Therapists in Woodbury, MN

Photo of Julie Whitford, MA, LPCC
Julie Whitford
MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55129  (Online Only)
I am a therapist turned parent coach with over 20 years of professional and personal experience. I help parents with everyday challenges such as transitions, separations, and tantrums. I also teach you how to parent consciously, mindfully, and intentionally as opposed to shooting from the hip, to promote good mental health in your child that transcends into adulthood. I educate expecting and new parents on how to promote a healthy, secure attachment with their babies as well as developing a parenting plan. You may have one or multiple questions or just want to learn all you can to support your Birth-5 child. I am here to help!
I am a therapist turned parent coach with over 20 years of professional and personal experience. I help parents with everyday challenges such as transitions, separations, and tantrums. I also teach you how to parent consciously, mindfully, and intentionally as opposed to shooting from the hip, to promote good mental health in your child that transcends into adulthood. I educate expecting and new parents on how to promote a healthy, secure attachment with their babies as well as developing a parenting plan. You may have one or multiple questions or just want to learn all you can to support your Birth-5 child. I am here to help!
(651) 615-3701 View (651) 615-3701
Photo of Miranda L Barker, BA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Miranda L Barker
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
While working with me, you can expect compassion, empathy, and authenticity. Everyone has a story, one that is different and unique to each individual, therefore, I can assure you that your voice will be heard and valued. If you are ready to take the next step in your mental health journey, I would be honored to sit beside you in the passenger seat as you embark on the path to healing and restoration. It takes bravery to begin a healing journey, and I want to congratulate you for taking that first step.
While working with me, you can expect compassion, empathy, and authenticity. Everyone has a story, one that is different and unique to each individual, therefore, I can assure you that your voice will be heard and valued. If you are ready to take the next step in your mental health journey, I would be honored to sit beside you in the passenger seat as you embark on the path to healing and restoration. It takes bravery to begin a healing journey, and I want to congratulate you for taking that first step.
(651) 661-2252 View (651) 661-2252
Photo of Angela Kircher, CH, BSN, RN, PHN
Angela Kircher
CH, BSN, RN, PHN
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125  (Online Only)
You know the feeling that you're meant for more, but feel stuck, burned out or unrelentingly stressed? The reason you've not yet had success in creating lasting change is that you've just not had the right tools to get there. Many of my clients have tried the traditional therapy route but found themselves spinning tires and never moving forward. Fast track your growth with hypnotherapy to achieve unstoppable confidence, peace of mind and clarity in your life in 6 weeks or less.
You know the feeling that you're meant for more, but feel stuck, burned out or unrelentingly stressed? The reason you've not yet had success in creating lasting change is that you've just not had the right tools to get there. Many of my clients have tried the traditional therapy route but found themselves spinning tires and never moving forward. Fast track your growth with hypnotherapy to achieve unstoppable confidence, peace of mind and clarity in your life in 6 weeks or less.
(651) 615-6102 View (651) 615-6102
Photo of Denise Petrich, MPA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Denise Petrich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPA, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
Waitlist for new clients
People overcome many challenges in life. I believe everyone has a story and strengths that brought them to their current place and the ability to heal. At times we need additional support and encouragement to survive, adapt and thrive. I have worked in mental health for over twenty years and was clinically licensed in 2018. My experience has been primarily with individuals with complex histories that include violence, neglect, abuse, and chemical use. I also have experience with individuals with severe mental illness, developmental challenges, and members of the LGBTQI community.
People overcome many challenges in life. I believe everyone has a story and strengths that brought them to their current place and the ability to heal. At times we need additional support and encouragement to survive, adapt and thrive. I have worked in mental health for over twenty years and was clinically licensed in 2018. My experience has been primarily with individuals with complex histories that include violence, neglect, abuse, and chemical use. I also have experience with individuals with severe mental illness, developmental challenges, and members of the LGBTQI community.
(651) 615-8083 View (651) 615-8083
Photo of Kristi Bushinski, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristi Bushinski
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
I work with individuals, couples and families in helping them to feel understood, while empowering them toward more effective patterns of thinking, feeling and interacting.
I work with individuals, couples and families in helping them to feel understood, while empowering them toward more effective patterns of thinking, feeling and interacting.
(651) 433-6019 View (651) 433-6019
Photo of Hina Z Siddiqui - Hina Siddiqui, PsyD, ABPP, PsyD, ABPP, LP, Psychologist
Hina Siddiqui, PsyD, ABPP
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP, LP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
People who see me for individual therapy are usually facing turmoil either due to current stressors or past issues that keep surfacing and prevent them from moving forward in their lives. Often, people tell me that they feel "stuck" and need direction/guidance. By working with me they identify their inner strengths and capabilities; they feel confident in themselves to take on challenges that come their way. In therapy we identify things that should change because what clients are doing currently is not helping. I problem solve and discuss ways to make their present meaningful. My strength based approach resonates with clients.
People who see me for individual therapy are usually facing turmoil either due to current stressors or past issues that keep surfacing and prevent them from moving forward in their lives. Often, people tell me that they feel "stuck" and need direction/guidance. By working with me they identify their inner strengths and capabilities; they feel confident in themselves to take on challenges that come their way. In therapy we identify things that should change because what clients are doing currently is not helping. I problem solve and discuss ways to make their present meaningful. My strength based approach resonates with clients.
(651) 273-0179 View (651) 273-0179
Photo of Jason Porter, MA, LPCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jason Porter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
Change isn't just hard, it's virtually impossible on your own. I want to help you understand how your mind works, and why it is sabotaging your efforts towards self-improvement. Anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, addiction, OCD and other disorders stem from our mind's protective mechanisms. Through exploration of the origins of our struggles and identification of better ways to protect ourselves, we can overcome these struggles and finally make progress towards the change we desire. If this sounds like a journey you would like to take, then I would like to be your guide.
Change isn't just hard, it's virtually impossible on your own. I want to help you understand how your mind works, and why it is sabotaging your efforts towards self-improvement. Anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, addiction, OCD and other disorders stem from our mind's protective mechanisms. Through exploration of the origins of our struggles and identification of better ways to protect ourselves, we can overcome these struggles and finally make progress towards the change we desire. If this sounds like a journey you would like to take, then I would like to be your guide.
(651) 615-3718 View (651) 615-3718
Photo of Toni Berghoff, LPC Intern
Toni Berghoff
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
I would like to work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, stress, and coping skills. I also have experience working with and would like to continue to work with clients who are neurodivergent. I am a motivated, organized, goal-setter and would like to work with clients who want to be motivated to achieve their goals and would like to experience sessions in a non-judgment space. We are in this together, and I would like to be here for your journey or the new chapter in your life.
I would like to work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, stress, and coping skills. I also have experience working with and would like to continue to work with clients who are neurodivergent. I am a motivated, organized, goal-setter and would like to work with clients who want to be motivated to achieve their goals and would like to experience sessions in a non-judgment space. We are in this together, and I would like to be here for your journey or the new chapter in your life.
(651) 758-0248 View (651) 758-0248
Photo of Marissa Ellis - Marissa Ellis, PsyD, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Marissa Ellis, PsyD
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
Life's unpredictability and challenges can lead to uncertainty, fear, and stress. Many clients who seek my psychotherapy services experience stress, anxiety, or depression, often stemming from life transitions, grief, or struggles with interpersonal relationships and self-identity. Whether they are new to therapy or have tried it before, clients may feel apprehensive about continuing their healing journey. In our sessions, clients find a welcoming, supportive, and comfortable environment where they feel understood and heard. I utilize evidence-based therapy strategies to guide them through this process.
Life's unpredictability and challenges can lead to uncertainty, fear, and stress. Many clients who seek my psychotherapy services experience stress, anxiety, or depression, often stemming from life transitions, grief, or struggles with interpersonal relationships and self-identity. Whether they are new to therapy or have tried it before, clients may feel apprehensive about continuing their healing journey. In our sessions, clients find a welcoming, supportive, and comfortable environment where they feel understood and heard. I utilize evidence-based therapy strategies to guide them through this process.
(651) 899-8906 View (651) 899-8906
Photo of Rachel Surratt, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Rachel Surratt
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
Spring/Summer 2024: Accepting Clients to Waitlist — Do you struggle with anxiety, trauma, or are having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships? Has your sense of self been rocked by the recent years of hardship and strife? I want to help you carry the load of existing and healing with supportive tools and empathy. I work closely with folks that are actively interested in understanding themselves and the others in their lives. All I ask is that you come to therapy with a drive to improve and are ready to take a holistic look at your life!
Spring/Summer 2024: Accepting Clients to Waitlist — Do you struggle with anxiety, trauma, or are having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships? Has your sense of self been rocked by the recent years of hardship and strife? I want to help you carry the load of existing and healing with supportive tools and empathy. I work closely with folks that are actively interested in understanding themselves and the others in their lives. All I ask is that you come to therapy with a drive to improve and are ready to take a holistic look at your life!
(651) 410-1822 View (651) 410-1822
Photo of Teresa Winston, MA, LPCC, BCS, TTS, Counselor
Teresa Winston
Counselor, MA, LPCC, BCS, TTS
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
Are you anxious with shortness of breath, racing heart, and feeling like the walls are closing in? Anxiety is not your fault or caused by anything you have or haven’t done. Are you in the midst of relationship problems and do not know what direction to turn? Whether addressing small issues or potential relationship-breaking challenges, therapy can help. Does sadness have you distressed, depressed, and hopeless? There are proven steps and skills that have been shown to result in remarkable relief. I am passionate about providing quality service. It is my overall goal to empower growth and change.
Are you anxious with shortness of breath, racing heart, and feeling like the walls are closing in? Anxiety is not your fault or caused by anything you have or haven’t done. Are you in the midst of relationship problems and do not know what direction to turn? Whether addressing small issues or potential relationship-breaking challenges, therapy can help. Does sadness have you distressed, depressed, and hopeless? There are proven steps and skills that have been shown to result in remarkable relief. I am passionate about providing quality service. It is my overall goal to empower growth and change.
(612) 888-8169 View (612) 888-8169
Photo of Amanda Lindsey, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amanda Lindsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
My ideal client would be open to multiple modalities, willing to get into the nitty-gritty of themselves and their personal experiences, and ready to jump right in! My specialty focus is on Dissociative Identity Disorder and other childhood-trauma based issues, along with all the complications and internal family systems involved. I have also worked extensively in crisis intervention. I enjoy working with individuals who share my love of plants and gardening, making art, poetry and music, books and self discovery! As my client, be ready to dig in the dirt, cuddle up in my hammock, or stretch out on the floor!
My ideal client would be open to multiple modalities, willing to get into the nitty-gritty of themselves and their personal experiences, and ready to jump right in! My specialty focus is on Dissociative Identity Disorder and other childhood-trauma based issues, along with all the complications and internal family systems involved. I have also worked extensively in crisis intervention. I enjoy working with individuals who share my love of plants and gardening, making art, poetry and music, books and self discovery! As my client, be ready to dig in the dirt, cuddle up in my hammock, or stretch out on the floor!
(651) 565-6331 View (651) 565-6331
Photo of Anastazia Acker, Pre-Licensed Professional
Anastazia Acker
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
I am currently a counseling intern pursuing my M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Grand View University. After earning my undergraduate degree in Technical Writing and Communications from the University of Minnesota in 2018, I spent time working in both the equine industry and the non-profit sector before discovering a strong passion for counseling.
I am currently a counseling intern pursuing my M.S. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Grand View University. After earning my undergraduate degree in Technical Writing and Communications from the University of Minnesota in 2018, I spent time working in both the equine industry and the non-profit sector before discovering a strong passion for counseling.
(651) 504-8272 View (651) 504-8272
Photo of Kelsey Notaro, MS, LPCC
Kelsey Notaro
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125  (Online Only)
Imagine your ideal relationship—one where communication flows easily, emotions feel manageable, and your foundation is built on mutual trust and security. Yet, you find yourself stuck, navigating anxious or avoidant attachment, unsure how to foster deeper connection. Anxiety may be a constant undercurrent, making it difficult to fully engage. Your goal is to feel secure, improve communication, and achieve emotional balance. You are ready for change, seeking trust, intimacy, and understanding within yourself and with others. Let’s walk this journey together to align your inner world with your relationships.
Imagine your ideal relationship—one where communication flows easily, emotions feel manageable, and your foundation is built on mutual trust and security. Yet, you find yourself stuck, navigating anxious or avoidant attachment, unsure how to foster deeper connection. Anxiety may be a constant undercurrent, making it difficult to fully engage. Your goal is to feel secure, improve communication, and achieve emotional balance. You are ready for change, seeking trust, intimacy, and understanding within yourself and with others. Let’s walk this journey together to align your inner world with your relationships.
(651) 240-2229 View (651) 240-2229
Photo of Teresa Winston - Winston Behavioral Healthcare, PSC., MA, BCS, LPCC
Winston Behavioral Healthcare, PSC.
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, BCS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
We believe that there is no shame in asking for help. Life is a series of challenges, difficulties and complications for everyone. We all come across complex obstacles and barriers that keep us from thriving. Acquiring a little outside help to assist you in overcoming your problems can be exactly what you need to move forward with your life. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or anything else that is holding you back; we can work with you and open your eyes to hope.
We believe that there is no shame in asking for help. Life is a series of challenges, difficulties and complications for everyone. We all come across complex obstacles and barriers that keep us from thriving. Acquiring a little outside help to assist you in overcoming your problems can be exactly what you need to move forward with your life. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or anything else that is holding you back; we can work with you and open your eyes to hope.
(651) 419-3085 View (651) 419-3085
Photo of Sheila Dwyer, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sheila Dwyer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125  (Online Only)
Happiness is a feeling that comes and goes. Joy is a settled conviction that lasts. I would be honored to help you on your journey to experiencing Joy. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with 17 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. I have a passion of helping others build healthy connections in their life. I am a relational therapist, exploring how past experiences shape current patterns of how we relate to others in our life. I invite you on a journey of self-discovery & creating the experience of healthy, loving relationships
Happiness is a feeling that comes and goes. Joy is a settled conviction that lasts. I would be honored to help you on your journey to experiencing Joy. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with 17 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. I have a passion of helping others build healthy connections in their life. I am a relational therapist, exploring how past experiences shape current patterns of how we relate to others in our life. I invite you on a journey of self-discovery & creating the experience of healthy, loving relationships
(651) 661-4898 View (651) 661-4898
Photo of Tara Michelle Dahlager - Family Frameworks, LLC, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Family Frameworks, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
I am a mental health therapist, specializing in working with youth and young adults who experience anxiety and mood disorders. I have been working as a mental health therapist in private practice for 8 years. I also have been a school social worker for 24 years, thus have experience in both the clinical and school setting. I believe in working from a strengths perspective, building on the assets my clients possess and learning resiliency skills in addressing the challenges they are faced with.
I am a mental health therapist, specializing in working with youth and young adults who experience anxiety and mood disorders. I have been working as a mental health therapist in private practice for 8 years. I also have been a school social worker for 24 years, thus have experience in both the clinical and school setting. I believe in working from a strengths perspective, building on the assets my clients possess and learning resiliency skills in addressing the challenges they are faced with.
(612) 260-6977 View (612) 260-6977
Photo of Beth Lutz, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Beth Lutz
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
Not accepting new clients
Whether you’re facing issues you’ve struggled with for many years, or you’ve experienced more recent difficulties or life changes, please know this: you’re not alone, and you don’t have to navigate life’s challenges alone. So often, we suffer far too long by waiting to ask for help, thinking we need to fix things on our own, or feeling as if things will never get better. Taking that first step in reaching out for help can feel intimidating, but it can also lead to renewed hope and the beginning of healing.
Whether you’re facing issues you’ve struggled with for many years, or you’ve experienced more recent difficulties or life changes, please know this: you’re not alone, and you don’t have to navigate life’s challenges alone. So often, we suffer far too long by waiting to ask for help, thinking we need to fix things on our own, or feeling as if things will never get better. Taking that first step in reaching out for help can feel intimidating, but it can also lead to renewed hope and the beginning of healing.
(651) 419-5751 View (651) 419-5751
Photo of Rachel Champeau Sneve, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Rachel Champeau Sneve
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woodbury, MN 55125
I provide a supportive and encouraging environment where you are free to express frustrations, concerns, and fears you may be experiencing. I firmly believe that people should be accepted and supported for who they are regardless of what they may currently be experiencing.Through such encouragement clients have felt able to face their challenges head on and succeed. I view the therapeutic process as highly collaborative between client and therapist. I often encourage clients to set goals that we can work on together. After all, this journey is about you and I am along to guide you on your way.
I provide a supportive and encouraging environment where you are free to express frustrations, concerns, and fears you may be experiencing. I firmly believe that people should be accepted and supported for who they are regardless of what they may currently be experiencing.Through such encouragement clients have felt able to face their challenges head on and succeed. I view the therapeutic process as highly collaborative between client and therapist. I often encourage clients to set goals that we can work on together. After all, this journey is about you and I am along to guide you on your way.
(612) 261-0255 View (612) 261-0255
Photo of Carrie Sorenson, MPS, LADC, LPCC
Carrie Sorenson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MPS, LADC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Woodbury, MN 55125
Not accepting new clients
I have a Master's of Professional Studies degree from the University of Minnesota through the Integrated Behavioral Health program. I am currently licensed as both an alcohol and drug counselor (LADC) and a professional clinical counselor (LPCC). The core of my work as an LADC and an LPCC is focused on the belief that all of my individual client's are good. Human beings who have had diverse experiences throughout their lives, which have shaped the way that they perceive and engage in the world around them.
I have a Master's of Professional Studies degree from the University of Minnesota through the Integrated Behavioral Health program. I am currently licensed as both an alcohol and drug counselor (LADC) and a professional clinical counselor (LPCC). The core of my work as an LADC and an LPCC is focused on the belief that all of my individual client's are good. Human beings who have had diverse experiences throughout their lives, which have shaped the way that they perceive and engage in the world around them.
(612) 453-4536 View (612) 453-4536
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Woodbury, MN

200+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Woodbury, MN who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
89% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
84% HealthPartners of MN and WI
76% Aetna

How Therapists in Woodbury, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Woodbury?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.