Therapists in Santa Barbara, CA

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Photo of Katie Boucher, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Katie Boucher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93103  (Online Only)
Everyone has the capacity to change what's not working. My goal is to help you get to know all parts of yourself and understand that you are already in possession of a vast amount of resources for self-understanding, acceptance, and change. By showing appreciation for all parts of yourself, while focusing on your strengths and potentials, we will work to increase balance and well-being in your life.
Everyone has the capacity to change what's not working. My goal is to help you get to know all parts of yourself and understand that you are already in possession of a vast amount of resources for self-understanding, acceptance, and change. By showing appreciation for all parts of yourself, while focusing on your strengths and potentials, we will work to increase balance and well-being in your life.
(805) 855-0889 View (805) 855-0889
Photo of Kennan Court, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kennan Court
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93101  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Unresolved and lingering circumstances can be difficult to wrestle with on a daily basis. They have an underlying power to influence our well-being and our relationships with others in ways we often see but do not understand. I offer a supportive, gentle space as you seek solution, revelation, and stability in your circumstances. I work with adolescents and adults addressing a variety of challenges including depression, anxiety and stress, relationships, life transitions, and conflicts in work, school, and family.
Unresolved and lingering circumstances can be difficult to wrestle with on a daily basis. They have an underlying power to influence our well-being and our relationships with others in ways we often see but do not understand. I offer a supportive, gentle space as you seek solution, revelation, and stability in your circumstances. I work with adolescents and adults addressing a variety of challenges including depression, anxiety and stress, relationships, life transitions, and conflicts in work, school, and family.
(805) 424-8713 View (805) 424-8713
Photo of Grace Tobin, AMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Grace Tobin
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
All are welcome here! In my office I serve a diverse range of individuals and couples moving through life transitions, anxiety, grief, uncertainty, divorce, infidelity, anger, disappointment... the list goes on. I cultivate a space that heals, orients you toward growth, makes you feel safe and allows you to reflect inwards. If you're holding guilt, shame, resentment, fear... I welcome you. This space is yours. As a couples therapist I aim to teach you how to "fight right", move from gridlock to compromise, nurture the foundation of your relationship and rekindle your friendship.
All are welcome here! In my office I serve a diverse range of individuals and couples moving through life transitions, anxiety, grief, uncertainty, divorce, infidelity, anger, disappointment... the list goes on. I cultivate a space that heals, orients you toward growth, makes you feel safe and allows you to reflect inwards. If you're holding guilt, shame, resentment, fear... I welcome you. This space is yours. As a couples therapist I aim to teach you how to "fight right", move from gridlock to compromise, nurture the foundation of your relationship and rekindle your friendship.
(805) 334-8591 View (805) 334-8591
Photo of Makenna Lilya, Marriage & Family Therapist
Makenna Lilya
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Starting therapy can sometimes feel daunting. I am here to get to know you and support you through the highs, lows, and everything in between! Through my experiences in graduate school and into licensure, I have put my energy towards developing my skills and passion for working with families, children, individuals, and parents through a multitude of needs and diagnoses.I have worked extensively with children, families, teens, and young adults, and am certified in TF-CBT (Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy).
Starting therapy can sometimes feel daunting. I am here to get to know you and support you through the highs, lows, and everything in between! Through my experiences in graduate school and into licensure, I have put my energy towards developing my skills and passion for working with families, children, individuals, and parents through a multitude of needs and diagnoses.I have worked extensively with children, families, teens, and young adults, and am certified in TF-CBT (Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy).
(805) 219-7087 View (805) 219-7087
Photo of Danielle Spain, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Danielle Spain
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93101  (Online Only)
Finding a therapist to connect with and feel safe enough to share the deepest parts of you can be a scary proposition. My approach as a psychotherapist is to sit alongside you as you look at those pieces of your life you would like to change. I work with my clients to increase Self-Awareness and find solutions to the challenges you are experiencing. I believe we discover ourselves through our relationships with others, including our psychotherapist.
Finding a therapist to connect with and feel safe enough to share the deepest parts of you can be a scary proposition. My approach as a psychotherapist is to sit alongside you as you look at those pieces of your life you would like to change. I work with my clients to increase Self-Awareness and find solutions to the challenges you are experiencing. I believe we discover ourselves through our relationships with others, including our psychotherapist.
(805) 429-8648 View (805) 429-8648
Photo of Krysta Dancy - Dancy Perinatal Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dancy Perinatal Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93101  (Online Only)
New families are all alone. Pregnancy and postpartum used to be supported by a village and now many are left wondering- what happened to the village?
New families are all alone. Pregnancy and postpartum used to be supported by a village and now many are left wondering- what happened to the village?
(916) 800-3631 View (916) 800-3631
Photo of Ana M Perez, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ana M Perez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93103  (Online Only)
Would you like more joy in living, to feel calm, centered and connected to others? Allow me to support you in taking that first step. I specialize in overcoming complex trauma: phobias, PTSD, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation and reactivity. I have expertise working with survivors of crimes and abuse. I can help you cope with stress, burdens, grief & loss and life transitions in individual, couples or family therapy. I am compassionate and believe that you have all the resources within to achieve a brighter future.
Would you like more joy in living, to feel calm, centered and connected to others? Allow me to support you in taking that first step. I specialize in overcoming complex trauma: phobias, PTSD, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation and reactivity. I have expertise working with survivors of crimes and abuse. I can help you cope with stress, burdens, grief & loss and life transitions in individual, couples or family therapy. I am compassionate and believe that you have all the resources within to achieve a brighter future.
(805) 380-3798 View (805) 380-3798
Photo of Terri Eddy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Terri Eddy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
Imagine a life where anxiety no longer dictates your choices, where you confidently recognize your self-worth, and where the weight of past traumas fades. Building a better life and feeling more at ease are possible. Your life is too precious to stay stuck in suffering. I can help you find a new way of feeling and being in the world. In therapy, we'll tackle the barriers that hold you back and I'll help you learn to treat yourself with the care you need to thrive. My specialty in EMDR therapy is a powerful tool to address trauma and anxiety directly, allowing for deep and lasting change.
Imagine a life where anxiety no longer dictates your choices, where you confidently recognize your self-worth, and where the weight of past traumas fades. Building a better life and feeling more at ease are possible. Your life is too precious to stay stuck in suffering. I can help you find a new way of feeling and being in the world. In therapy, we'll tackle the barriers that hold you back and I'll help you learn to treat yourself with the care you need to thrive. My specialty in EMDR therapy is a powerful tool to address trauma and anxiety directly, allowing for deep and lasting change.
(805) 874-5931 View (805) 874-5931
Photo of Elizabeth Plummer, MA, PhD, Psychologist
Elizabeth Plummer
Psychologist, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
I believe the primary goal of psychotherapy is to help people find purpose and meaning in their lives. I work collaboratively with my patients to help them to navigate life transitions, resolve interpersonal issues, achieve goals, and create the life changes they desire.
I believe the primary goal of psychotherapy is to help people find purpose and meaning in their lives. I work collaboratively with my patients to help them to navigate life transitions, resolve interpersonal issues, achieve goals, and create the life changes they desire.
(805) 410-1344 View (805) 410-1344
Photo of Dr. John Sherk, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. John Sherk
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
Welcome. Many people wonder: "Will my stress and anxiety ever go away?" "Why do relationships cause me so much pain?" "Will I ever be happy?" "Why am I so hard on myself or others?" Unfortunately many individuals needlessly struggle with these questions for years without relief. Change is possible. I have helped many individuals break free from deeply ingrained destructive patterns to create loving and fulfilling lives. Please contact me to learn more.
Welcome. Many people wonder: "Will my stress and anxiety ever go away?" "Why do relationships cause me so much pain?" "Will I ever be happy?" "Why am I so hard on myself or others?" Unfortunately many individuals needlessly struggle with these questions for years without relief. Change is possible. I have helped many individuals break free from deeply ingrained destructive patterns to create loving and fulfilling lives. Please contact me to learn more.
(805) 409-8237 View (805) 409-8237
Photo of Jeff Mailes, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeff Mailes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93109
Are you searching? Are you stuck? Are you trying to figure things out and not finding answers? Has life become difficult for you right now? Sometimes we hit phases in our lives when we want to find happiness and become more productive and successful. We just want to feel better. You and I can work together to help you formulate more effective ways of handling your life circumstances in order to navigate through today and tomorrow. I can help you understand your thoughts, your emotions, and why you may feel the way you do. I can also help you find out why you may find it difficult to improve your quality of life.
Are you searching? Are you stuck? Are you trying to figure things out and not finding answers? Has life become difficult for you right now? Sometimes we hit phases in our lives when we want to find happiness and become more productive and successful. We just want to feel better. You and I can work together to help you formulate more effective ways of handling your life circumstances in order to navigate through today and tomorrow. I can help you understand your thoughts, your emotions, and why you may feel the way you do. I can also help you find out why you may find it difficult to improve your quality of life.
(805) 954-9975 View (805) 954-9975
Photo of Max Golding, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Max Golding
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Now that you have PTSD from drowning in a sea of therapist marketing profiles, I’m here to help! Hit me up if you’re a high conflict couple and you’re fighting too much, or an individual and you’re fighting with (parts of?) yourself (or others?) in your head too much. I’m foundationally "humanistic-existentialist", meaning I join you on your journey with curiosity/authenticity/empathy, and help you become more confidently you through a relational process. But I'm trained in lots of acronyms: Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
Now that you have PTSD from drowning in a sea of therapist marketing profiles, I’m here to help! Hit me up if you’re a high conflict couple and you’re fighting too much, or an individual and you’re fighting with (parts of?) yourself (or others?) in your head too much. I’m foundationally "humanistic-existentialist", meaning I join you on your journey with curiosity/authenticity/empathy, and help you become more confidently you through a relational process. But I'm trained in lots of acronyms: Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
(805) 427-8722 View (805) 427-8722
Photo of Sharon L Rapp, PhD, Psychologist
Sharon L Rapp
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93101  (Online Only)
I practice Positive Psychology, the study of what makes life worth living. Things that are good in life are every bit as important and genuine as what is bad. What is good isn’t simply the absence of problems, but is something that exists in its own right. Good isn’t the reverse or reciprocal of disorder, but stands on its own and requires its own explanation. We can look at the positive aspects of life and help an individual develop a balanced view of their circumstances and how they plan to address the issue(s) they are facing.
I practice Positive Psychology, the study of what makes life worth living. Things that are good in life are every bit as important and genuine as what is bad. What is good isn’t simply the absence of problems, but is something that exists in its own right. Good isn’t the reverse or reciprocal of disorder, but stands on its own and requires its own explanation. We can look at the positive aspects of life and help an individual develop a balanced view of their circumstances and how they plan to address the issue(s) they are facing.
(805) 324-6690 View (805) 324-6690
Photo of Julie Newell, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julie Newell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93105  (Online Only)
I believe the therapeutic process is a collaborative way to discover healthy coping mechanisms, reduce stress, and increase personal happiness and well-being. Confidentiality, respect, and compassion are inherent to my process. I have over a decade of experience treating adolescents, adult individuals, couples & families. By integrating various therapeutic approaches such as Strength’s-Based Strategic, Solution-Focused & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, I am able to provide well-rounded, evidence-based support to promote positive change.
I believe the therapeutic process is a collaborative way to discover healthy coping mechanisms, reduce stress, and increase personal happiness and well-being. Confidentiality, respect, and compassion are inherent to my process. I have over a decade of experience treating adolescents, adult individuals, couples & families. By integrating various therapeutic approaches such as Strength’s-Based Strategic, Solution-Focused & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, I am able to provide well-rounded, evidence-based support to promote positive change.
(805) 600-2894 View (805) 600-2894
Photo of Kathleen Mintzer, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathleen Mintzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with adults who are ready and willing to work on issues that stand in their way of being content in their lives. I work with individuals who are often dealing with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, medical issues, relationship problems, work or school difficulties, grief, loss and/or change. If you would like things to be different in your life and are ready to see if we can work together, please give me a call.
I enjoy working with adults who are ready and willing to work on issues that stand in their way of being content in their lives. I work with individuals who are often dealing with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, medical issues, relationship problems, work or school difficulties, grief, loss and/or change. If you would like things to be different in your life and are ready to see if we can work together, please give me a call.
(805) 813-8482 View (805) 813-8482
Photo of Wendy A. McFarland, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy A. McFarland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
For many people it is hard to ask for help when it comes to sorting out the challenges of life. Making the decision to seek assistance from a therapist is courageous and can be rewarded with a safe, warm and supportive therapy environment. I work with people who often feel they are in crisis, experience anxiety or depression, have a low sense of self and struggle with the relationships in their lives but are motivated to gain insight and skills that are necessary to make lasting positive changes.
For many people it is hard to ask for help when it comes to sorting out the challenges of life. Making the decision to seek assistance from a therapist is courageous and can be rewarded with a safe, warm and supportive therapy environment. I work with people who often feel they are in crisis, experience anxiety or depression, have a low sense of self and struggle with the relationships in their lives but are motivated to gain insight and skills that are necessary to make lasting positive changes.
(805) 335-6984 View (805) 335-6984
Photo of Mary Ann Evans, PhD , Psychologist
Mary Ann Evans
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
I welcome you to walk with me on a journey of healing and thriving if you seek harmony, peace, resilience and yes joy, in the face of life's adversities. Those who are experiencing life stresses/trauma resulting in anxiety, depression and other mental health challenges are most welcome for psychotherapy. We work together utilizing various treatments such as mindfulness, cognitive therapy and the underlying biological reactions to stress in order to help you thrive. I also offer evaluations of learning and brain functions and give life changing recommendations. The collaborative work with horses is especially powerful.
I welcome you to walk with me on a journey of healing and thriving if you seek harmony, peace, resilience and yes joy, in the face of life's adversities. Those who are experiencing life stresses/trauma resulting in anxiety, depression and other mental health challenges are most welcome for psychotherapy. We work together utilizing various treatments such as mindfulness, cognitive therapy and the underlying biological reactions to stress in order to help you thrive. I also offer evaluations of learning and brain functions and give life changing recommendations. The collaborative work with horses is especially powerful.
(805) 410-9334 View (805) 410-9334
Photo of Maricela Hidalgo, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maricela Hidalgo
Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
I work with people of all ages. My approach is eclectic, client-centered, and trauma-informed. I provide a safe space for people to explore their emotions, behaviors, culture, family dynamics, and spirituality. I have experience working with people with trauma, emotional dysregulation, family conflict, life transitions, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and adjustment disorders. If you think I would be a good fit for your healing process and explore your therapeutical goals. I will offer you respect and compassion regardless of your past or beliefs. I am bilingual and fluent in Spanish.
I work with people of all ages. My approach is eclectic, client-centered, and trauma-informed. I provide a safe space for people to explore their emotions, behaviors, culture, family dynamics, and spirituality. I have experience working with people with trauma, emotional dysregulation, family conflict, life transitions, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and adjustment disorders. If you think I would be a good fit for your healing process and explore your therapeutical goals. I will offer you respect and compassion regardless of your past or beliefs. I am bilingual and fluent in Spanish.
(805) 600-8798 View (805) 600-8798
Photo of Erica Haines, PsyD, Psychologist
Erica Haines
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
Not accepting new clients
Maybe you're not feeling like yourself or the person you want to be, you're confused, frustrated, and unsure what to do. Maybe you're struggling with understanding yourself, your relationships, or your path forward in life. You could be experiencing difficult emotions, overpowering thoughts, or you're doing things that don't align with what's important to you. I wonder if your past and your early experiences are beginning or continue to feel like a significant weight that you now need to lighten in order to live the life you want. We can work together to help you with these or other difficulties you're experiencing.
Maybe you're not feeling like yourself or the person you want to be, you're confused, frustrated, and unsure what to do. Maybe you're struggling with understanding yourself, your relationships, or your path forward in life. You could be experiencing difficult emotions, overpowering thoughts, or you're doing things that don't align with what's important to you. I wonder if your past and your early experiences are beginning or continue to feel like a significant weight that you now need to lighten in order to live the life you want. We can work together to help you with these or other difficulties you're experiencing.
(805) 572-7567 View (805) 572-7567
Photo of Silla Siebert, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Silla Siebert
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93103
My clients present with mild-severe anxiety/depression, most often caused by trauma, grief/loss, emotional pain from attachment trauma experienced in childhood, due to various family dysfunctions. Most feel isolated, lonely and confused in their struggles, often ashamed that they cannot cope and too fearful to ask for help. Reaching out is a courageous step, and my clients seek to find relief from overwhelming emotions, to tell their story, be heard, seen, validated and understood from their perspective. In our sessions they improve awareness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation and coping through insight and renewed clarity.
My clients present with mild-severe anxiety/depression, most often caused by trauma, grief/loss, emotional pain from attachment trauma experienced in childhood, due to various family dysfunctions. Most feel isolated, lonely and confused in their struggles, often ashamed that they cannot cope and too fearful to ask for help. Reaching out is a courageous step, and my clients seek to find relief from overwhelming emotions, to tell their story, be heard, seen, validated and understood from their perspective. In our sessions they improve awareness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation and coping through insight and renewed clarity.
(805) 303-8219 View (805) 303-8219
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Barbara, CA

900+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Santa Barbara, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aetna
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
50% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Santa Barbara, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Barbara?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.