Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Martina Luisa Solinas, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Martina Luisa Solinas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), trauma-informed care, and mindfulness to foster healing and personal growth. Cultural sensitivity enables me to connect with clients from diverse backgrounds and experiences. As a conversationally bilingual Spanish speaker, I'm able to communicate with a broader range of clients. With a passion for mental health, I am dedicated to supporting clients on their journey. A warm and often humorous environment helps clients develop the tools to navigate life's challenges and achieve their personal and clinical goals.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), trauma-informed care, and mindfulness to foster healing and personal growth. Cultural sensitivity enables me to connect with clients from diverse backgrounds and experiences. As a conversationally bilingual Spanish speaker, I'm able to communicate with a broader range of clients. With a passion for mental health, I am dedicated to supporting clients on their journey. A warm and often humorous environment helps clients develop the tools to navigate life's challenges and achieve their personal and clinical goals.
(831) 432-7184 View (831) 432-7184
Photo of Greg Clinton, PhD, Psychologist
Greg Clinton
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
A lot of us have a hard time asking for help. Fear, shame, or needing to be self-sufficient are feelings that can get in the way of recognizing when we need help--and reaching out and asking for it. My approach to therapy creates a safe place where sensitive, painful or scary feelings can be openly explored without judgment. We form a partnership to figure out what is going on and how to move forward. I'm actively engaged in our work--it's a partnership, after all--to help you overcome problem behaviors and develop better ways of coping.
A lot of us have a hard time asking for help. Fear, shame, or needing to be self-sufficient are feelings that can get in the way of recognizing when we need help--and reaching out and asking for it. My approach to therapy creates a safe place where sensitive, painful or scary feelings can be openly explored without judgment. We form a partnership to figure out what is going on and how to move forward. I'm actively engaged in our work--it's a partnership, after all--to help you overcome problem behaviors and develop better ways of coping.
(415) 692-5691 View (415) 692-5691
Photo of Caterina Sanfilippo Lee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caterina Sanfilippo Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94133  (Online Only)
Adulting and parenting; the struggle is REAL. You feel like you should have it all together but feel that you are overwhelmed, falling behind and not enough. Family, friendship and intimate partner relationships can be challenging. Career burnout and perfectionism can make it difficult to find a sustained sense of accomplishment, acceptance and joy. Parenting/caregiving is a rollercoaster of emotions, the ultimate balancing act and not showing up the way you want. Transitions are hard and navigating your 20s-30s is more stressful and rocky than you expected. You want to make a change but not sure where to start. Change is possible.
Adulting and parenting; the struggle is REAL. You feel like you should have it all together but feel that you are overwhelmed, falling behind and not enough. Family, friendship and intimate partner relationships can be challenging. Career burnout and perfectionism can make it difficult to find a sustained sense of accomplishment, acceptance and joy. Parenting/caregiving is a rollercoaster of emotions, the ultimate balancing act and not showing up the way you want. Transitions are hard and navigating your 20s-30s is more stressful and rocky than you expected. You want to make a change but not sure where to start. Change is possible.
(628) 239-7021 View (628) 239-7021
Photo of Gabriela Fernandez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gabriela Fernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 14 years of experience. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem, and self-discovery. My style of treatment is collaborative and goal-oriented, with a compassionate, supportive, and individualized approach. I will help you decrease your symptoms while exploring and addressing the underlying reasons these symptoms exist. My goal is to empower you and help you feel more fulfilled in every area of your life as you move towards goals that are meaningful to you. I enjoy working with individuals and families.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 14 years of experience. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem, and self-discovery. My style of treatment is collaborative and goal-oriented, with a compassionate, supportive, and individualized approach. I will help you decrease your symptoms while exploring and addressing the underlying reasons these symptoms exist. My goal is to empower you and help you feel more fulfilled in every area of your life as you move towards goals that are meaningful to you. I enjoy working with individuals and families.
(415) 360-2646 View (415) 360-2646
Photo of Cynthia Rinker, MA, LMFT, CSAT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cynthia Rinker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My therapeutic style is grounded in a humanistic approach and Cognitive-Behavioral therapy with a pragmatic, down-to-earth style. Each client's therapy is individualized, collaborative, and strengths based. I help clients learn to regulate and manage feelings that overwhelm them and negatively affect their thoughts, moods, and attitudes that, in turn, lead to destructive behavior. Whether it is anxiety, depression, diminished self-esteem, or relationship issues, individual clients come to understand their present circumstances in light of their past. I am committed to helping clients improve relationships and gain self knowledge.
My therapeutic style is grounded in a humanistic approach and Cognitive-Behavioral therapy with a pragmatic, down-to-earth style. Each client's therapy is individualized, collaborative, and strengths based. I help clients learn to regulate and manage feelings that overwhelm them and negatively affect their thoughts, moods, and attitudes that, in turn, lead to destructive behavior. Whether it is anxiety, depression, diminished self-esteem, or relationship issues, individual clients come to understand their present circumstances in light of their past. I am committed to helping clients improve relationships and gain self knowledge.
(415) 578-7639 View (415) 578-7639
Photo of Chad Tynan, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Chad Tynan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I love working with highly motivated couples and individuals who are ready to do the hard work of healing. Maybe you’ve spent years getting degrees or a dream job at the expense of connection to others. Perhaps alcohol or drugs helped you cope for a while but they’ve created some problems of their own. The pressure to succeed can be traumatic and distance you from those you love. I want to help you realign to succeed in life and love!
I love working with highly motivated couples and individuals who are ready to do the hard work of healing. Maybe you’ve spent years getting degrees or a dream job at the expense of connection to others. Perhaps alcohol or drugs helped you cope for a while but they’ve created some problems of their own. The pressure to succeed can be traumatic and distance you from those you love. I want to help you realign to succeed in life and love!
(415) 858-6426 View (415) 858-6426
Photo of Kayla Haberern, MA, LPCC, R-DMT, Counselor
Kayla Haberern
Counselor, MA, LPCC, R-DMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Welcome to Feet in the Sand Holistic Therapy! Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, a child, or your family, this can be a very difficult process, so I honor your wisdom and your steps in your healing journey. With many years of experience, I specialize in working with infants and children, and pregnant and postpartum women. I deeply care about you as a client and my heart is truly in this work.
Welcome to Feet in the Sand Holistic Therapy! Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, a child, or your family, this can be a very difficult process, so I honor your wisdom and your steps in your healing journey. With many years of experience, I specialize in working with infants and children, and pregnant and postpartum women. I deeply care about you as a client and my heart is truly in this work.
(415) 763-6774 View (415) 763-6774
Photo of Meiyang Liu Kadaba, PsyD, Psychologist
Meiyang Liu Kadaba
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
You deserve to feel at home within yourself, your relationships, and your environment. A psychological home is not a particular physical place. It's being at home within yourself and your life, where there's a sense of comfort and belonging that you can carry with you wherever you go. If you choose to work with me, our therapy can become a kind of “home” that we co-construct together. You'll be supported to gain more clarity around your feelings and behavioral patterns, as well as develop more freedom and agency around your choices about work, life, and relationships.
You deserve to feel at home within yourself, your relationships, and your environment. A psychological home is not a particular physical place. It's being at home within yourself and your life, where there's a sense of comfort and belonging that you can carry with you wherever you go. If you choose to work with me, our therapy can become a kind of “home” that we co-construct together. You'll be supported to gain more clarity around your feelings and behavioral patterns, as well as develop more freedom and agency around your choices about work, life, and relationships.
(415) 855-7444 View (415) 855-7444
Photo of Rochelle Greenhagen, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rochelle Greenhagen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
Therapy provides an opportunity to slow down amidst the rapid paces of our lives and look around to explore the ways we cope with difficulty. Ultimately, this teaches us more about who we truly are. Pain is inevitable in our lives, but it can function as a window into our truer, deeper selves. Contacting and nurturing the parts of ourselves that have been hurt, shamed, or neglected helps us to more fully embody our unique selves and find freedom from the constraints of our suffering.
Therapy provides an opportunity to slow down amidst the rapid paces of our lives and look around to explore the ways we cope with difficulty. Ultimately, this teaches us more about who we truly are. Pain is inevitable in our lives, but it can function as a window into our truer, deeper selves. Contacting and nurturing the parts of ourselves that have been hurt, shamed, or neglected helps us to more fully embody our unique selves and find freedom from the constraints of our suffering.
(415) 524-0061 View (415) 524-0061
Photo of Pablo Lo Giudice, LPCC
Pablo Lo Giudice
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I'm Pablo, a Spanish-bilingual psychotherapist with a focus on rapid, results-oriented therapy. I offer a compassionate yet confrontational approach to facilitating meaningful change. Do not settle for solitude or succumb to despair or depression. You can learn to nurture a partnership, to enjoy sexual intimacy, to create meaningful relationships and to set healthy boundaries with those around you. Life CAN be beautiful!
I'm Pablo, a Spanish-bilingual psychotherapist with a focus on rapid, results-oriented therapy. I offer a compassionate yet confrontational approach to facilitating meaningful change. Do not settle for solitude or succumb to despair or depression. You can learn to nurture a partnership, to enjoy sexual intimacy, to create meaningful relationships and to set healthy boundaries with those around you. Life CAN be beautiful!
(415) 598-1505 View (415) 598-1505
Photo of Jenna Vivaldi, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Jenna Vivaldi
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel you have a lot of dreams, plans, and goals but struggle to actualize them? Does thinking about the big picture leave you feeling stuck, anxious, and overwhelmed? Do you feel hyper-sensitive to the world around you? It sounds like your nervous system needs a break and a reset. Through working together to gently unravel the tangled mental and emotional knots, we will carve a path forward for you to feel joyful and healthy. I will help you develop ease in accessing your internal pharmacy of resources so that you feel confident in knowing how to help yourself navigate big feelings.
Do you feel you have a lot of dreams, plans, and goals but struggle to actualize them? Does thinking about the big picture leave you feeling stuck, anxious, and overwhelmed? Do you feel hyper-sensitive to the world around you? It sounds like your nervous system needs a break and a reset. Through working together to gently unravel the tangled mental and emotional knots, we will carve a path forward for you to feel joyful and healthy. I will help you develop ease in accessing your internal pharmacy of resources so that you feel confident in knowing how to help yourself navigate big feelings.
(415) 319-9490 View (415) 319-9490
Photo of Erik Paul Anton Deiters, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erik Paul Anton Deiters
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in San Francisco and Sebastopol, California. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and EMDR. I work with individuals and couples to treat depression, anxiety, bipolar, and other mental health issues, as well as substance use and within the LGBTQ+ community.
I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in San Francisco and Sebastopol, California. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and EMDR. I work with individuals and couples to treat depression, anxiety, bipolar, and other mental health issues, as well as substance use and within the LGBTQ+ community.
(415) 366-3713 View (415) 366-3713
Photo of Ana Dolatabadi, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Ana Dolatabadi
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
I'm Dr. Ana D. your supporter towards personal growth, resilience, and wellbeing. I serve as the Clinical Director at the EAP at UC, San Francisco, and also maintain a fulfilling private practice. My mission is to foster a authentic and empathetic environment where individuals can explore and grow in various aspects of their lives. My approach is straightforward and compassionate, centered around your personal evolution. I provide a space where you can openly express your thoughts and feelings, knowing they will be met with respect and non-judgment.
I'm Dr. Ana D. your supporter towards personal growth, resilience, and wellbeing. I serve as the Clinical Director at the EAP at UC, San Francisco, and also maintain a fulfilling private practice. My mission is to foster a authentic and empathetic environment where individuals can explore and grow in various aspects of their lives. My approach is straightforward and compassionate, centered around your personal evolution. I provide a space where you can openly express your thoughts and feelings, knowing they will be met with respect and non-judgment.
(415) 749-9296 View (415) 749-9296
Photo of Dr. Ian Fetterolf, PsyD, MSW, Psychologist
Dr. Ian Fetterolf
Psychologist, PsyD, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience providing psychotherapy. My ideal client is someone who is open-minded, receptive to challenge, and motivated towards enacting positive change. Many of my clients experience mood and anxiety symptoms, and/or are referred through couples therapists for issues involving physical and emotional intimacy, attachment patterns, communication and self-expression, infidelity, identity changes, and establishing healthy boundaries. I collaborate closely with referring providers to support clients in optimizing relationships with themselves and important others.
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience providing psychotherapy. My ideal client is someone who is open-minded, receptive to challenge, and motivated towards enacting positive change. Many of my clients experience mood and anxiety symptoms, and/or are referred through couples therapists for issues involving physical and emotional intimacy, attachment patterns, communication and self-expression, infidelity, identity changes, and establishing healthy boundaries. I collaborate closely with referring providers to support clients in optimizing relationships with themselves and important others.
(858) 463-6733 View (858) 463-6733
Photo of Alex Eichenbaum, PhD, Psychologist
Alex Eichenbaum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Dr. Alex Eichenbaum is a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adults coping with anxiety, depression, behavioral disorders, and the impacts of surviving past traumas. He uses an integrative approach to therapy, employing evidence-based Cognitive Behavioral and mindfulness techniques to tailor treatment to your specific needs.  Dr. Eichenbaum emphasizes a collaborative, strength-based approach that values and affirms each person’s unique identity and culture.
Dr. Alex Eichenbaum is a licensed clinical psychologist who enjoys working with adults coping with anxiety, depression, behavioral disorders, and the impacts of surviving past traumas. He uses an integrative approach to therapy, employing evidence-based Cognitive Behavioral and mindfulness techniques to tailor treatment to your specific needs.  Dr. Eichenbaum emphasizes a collaborative, strength-based approach that values and affirms each person’s unique identity and culture.
(510) 519-2305 View (510) 519-2305
Photo of Susan Frankel, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Susan Frankel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I have worked collaberatively with individuals, couples and families for over 30 years. I am an active therapist and strive to build developmentally appropriate interventions to meet the needs of clients throughout the life cycle. About half my practice is dedicated to couples work assisting in all aspects of communication, sexuality, reproductive challenges, parenting and work/life balance issues. I see individuals from adolescence to end of life. I have expertise in trauma, PTSD, anxiety and relational issues.
I have worked collaberatively with individuals, couples and families for over 30 years. I am an active therapist and strive to build developmentally appropriate interventions to meet the needs of clients throughout the life cycle. About half my practice is dedicated to couples work assisting in all aspects of communication, sexuality, reproductive challenges, parenting and work/life balance issues. I see individuals from adolescence to end of life. I have expertise in trauma, PTSD, anxiety and relational issues.
(415) 578-7661 View (415) 578-7661
Photo of Faye Mariefel Ocomen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Faye Mariefel Ocomen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I believe our most challenging times can also be our greatest opportunity for healing. With the right perspective and the proper support system, difficult times can transition to a stronger, more resilient you.
I believe our most challenging times can also be our greatest opportunity for healing. With the right perspective and the proper support system, difficult times can transition to a stronger, more resilient you.
(415) 504-3285 View (415) 504-3285
Photo of Damian Robledo - Core Therapy, LCSW, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Core Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
At Core Therapy, we’re passionate about helping individuals who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or lost in life’s challenges. Our ideal clients are seeking clarity, emotional relief, and personal growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating a life transition, we’re here to help you uncover new perspectives, cope with stress, and rediscover your sense of purpose. We believe in meeting you where you are and helping you build the life you envision.
At Core Therapy, we’re passionate about helping individuals who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or lost in life’s challenges. Our ideal clients are seeking clarity, emotional relief, and personal growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating a life transition, we’re here to help you uncover new perspectives, cope with stress, and rediscover your sense of purpose. We believe in meeting you where you are and helping you build the life you envision.
(626) 669-3715 View (626) 669-3715
Photo of Ariane Eroy, PhD, CHT, Psychologist
Ariane Eroy
Psychologist, PhD, CHT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
I invite you onto an amazing path, one which opens up before your very eyes, your internal world. Receive the support you need to explore who you are, accelerate your evolutionary trajectory, and manage the stressors that characterize our swiftly changing world. Learn to transform challenges into opportunities and thus overcome any difficult feelings that trouble you.
I invite you onto an amazing path, one which opens up before your very eyes, your internal world. Receive the support you need to explore who you are, accelerate your evolutionary trajectory, and manage the stressors that characterize our swiftly changing world. Learn to transform challenges into opportunities and thus overcome any difficult feelings that trouble you.
(415) 802-0590 View (415) 802-0590
Photo of Breanna Turner, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Breanna Turner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I specialize in guiding individuals through their journeys of healing and self-discovery with a focus on the mind-body-spirit connection. My work is rooted in the belief that true transformation involves more than just addressing thoughts and feelings; it requires an exploration of the whole self.
I specialize in guiding individuals through their journeys of healing and self-discovery with a focus on the mind-body-spirit connection. My work is rooted in the belief that true transformation involves more than just addressing thoughts and feelings; it requires an exploration of the whole self.
(559) 785-3775 View (559) 785-3775
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
54% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.