating your healing journey by providing guidance and support. As a devoted bilingual therapist, I bring over 7 years of experience in the mental health field, having worked in diverse settings including hospitals and community environments. My areas of specialization encompass a range of conditions, including anxiety, mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder), trauma, ADHD, and bereavement.
I am Alexandra Sanchez, and I am committed to facilitating your healing journey by providing guidance and support. As a devoted bilingual therapist, I bring over 7 years of experience in the mental health field, having worked in diverse settings including hospitals and community environments. My areas of specialization encompass a range of conditions, including anxiety, mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder), trauma, ADHD, and bereavement.
(714) 735-0569 View (714) 735-0569
Photo of Laura Castro, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laura Castro
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92704
Hello, my name is Laura Castro, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 6 years of experience. My therapeutic philosophy is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and a strength-based approach incorporating a holistic perspective. I view each client as a unique individual shaped by their relationships and life experiences and I am committed to helping clients navigate challenges, build resilience, and cultivate meaningful connections. My professional journey has equipped me with valuable insights into the complexities of human relationships and the profound impact they have on mental health.
Hello, my name is Laura Castro, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 6 years of experience. My therapeutic philosophy is rooted in empathy, collaboration, and a strength-based approach incorporating a holistic perspective. I view each client as a unique individual shaped by their relationships and life experiences and I am committed to helping clients navigate challenges, build resilience, and cultivate meaningful connections. My professional journey has equipped me with valuable insights into the complexities of human relationships and the profound impact they have on mental health.
(657) 837-5140 View (657) 837-5140
Photo of Nicole Barksdale, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Barksdale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92703  (Online Only)
Choosing a therapist can feel like a difficult task, so I wanted to tell you a little about myself to help you decide if I would be a good fit for you. I have over 17 years of professional experience that include trauma, abuse, and the juvenile and adult justice systems. My goal in therapy is to create a safe space, free from judgment or rejection, for you to explore any challenges you may be facing and help you find new skills to deal with them. I know how hard it is to find a therapist that you feel comfortable with and I applaud you for taking the first step. I would be honored to work with you.
Choosing a therapist can feel like a difficult task, so I wanted to tell you a little about myself to help you decide if I would be a good fit for you. I have over 17 years of professional experience that include trauma, abuse, and the juvenile and adult justice systems. My goal in therapy is to create a safe space, free from judgment or rejection, for you to explore any challenges you may be facing and help you find new skills to deal with them. I know how hard it is to find a therapist that you feel comfortable with and I applaud you for taking the first step. I would be honored to work with you.
(415) 707-0226 View (415) 707-0226
Photo of Esmeralda Gonzalez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Esmeralda Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92703  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 15 years of experience providing mental health counseling services. I utilize Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. With my clients I also use a strength-based and culturally humble approach. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable environment where you can identify your emotions, and process, and verbalize your needs while learning and implementing effective coping techniques in a culturally humble environment.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with more than 15 years of experience providing mental health counseling services. I utilize Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. With my clients I also use a strength-based and culturally humble approach. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable environment where you can identify your emotions, and process, and verbalize your needs while learning and implementing effective coping techniques in a culturally humble environment.
(657) 363-4065 View (657) 363-4065
Photo of Quintin Wise, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Quintin Wise
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92703  (Online Only)
I view therapy as a very human process, as well as a very sacred one. While I am theoretically grounded in narrative and postmodern practices, I believe in using an integrated approach including Solution-Focused therapy, Positive Psychology, Motivational Interviewing, Existential-Humanistic Therapy, Family Systems, client-centered therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I believe that positive outcomes stem from working collaboratively with clients to build trusting relationships while attending to every person’s unique needs.
I view therapy as a very human process, as well as a very sacred one. While I am theoretically grounded in narrative and postmodern practices, I believe in using an integrated approach including Solution-Focused therapy, Positive Psychology, Motivational Interviewing, Existential-Humanistic Therapy, Family Systems, client-centered therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I believe that positive outcomes stem from working collaboratively with clients to build trusting relationships while attending to every person’s unique needs.
(510) 892-3260 View (510) 892-3260
Photo of Ryan M. Watanabe, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ryan M. Watanabe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Are you concerned about your teenager's excessive stress, argumentative behavior at home, or declining grades? Adolescence is a stressful period as the developmental changes that occur during this time affect almost every area of a teenager's functioning (e.g. relationships with others, risk-taking behavior, sense of identity). However, these changes often lead to great distress on the teenager and their families. Psychotherapy can be a great tool for your child to work through his or her conflicts as they make the difficult transition into adulthood.
Are you concerned about your teenager's excessive stress, argumentative behavior at home, or declining grades? Adolescence is a stressful period as the developmental changes that occur during this time affect almost every area of a teenager's functioning (e.g. relationships with others, risk-taking behavior, sense of identity). However, these changes often lead to great distress on the teenager and their families. Psychotherapy can be a great tool for your child to work through his or her conflicts as they make the difficult transition into adulthood.
(949) 297-6072 View (949) 297-6072
Photo of Saarika Rao, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Saarika Rao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92705  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hi there! I'm thrilled to connect with you on this journey towards personal growth and well-being. My mission is clear: to empower you to succeed and achieve your goals, whatever they may be. To me you are not just a client, but you are a multifaceted individual with a story worth exploring. I'm not here to provide quick fixes or one-size-fits-all solutions. Instead, I'll work side by side with you to understand your needs and make sure that you feel heard. Together, we'll create a personalized roadmap to your success.
Hi there! I'm thrilled to connect with you on this journey towards personal growth and well-being. My mission is clear: to empower you to succeed and achieve your goals, whatever they may be. To me you are not just a client, but you are a multifaceted individual with a story worth exploring. I'm not here to provide quick fixes or one-size-fits-all solutions. Instead, I'll work side by side with you to understand your needs and make sure that you feel heard. Together, we'll create a personalized roadmap to your success.
(714) 702-1893 View (714) 702-1893
Photo of Claire Franke, Marriage & Family Therapist
Claire Franke
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92701
My name is Claire Franke and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) working statewide in California via telehealth. I work with adults and seniors, specializing in anxiety, depression, grief/loss, couples counseling, chronic illness, and clients or family members impacted by substance abuse issues.
My name is Claire Franke and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) working statewide in California via telehealth. I work with adults and seniors, specializing in anxiety, depression, grief/loss, couples counseling, chronic illness, and clients or family members impacted by substance abuse issues.
(510) 598-3634 View (510) 598-3634
Photo of Gregory Ragle, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gregory Ragle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Hello, I am Greg Ragle, LMFT. I believe in positive psychology and focus on what is going well for the client. What are the exception moments for the client. What is working we do more of, what is not working is where more solutions will come forward in the work together. Together we can identify protective factors and strengths to build upon. We can use myth, personal narrative, mindfulness, and somatic exercises to address mind, body, and soul. You may be nervous seeking therapy, but you deserve a guide in your healing journey. Let’s work together to walk the path.
Hello, I am Greg Ragle, LMFT. I believe in positive psychology and focus on what is going well for the client. What are the exception moments for the client. What is working we do more of, what is not working is where more solutions will come forward in the work together. Together we can identify protective factors and strengths to build upon. We can use myth, personal narrative, mindfulness, and somatic exercises to address mind, body, and soul. You may be nervous seeking therapy, but you deserve a guide in your healing journey. Let’s work together to walk the path.
(949) 203-7581 View (949) 203-7581
Photo of Catherine Morrill - Soul Restoration Project, Marriage & Family Therapist
Soul Restoration Project
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92701
Are you looking for counseling that integrates your Christian faith into the healing process? Are you looking for a therapist who can both understand the issue you struggle with as well as your spirituality? The Soul Restoration Project is a group of Marriage and Family Therapists (licensed and pre-licensed) who help individuals and couples find hope and healing. With nine therapists on staff we have a number of areas of expertise including: sexual addiction, relationship issues, eating disorders, couples therapy, grief, trauma, depression, anxiety and parenting.
Are you looking for counseling that integrates your Christian faith into the healing process? Are you looking for a therapist who can both understand the issue you struggle with as well as your spirituality? The Soul Restoration Project is a group of Marriage and Family Therapists (licensed and pre-licensed) who help individuals and couples find hope and healing. With nine therapists on staff we have a number of areas of expertise including: sexual addiction, relationship issues, eating disorders, couples therapy, grief, trauma, depression, anxiety and parenting.
(714) 702-1730 View (714) 702-1730
Photo of Alicia Dominguez, LCSW, MBA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alicia Dominguez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92706  (Online Only)
Are you having challenges in your relationships? Are you feeling unfulfilled at work or home? How we relate to others can have tremendous impact on our quality of life. Many times, working on ourselves from within translates to more fulfilling relationships with those around us.
Are you having challenges in your relationships? Are you feeling unfulfilled at work or home? How we relate to others can have tremendous impact on our quality of life. Many times, working on ourselves from within translates to more fulfilling relationships with those around us.
(949) 575-8587 View (949) 575-8587
Photo of Christie Farley, AMFT, MA, MBA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Christie Farley
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MA, MBA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92701
I works with adults, adolescents, couples, and families seeking healing and growth, to move from surviving to thriving. My areas of focus include anxiety, depression, couple connection, dynamic parenting, teen complexities; within each addressing the overall feeling of “being stuck.” I utilize Internal Family Systems to help each person understand and transform their internal world and external world.
I works with adults, adolescents, couples, and families seeking healing and growth, to move from surviving to thriving. My areas of focus include anxiety, depression, couple connection, dynamic parenting, teen complexities; within each addressing the overall feeling of “being stuck.” I utilize Internal Family Systems to help each person understand and transform their internal world and external world.
(714) 262-4445 x7 View (714) 262-4445 x7
Photo of Vivian Castaneda, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vivian Castaneda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Hi! I am Vivian Castaneda, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based out of Southern California, San Gabriel Valley area. With the help of telehealth, I am able to meet with clients from anywhere in California. I have over 20 years of experience working with teens, adults, and families during life's tough transitions. My approach is always client-centered and strength-based. Life can get tough, which can lead to overwhelming thoughts and emotions. I specialize in supporting individuals and families through school, work, and life transitions.
Hi! I am Vivian Castaneda, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based out of Southern California, San Gabriel Valley area. With the help of telehealth, I am able to meet with clients from anywhere in California. I have over 20 years of experience working with teens, adults, and families during life's tough transitions. My approach is always client-centered and strength-based. Life can get tough, which can lead to overwhelming thoughts and emotions. I specialize in supporting individuals and families through school, work, and life transitions.
(949) 776-5628 View (949) 776-5628
Photo of Wendy Talley, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Talley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92704
Greetings/Kedu, my name is Dr. Wendy Talley, and I am a licensed clinical social worker in California. I have a Doctorate in Social Work from the University of Southern California, and my target population is working professionals in high-stress careers who desire to create a life worth celebrating. My preferred approaches are EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic, and Psychoanalytic, which focus on understanding how our past influences the present challenges we face.
Greetings/Kedu, my name is Dr. Wendy Talley, and I am a licensed clinical social worker in California. I have a Doctorate in Social Work from the University of Southern California, and my target population is working professionals in high-stress careers who desire to create a life worth celebrating. My preferred approaches are EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic, and Psychoanalytic, which focus on understanding how our past influences the present challenges we face.
(657) 837-3583 View (657) 837-3583
Photo of Delaney Ellis, MSW, ASW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Delaney Ellis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, ASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92705  (Online Only)
Dedicated therapist passionate about empowering women to overcome depression and anxiety. Goals typically include gaining insights into emotions, fostering self-acceptance, and developing practical skills to navigate life's challenges. Women often aspire to cultivate a greater sense of control over their mental health, enhance their overall quality of life, and build stronger, more fulfilling connections with others.
Dedicated therapist passionate about empowering women to overcome depression and anxiety. Goals typically include gaining insights into emotions, fostering self-acceptance, and developing practical skills to navigate life's challenges. Women often aspire to cultivate a greater sense of control over their mental health, enhance their overall quality of life, and build stronger, more fulfilling connections with others.
(858) 648-6095 View (858) 648-6095
Photo of Genevieve Kemp, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Genevieve Kemp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92703  (Online Only)
My goal as a therapist is to support the people I work with in gaining greater insight into unhelpful patterns, develop and strengthen their coping skills, resolve trauma, and strengthen positive beliefs around their life purpose.
My goal as a therapist is to support the people I work with in gaining greater insight into unhelpful patterns, develop and strengthen their coping skills, resolve trauma, and strengthen positive beliefs around their life purpose.
(424) 352-7352 View (424) 352-7352
Photo of Lorraine Ibold, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lorraine Ibold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Lorraine Ibold, LCSW knows how to compassionately guide her clients struggles in order to help them reach the state of personal inner strength. She is dedicated to empowering her clients and helping them to make their own decisions at their own pace. She offers over 25 years of clinical experience, which has included providing individual, couple, family and group therapy. She has expertise in working with juveniles, family law court and the criminal justice system. She has additional skills in geriatrics and the Healthcare System. Her knowledge about Healthcare systems and Long Term Care has allowed her to assist families.
Lorraine Ibold, LCSW knows how to compassionately guide her clients struggles in order to help them reach the state of personal inner strength. She is dedicated to empowering her clients and helping them to make their own decisions at their own pace. She offers over 25 years of clinical experience, which has included providing individual, couple, family and group therapy. She has expertise in working with juveniles, family law court and the criminal justice system. She has additional skills in geriatrics and the Healthcare System. Her knowledge about Healthcare systems and Long Term Care has allowed her to assist families.
(714) 902-6108 View (714) 902-6108
Photo of Joy Rufener, MA, LMHC, LPCC, Counselor
Joy Rufener
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Santa Ana, CA 92701
Is life feeling like too much to handle alone lately? Are you feeling stuck or hopeless? Do you struggle to prioritize yourself or even know who you are or what you want? You are not alone. This non-judgmental space has been created for you to unload your burden. You will be listened to, believed in, acknowledged, and seen. You will be welcomed. You are invited to create this space for yourself. Together we will embark on a journey toward emotional healing and wholeness, exploring mind, body, and spirit.
Is life feeling like too much to handle alone lately? Are you feeling stuck or hopeless? Do you struggle to prioritize yourself or even know who you are or what you want? You are not alone. This non-judgmental space has been created for you to unload your burden. You will be listened to, believed in, acknowledged, and seen. You will be welcomed. You are invited to create this space for yourself. Together we will embark on a journey toward emotional healing and wholeness, exploring mind, body, and spirit.
(562) 553-8905 View (562) 553-8905
1
...

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Ana, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Santa Ana, CA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
92% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
68% Self Esteem
65% Grief
63% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Cigna and Evernorth
79% Aetna
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Santa Ana, CA see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Ana?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.